Enhancing an internal electric field by a solid solution strategy for steering bulk-charge flow and boosting photocatalytic activity of Bi24O31ClxBr10-x

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63897-4

Abstract

Abstract:

Constructing bismuth oxyhalide solid solutions with a single homogeneous phase have intrigued the research community; however, a deeper understanding of the intrinsic origin for improved bulk-charge separation is still unclear. Herein, a series of Bi₂₄O₃₁Cl_xBr_10-_x solid solutions with the same structural characteristics were synthesized by crystal structure regulation. Combining density functional theory calculation, Kelvin probe force microscopy, and zeta potential testing results, an enhanced internal electric field (IEF) intensity between [Bi₂₄O₃₁] and [X] layers was achieved by changing halogen types and ratios. This greatly facilitated bulk-charge separation and transfer efficiency, which is significant for the degradation of phenolic organic pollutants. Owing to the enhanced IEF intensity, the charge carrier density of Bi₂₄O₃₁Cl₄Br₆ was 33.1 and 4.7 times stronger than that of Bi₂₄O₃₁Cl₁₀and Bi₂₄O₃₁Br₁₀, respectively. Therefore, Bi₂₄O₃₁Cl₄Br₆ had an optimal photoactivity for the degradation of bisphenol A, which was 6.21 and 2.71 times higher than those of Bi₂₄O₃₁Cl₁₀and Bi₂₄O₃₁Br₁₀, respectively. Thus, this study revealed the intrinsic mechanism of the solid solution strategy for photocatalytic performance enhancement with respect to an IEF.

Key words: Photocatalysis, Internal electric field, Bulk-charge separation, Solid solution, Phenolic degradation

Jun Wan, Weijie Yang, Jiaqing Liu, Kailong Sun, Lin Liu, Feng Fu. Enhancing an internal electric field by a solid solution strategy for steering bulk-charge flow and boosting photocatalytic activity of Bi₂₄O₃₁Cl_xBr_10-_x[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(2): 485-496.

×
share this article

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63897-4

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2022/V43/I2/485

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1. (a,b) Typical XRD patterns and high-resolution XRD patterns of Bi24O31ClxBr10-x; High-resolution XPS spectra of Bi 4f (c), O 1s (d), Cl 2p (e), Br 3d (f) for Bi24O31Cl10, Bi24O31Br10 and Bi24O31Cl4Br6.

Fig. 2. TEM (a-c), HRTEM (d-f), EDX mapping (g) of Bi24O31Cl10, Bi24O31Br10 and Bi24O31Cl4Br6 photocatalysts.

Fig. 3. (a-c) DFT calculated local electrostatic potential differences ΔE for bismuth oxyiodide with different crystal structures, charge density distribution in 3D and 2D-[010] views of Bi24O31Cl10, Bi24O31Br10 and Bi24O31Cl4Br6.

Fig. 4. (a-c) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images at the surface potential mode for bismuth oxyiodide prepared with different crystal structures; Zeta potential value (d), surface charge value (e) and tested IEF (f) of Bi24O31Cl10, Bi24O31Br10 and Bi24O31Cl4Br6.

Fig. 5. Surface photovoltage spectra (a), photoluminescence spectra (b), photocurrent without (c) and with (d) 1 mM methylviologen dichloride (MVCl2); electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (e) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) (f) with MVCl2 of Bi24O31Cl10, Bi24O31Br10 and Bi24O31Cl4Br6 samples.

Fig. 6. DRS spectra (a), the plot of (αhν)1/2 as a function of photon energy hν (b) of the as-prepared Bi24O31ClxBr10-x; Mott-Schottky plots (c) and tested results (d) of the band position for samples prepared.

Fig. 7. (a,b) Comparison of the photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) on photodegradation of BPA over Bi24O31ClxBr10-x samples; (c) The relationship of IEF intensity, charge separation efficiency and photocatalytic activity.

Fig. 8. Possible reaction mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of BPA.

Fig. 9. Free radical capture experiment (a) and ESR spectra (b-d) of Bi24O31Cl4Br6 catalyst under visible light irradiation.

Fig. 10. Schematic diagram for the possible photocatalytic mechanism of Bi24O31Cl4Br6.

Table 1 Visible-light photocatalytic activities of Bi24O31Cl10, Bi24O31Br10 and Bi24O31Cl4Br6 samples for other phenols degradation and apparent rate constant.

Pollutant	Structural formula	Degradation efficiency (%)			k₁:k₂:k₃
Pollutant	Structural formula	Bi₂₄O₃₁Cl₁₀	Bi₂₄O₃₁Br₁₀	Bi₂₄O₃₁Cl₄Br₆	k₁:k₂:k₃
Phenol (C₆H₆)		6	16.7	33.7	1:2.8:5.9
Resorcinol (C₆H₆O₂)		26	43.2	78.0	1:2.4:5.3
2,4-Dichlorophenol (C₆H₄Cl₂O)		15.7	38	68.2	1:2.6:6.5
p-Nitrophenol (C₆H₅NO₃)		11.9	19	36.1	1:1.8:3.4
Tert-Butylphenol (C₁₀H₁₄O)		21.9	38.0	63.0	1:2.0:4.4

References

[1]	Y. X. Zhao, Y. T. Chi, C. Tian, Y. Liu, H. B. Li, A. Z. Wang, Water Res., 2020,177, 115789.
[2]	J. Shen, J. F. Li, F. S. Li, H. Z. Zhao, Z. P. Du, F. Q. Cheng, Chem. Eng. J., 2021,417, 128091.
[3]	D. D. Zhu, Q. X. Zhou, Appl. Catal. B, 2020,268, 118426.
[4]	S. S. Chen, C. Hu, C. H. Liu, Y. H. Chen, T. Ahamad, S. M. Alshehri, P. H. Huang, K. C. W. Wu, J. Hazard. Mater., 2020,397, 122431.
[5]	M. Liras, M. Barawi, V. A. de la Peña O’Shea, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2019,48, 5454-5487.
[6]	W. J. Tang, J. R. Chen, Z. L. Yin, W. C. Sheng, F. J. Lin, H. Xu, S. S. Cao, Chin. J. Catal., 2021,42, 347-355.
[7]	Q. L. Xu, L. Y. Zhang, B. Cheng, J. J. Fan, J. G. Yu, Chem, 2020,6, 1543-1559.
[8]	M. Y. Qi, Y. H. Li, F. Zhang, Z. R. Tang, Y. J. Xiong, Y. J. Xu, ACS Catal., 2020,10, 3194-3202.
[9]	J. Xiong, X. B. Li, J. T. Huang, X. M. Gao, Z. Chen, J. Y. Liu, H. Li, B. B. Kang, W. Q. Yao, Y. F. Zhu, Appl. Catal. B, 2020,266, 118202.
[10]	Z. Li, Y. N. Ma, X. Y. Hu, E. Z. Liu, J. Fan, Chin. J. Catal., 2019,40, 434-445.
[11]	R. G. He, D. F. Xu, B. Cheng, J. G. Yu, W. K. Ho, Nanoscale horiz., 2018,3, 464-504.
[12]	J. Zhang, Y. F Wan, Z. J. Liu, J. W. Chen, G. Wang, H. G. Liu, R. L. Wang, Chem. Eng. J., 2020,408, 127284.
[13]	J. Q. Li, X. T. Liu, H. N. Che, C. B. Liu, C. X. Li, Carbon, 2021,172, 602-612.
[14]	R. M. Wang, J. Wan, J. Jia, W. H. Xue, X. Y. Hu, E. Z. Liu, J. Fan, Mater. Design, 2018,151, 74-82.
[15]	J. D. Xiao, L. L. Han, J. Luo, S. H. Yu, H. L. Jiang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2018,57, 1103-1107.
[16]	Y. Yu, K. D. Wijesekara, X. X. Xi, K. A. Willets, ACS Nano, 2019,13, 3629-3637.
[17]	S. W. Li, P. Miao, Y. Y. Zhang, J. Wu, B. Zhang, Y. C. Du, X. J. Han, J. M. Sun, P. Xu, Adv Mater, 2021,33, 2000086.
[18]	F. Fu, H. D. Shen, X. Sun, W. W. Xue, A. Shoneye, J. N. Ma, L. Luo, D. J. Wang, J. G. Wang, J. W. Tang, Appl. Catal. B, 2019,247, 150-162.
[19]	N. Zhang, C. Gao, Y. J. Xiong, J. Energy Chem., 2019,37, 43-57.
[20]	A. Kumar, P. Raizada, A. Hosseini-Bandegharaei, V. K. Thakur, V. H. Nguyen, P. Singh, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021,9, 111-153.
[21]	H. J. Yu, R. Shi, Y. F. Zhao, G. I. N. Waterhouse, L. Z. Wu, C. H, Tung. T. R. Zhang, Adv Mater., 2016,28, 9454-9477.
[22]	T. Song, B. Long, S. H. Yin, A. Ali, G. J. Deng, Chem. Eng. J., 2021,404, 126455.
[23]	G. C. Zuo, Y. T. Wang, W. L. Teo, A. Xie, Y. Guo, Y. X. Dai, W. Q. Zhou, D. Jana, Q. M. Xian, W. Dong, Y. L. Zhao, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020,59, 11287-11292.
[24]	Y. P. Liu, Y. H. Li, X. Y. Li, Q. Zhang, H. Yu, X. W. Peng, F. Peng, ACS Nano, 2020,14, 14181-14189.
[25]	Y. Yang, C. Y. Zhou, W. J. Wang, W. P. Xiong, G. M. Zeng, D. L. Huang, C. Zhang, B. Song, W. J. Xue, X. P. Li, Z. W. Wang, D. H. He, H. Z. Luo, Z. L. Ouyang, Chem. Eng. J., 2021,405, 126547.
[26]	R. C. Shen, J. Xie, Y. N. Ding, S. Y. Liu, A. Adamski, X. B. Chen, X. Li, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2019,7, 3243-3250.
[27]	J. Li, L. J. Cai, J. Shang, Y. Yu, L. Z. Zhang, Adv. Mater., 2016,28, 4059-4064.
[28]	J. Xiong, J. Di, H. M. Li, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2020,8, 12928-12950.
[29]	Z. Z. Lou, P. Wang, B. B Huang, Y. Dai, X. Y. Qin, X. Y. Zhang, Z. Y. Wang, Y. Y. Liu, Chem Photo Chem, 2017,1, 136-147.
[30]	J. Li, W. J. Yang, A. M. Wu, X. L. Zhang, T. T. Xu, B. D. Liu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020,12, 8583-8591.
[31]	J. Liang, Y. Chai, L. Li, D. L. Li, J. N. Shen, Y. F. Zhang, X. X. Wang, Appl. Catal. B, 2020,265, 118551.
[32]	R. Wang, Y. W. Wang, S. F. Chang, S. Jin, Y. L. Shao, X. X. Xu, J. Catal., 2020,390, 57-66.
[33]	H. M. Huang, Z. L. Wang, B. Luo, P. Chen, T. Lin, M. Xiao, S. C. Wang, B. Y. Dai, W. Wang, J. H. Kou, C. H. Lu, Z. Z. Xu, L. Z. Wang, Nano Energy, 2020,69, 104410.
[34]	M. Dan, A. Prakash, Q. Cai, J. L. Xiang, Y. H. Ye, Y. Li, S. Yu, Y. H. Lin, Y. Zhou, Solar RRL, 2019,3, 1800237.
[35]	S. M. Ghoreishian, K. S. Ranjith, H. Lee, H. Ju, S. Z. Nikoo, Y. K. Han, Y. S. Huh, J. Hazard. Mater., 2020,391, 122249.
[36]	K. L. Gao, X. M. Gao, W. Zhu, C. T. Wang, T. Yan, F. Fu, J. Q. Liu, C. H. Liang, Q. G. Li, Chem. Eng. J., 2021,406, 127155.
[37]	Q. Wang, Z. Q. Liu, D. M. Liu, G. H. Liu, M. Yang, F. Y. Cui, W. Wang, Appl. Catal. B, 2018,236, 222-232.
[38]	R. A. He, S. W. Cao, P. Zhou, J. G. Yu, Chin. J. Catal., 2014,35, 989-1007.
[39]	F. Deng, Y. B. Luo, H. Li, B. H. Xia, X. B. Luo, S. L. Luo, D. D. Dionysiou, J. Hazard. Mater., 2020,383, 121127.
[40]	Y. Bai, L. Q. Ye, T. Chen, P. Q. Wang, L. Wang, X. Shi, P. K. Wong, Appl. Catal. B, 2017,203, 633-640.
[41]	B. Y. Dai, Y. R. Yu, Y. K. Chen, H. M. Huang, C. H. Lu, J. H. Kou, Y. J. Zhao, Z. Z. Xu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2019,29, 1807934.
[42]	J. R. He, Y. Zhao, S. J. Jiang, S. Q. Song, Solar RRL, 2021,5, 2000446.
[43]	C. Zeng, H. W. Huang, T. R. Zhang, F. Dong, Y. H. Zhang, Y. M. Hu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017,9, 27773-27783.
[44]	X. P. Lin, T. Huang, F. Q. Huang, W. D. Wang, J. L. Shi, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006,110, 24629-24634.
[45]	L. Li, P. A. Salvador, G. S. Rohrer, Nanoscale, 2014,6, 24-42.
[46]	J. Li, G. M. Zhan, Y. Yu, L. Z. Zhang. Nat. Commun., 2016,7, 11480.
[47]	Y. Guo, W. X. Shi, Y. F. Zhu, Y. P. Xu, F. Y. Cui, Appl. Catal. B, 2020,262, 118262.
[48]	K. L. Zhang, C. M. Liu, F. Q. Huang, C. Zheng, W. D. Wang, Appl. Catal. B, 2006,68, 125-129.
[49]	Z. F. Hu, L.Y. Yuan, Z. F. Liu, Z. R. Shen, J. C. Yu, Ange. Chem. Int. Ed., 2016,55, 9580-9585.
[50]	H. W. Huang, R. R. Cao, S. X. Yu, K. Xu, W. C. Hao, Y. G. Wang, F. Dong, T. R. Zhang, Y. H. Zhang, Appl. Catal. B, 2017,219, 526-537.
[51]	Q. Xie, W. M. He, S. W. Liu, C. H. Li, J. F. Zhang, P. K. Wong, Chin. J. Catal., 2020,41, 140-153.
[52]	M. Dan, A. Prakash, Q. Cai, J. L. Xiang, Y. H. Ye, Y. Li, S. Yu, Y. H. Lin, Y. Zhou, Solar RRL, 2019,3, 1800237.
[53]	L. Liu, J. Q. Liu, K. L. Sun, J. Wan, F. Fu, J. Fan, Chem. Eng. J., 2021,411, 128629.
[54]	R. G. He, H. J. Liu, H. M. Liu, D. F. Xu, L. Y. Zhang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020,56, 151-161.
[55]	R. Lin, J. W. Wan, Y. Xiong, K. L. Wu, W.-C. Cheong, G. Zhou, D. S. Wang, Q. Peng, C. Chen, Y. D. Li, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018,140, 9078-9082.
[56]	R. G. Li, F. X. Zhang, D. Wang, J. X. Yang, M. R. Li, J. Zhu, X. Zhou, H. X. Han, C. Li, Nat. Commun., 2013,4, 1432.
[57]	J. S. Zhang, G. G. Zhang, X. F. Chen, S. Lin, L. Möhlmann, G. Dołęga, G. Lipner, M. Antonietti, S. Blechert, X. C. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2011,51, 3183-3187.
[58]	D. Li, X. Zhang, W. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J., 2021,405, 126867.
[59]	Y. Guo, W. X. Shi, Y. F. Zhu, Y. P. Xu, F. Y Cui, Appl. Catal. B, 2020,262, 118262.
[60]	C.Y. Wang, X. Zhang, H. B. Qiu, W. K. Wang, G. X. Huang, J. Jiang, H. Q. Yu, Appl. Catal. B, 2017,200, 659-665.
[61]	Q. Liang, S. Ploychompoo, J. Chen, T. Zhou, H. Luo, Chem. Eng. J., 2020,384, 123256.
[62]	W. D. Oh, L. W. Lok, A. Veksha, A. Giannis, T. T. Lim, Chem. Eng. J., 2018,333, 739-749.
[63]	Z. Zhang, C. T. Zou, S. J. Yang, Z. Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Chem. Eng. J., 2021,410, 128430.
[64]	Y. Su, Z. K. Han, L. Zhang, W. Z. Wang, M. Y. Duan, X. M. Li, Y. L. Zheng, Y. G. Wang, X. L. Lei, Appl. Catal. B, 2020,217, 108-114.
[65]	J. L. Shi, R. F. Chen, H. M. Hao, C. Wang, X. J. Lang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020,59, 9088-9093.
[66]	Q. Wang, Z. Q. Liu, D. M. Liu, G. S. Liu, M. Yang, F. Y. Cui, W. Wang, Appl. Catal. B, 2018,236, 222-232.
[67]	X. Hu, J. Tian, Y. Xue, Y. Li, H. Cui, Chem Cat Chem, 2017,9, 1511-1516.
[68]	J. Li, Y. Yu, L. Z. Zhang, Nanoscale, 2014,6, 8473-8488.
[69]	J. Di, J. X. Xia, H. M. Li, S. J. Guo, S. Dai, Nano Energy, 2017,41, 172-192.

Enhancing an internal electric field by a solid solution strategy for steering bulk-charge flow and boosting photocatalytic activity of Bi₂₄O₃₁Cl_xBr_10-_x

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Supporting Information

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 11

References

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

[1]	Binbin Zhao, Wei Zhong, Feng Chen, Ping Wang, Chuanbiao Bie, Huogen Yu. High-crystalline g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts: Synthesis, structure modulation, and H₂-evolution application [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 52(9): 127-143.
[2]	Xiaolong Tang, Feng Li, Fang Li, Yanbin Jiang, Changlin Yu. Single-atom catalysts for the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic synthesis of hydrogen peroxide [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 52(9): 79-98.
[3]	Mingjie Cai, Yanping Liu, Kexin Dong, Xiaobo Chen, Shijie Li. Floatable S-scheme Bi₂WO₆/C₃N₄/carbon fiber cloth composite photocatalyst for efficient water decontamination [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 52(9): 239-251.
[4]	Lijuan Sun, Xiaohui Yu, Liyong Tang, Weikang Wang, Qinqin Liu. Hollow dodecahedron K₃PW₁₂O₄₀/CdS core-shell S-scheme heterojunction for photocatalytic synergistic H₂ evolution and benzyl alcohol oxidation [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 52(9): 164-175.
[5]	Zicong Jiang, Bei Cheng, Liuyang Zhang, Zhenyi Zhang, Chuanbiao Bie. A review on ZnO-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 52(9): 32-49.
[6]	Fei Yan, Youzi Zhang, Sibi Liu, Ruiqing Zou, Jahan B Ghasemi, Xuanhua Li. Efficient charge separation by a donor-acceptor system integrating dibenzothiophene into a porphyrin-based metal-organic framework for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 51(8): 124-134.
[7]	Huijie Li, Manzhou Chi, Xing Xin, Ruijie Wang, Tianfu Liu, Hongjin Lv, Guo-Yu Yang. Highly selective photoreduction of CO₂ catalyzed by the encapsulated heterometallic-substituted polyoxometalate into a photo-responsive metal-organic framework [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 50(7): 343-351.
[8]	Qing Niu, Linhua Mi, Wei Chen, Qiujun Li, Shenghong Zhong, Yan Yu, Liuyi Li. Review of covalent organic frameworks for single-site photocatalysis and electrocatalysis [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 50(7): 45-82.
[9]	Defa Liu, Bin Sun, Shuojie Bai, Tingting Gao, Guowei Zhou. Dual co-catalysts Ag/Ti₃C₂/TiO₂ hierarchical flower-like microspheres with enhanced photocatalytic H₂-production activity [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 50(7): 273-283.
[10]	Han-Zhi Xiao, Bo Yu, Si-Shun Yan, Wei Zhang, Xi-Xi Li, Ying Bao, Shu-Ping Luo, Jian-Heng Ye, Da-Gang Yu. Photocatalytic 1,3-dicarboxylation of unactivated alkenes with CO₂ [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 50(7): 222-228.
[11]	Jingxiang Low, Chao Zhang, Ferdi Karadas, Yujie Xiong. Photocatalytic CO₂ conversion: Beyond the earth [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 50(7): 1-5.
[12]	Huizhen Li, Yanlei Chen, Qing Niu, Xiaofeng Wang, Zheyuan Liu, Jinhong Bi, Yan Yu, Liuyi Li. The crystalline linear polyimide with oriented photogenerated electron delivery powering CO₂ reduction [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 49(6): 152-159.
[13]	Cheng Liu, Mengning Chen, Yingzhang Shi, Zhiwen Wang, Wei Guo, Sen Lin, Jinhong Bi, Ling Wu. Ultrathin ZnTi-LDH nanosheet: A bifunctional Lewis and Brönsted acid photocatalyst for synthesis of N-benzylideneanilline via a tandem reaction [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 49(6): 102-112.
[14]	Haibo Zhang, Zhongliao Wang, Jinfeng Zhang, Kai Dai. Metal-sulfide-based heterojunction photocatalysts: Principles, impact, applications, and in-situ characterization [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 49(6): 42-67.
[15]	Fangpei Ma, Qingping Tang, Shibo Xi, Guoqing Li, Tao Chen, Xingchen Ling, Yinong Lyu, Yunpeng Liu, Xiaolong Zhao, Yu Zhou, Jun Wang. Benzimidazole-based covalent organic framework embedding single-atom Pt sites for visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 48(5): 137-149.