MXene quantum dots of Ti3C2: Properties, synthesis, and energy-related applications

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64102-0

Abstract

Abstract:

The emerging two-dimensional MXene-derived quantum dots (MQDs) have garnered considerable research interest owing to their abundant active edge atoms, excellent electrical conductivity, and remarkable optical properties. Compared with their two-dimensional (2D) counterpart MXene, MQDs with forceful size and quantum confinement effects exhibit more unparalleled properties and have considerably contributed to the advanced photocatalysis, detection, energy storage, and biomedicine fields. This critical review summarizes the fundamental properties of MQDs in terms of structure, electricity, and optics. The mechanism, characteristics, and comparisons of two typical synthesis strategies (traditional chemical method and novel fluorine-free or chemical-free method) are also presented. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between MQDs and 2D MXenes are introduced in terms of their functional groups, light absorption capacity, energy band structure, and other properties. Moreover, recent advances in the applications of MQD-based materials for energy conversion and storage (ECS) are discussed, including photocatalysis, batteries, and supercapacitors. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities for advancing MQD-based materials in the promising ECS field are presented.

Key words: MXene quantum dots, Energy conversion and storage, Synthesis method, Photocatalysis, Fundamental property

Chen Guan, Xiaoyang Yue, Jiajie Fan, Quanjun Xiang. MXene quantum dots of Ti₃C₂: Properties, synthesis, and energy-related applications[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(10): 2484-2499.

×
share this article

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64102-0

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2022/V43/I10/2484

Figures/Tables 20

Fig. 1. Panoramic review of properties, synthesis, comparison, and energy-related applications of MXene quantum dots.

Fig. 2. Preparation mechanism and application of MXene quantum dots. Oxygen-containing functional groups are formed on 2D MXenes, possibly generating defects and allowing the 2D MXene to be cut into quantum dots.

Fig. 3. Schematic of the energy-level structure and carrier transfer processes of MQDs and N-MQDs. Nitrogen doping-introduced trap states close to the LUMO, achieving rapid electron migration and increasing the carrier lifetime.

Fig. 4. Charge density difference between the pure MXene QDs and heteroatom-functionalized MXene QDs. (a) Pure Ti3C2 MXene QDs. (b) N-functionalized Ti3C2 MXene. (c) P-functionalized Ti3C2 MXene QDs. (d) N-P-functionalized MQDs. Red and blue isosurfaces represent electron accumulation and depletion during the chemical bond formation process, respectively. In (b-d), the enhanced blue color indicates electron depletion, demonstrating that impurity atoms cause charge transfer and increase the PLQYs of the N-P-functionalized MQDs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Table 1 Methods for preparing MQDs and differences between different routes.

Synthesis method	Applicable MXene (published)	Advantage	Disadvantage
Hydrothermal method	Ti₃C₂ MQDs	concise operation, large-scale production	oxidation, HF, high temperature
Solvothermal method	Ti₃C₂T_x QDs	better morphology control	oxidation, HF, high temperature
Hydrothermal/solvothermal- ultrasound method	Ti₃C₂ MQDs	accelerate the fragmentation of MXene into MQDs, suppress MXene oxidation	time-consuming, cumbersome process
Molten salt synthesis	Mo₂C MQDs	high atom usage, precise morphology control	high temperature, low production yield
Acoustomicrofluidic method	Ti₃C₂T_z QDs	chemical-free method, preserve the structural integrity of the material	—
Direct ultrasound method	Ti₃C₂ MQDs	safe, simple, fluorine-free method	time-consuming

Fig. 5. Comparison of three MQD synthesis methods. (a) Hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis processes. (b) Hydrothermal/solvother- mal-ultrasound synthesis process. (c) Molten salt synthesis process.

Fig. 6. (a) XRD patterns of the initial Mo2C/C sample without centrifugal treatment and the final Mo2C/C sample with centrifugal treatment. STEM (b) and EDS (d,e) images of Mo2C/C nanosheets. (c) HRTEM image of Mo2C QD/C nanosheets. (f) Nitrogen adsorption energy of Mo2C and C. (g) Atomic structure scheme showing the reaction pathway of N2 reduction on Mo2C sites. Green, gray, blue, and white balls represent Mo, C, N, and H atoms, respectively. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [65]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 7. (a) Schematic of the experimental setup: the multilayer Ti3C2Tz MXene sample is atomized on the SRBW device with the formation of layered and cracked Ti3C2Tz aerosol droplets. (b) Condensate (MXene nanosheets and MQDs) collected under different cycles (evolution along with increasing cycles). (c) Atomic force microscopic (AFM) images (including sample thickness profiles) and the corresponding thickness and mean lateral-diameter measurement distributions of the acoustically synthesized MXene nanosheets and MQDs after 10 nebulization cycles. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [67]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 8. TEM (a) and HRTEM (b) images of Ti3C2 QD/Cu2O NW/Cu heterostructure. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (c) and yields of methanol as a function of time (d). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [13]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 9. Energy-level diagram of MQDs and MXenes and schematic of redox potential energy for various products via photocatalysis (vs. NHE, pH = 7).

Table 2 Comparisons of MQDs and MXenes.

Synthesis method	Crystal structure	Functional group	Fermi level (V)	Optical absorption ability
MQD	Hexagonal symmetry	-O, -F, -OH, etc.	-0.523	Red shift
MXene	Hexagonal symmetry	-O, -F, -OH, etc.	0.71	Blue shift

Fig. 10. (a) Scanning Kelvin probe maps of BiVO4, Ti3C2 QD/BiVO4 (TC QD/BV), BiVO4@ZnIn2S4(BV@ZIS), and BiVO4@ZnIn2S4/Ti3C2 QDs (BV@ZIS/TC QDs). (b) Steady-state PL spectra. (c) Schematic of the band structure and electron-hole transfer mechanism for BV@ZIS/TC QDs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [73]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.

Fig. 11. (a) Simulated electron density distribution at the interface between Ti3C2Tx and ZnIn2S4 nanosheets. (Ti blue, C brown, O red, Bi purple, Mo silver, and S yellow balls. Yellow and blue areas in (a) represent higher and lower electron densities, respectively). (b) Energy band diagram of Ti3C2Tx and ZnIn2S4. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH.

Table 3 Summary of applications of various MQD-based photocatalysts.

MQD-based material	Type of MQDs	Composite structure	Application	Performance	Ref.
Cu₂O NW/Ti₃C₂	Ti₃C₂	one dimension (1D)/ zero dimension (0D)	CO₂ reduction	CH₃OH (78.50 μmol g^-1 h^-1);	[13]
TiO₂/C₃N₄/Ti₃C₂	Ti₃C₂	2D/2D/0D	CO₂ reduction	CO (4.39 μmol g^-1 h^-1); CH₄ (1.20 μmol g^-1 h^-1)	[135]
g-C₃N₄/Ti₃C₂	Ti₃C₂	2D/0D	H₂ evolution	H₂ (5111.8 μmol g^-1 h^-1)	[14]
CdS/Ti₃C₂	Ti₃C₂	0D/0D	H₂ evolution	H₂ (14342 μmol g^-1 h^-1)	[136]
Ti₃C₂/Ni MOF	Ti₃C₂	0D/2D	N₂ photoreduction	NH₃ (88.79 μmol g_cat^-1 h^-1)	[15]
Ti₃C₂/ZnIn₂S₄/BiVO₄	Ti₃C₂	0D/2D/three dimension (3D)	photocatalytic overall water splitting	O₂ (50.83 μmol g^-1 h^-1), H₂(102.67 μmol g^-1 h^-1)	[75]
Ti₃C₂/SiC	Ti₃C₂	0D/2D	photocatalytic NO pollutant removal	NO pollutant removal efficiency 74.6%	[49]
Ti₃C₂T_x/Ti₃C₂T_x/S	Ti₃C₂T_x	0D/2D	lithium-sulfur batteries	when sulfur loading is 13.8 mg cm^-2, volumetric capacity is 1957 mA h cm^-3 and areal capacity is 13.7 mA h cm^-2	[16]
Ti₃C₂T_x/Ti₃C₂T_x/RGO	Ti₃C₂T_x		supercapacitors	volumetric capacity (542 F cm^-3)	[17]
Ti₃C₂	Ti₃C₂	0D	multicolor cellular imaging		[29]
N-Ti₃C₂	Ti₃C₂	0D	Fe³⁺ detection	detectable concentration (2-500 μmol L^-1), limit of detection (2 μmol L^-1)	[137]
Ti₃C₂	Ti₃C₂	0D	immunomodulation	—	[138]
V₂C	V₂C	0D	nucleus-target low-temperature photothermal therapy	—	[139]
MoS₂ QD@Ti₃C₂T_x QD@MWCNTs	Ti₃C₂T_x		electrocatalytic methanol oxidation	maximum methanol oxidation current density at 2.2 V of 160 A g^-1	[140]
Co-Ti₃C₂	Ti₃C₂	0D	photoelectrochemical water oxidation	water oxidation performance (2.99 mA cm^-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE)	[141]

Fig. 12. Mechanism diagram of the photocatalytic hydrogen production of Ti3C2 QD/g-C3N4 NSs.

Fig. 13. (a) Energy band positions of Ti3C2 QD/Ni MOF. (b) Scheme of the spatial charge separation and transportation during photocatalytic N2 reduction using Ti3C2 QD/Ni MOF. (c) HRTEM images of Ti3C2 QD/Ni MOF nanosheets. (d) Change in the N-N bond length and free energy against the reaction coordinate during the reaction process. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [15]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 14. Synthetic mechanism of Ti3C2Tx QD-Ti3C2Tx sheets (TCD-TCS) and TCD-TCS/S.

Fig. 15. Schematic of the evolution of active materials during the discharge process for TC-100/S cathodes. Process 1: more active material accumulation on TCS is beneficial for penetrating electrolytes and transferring electrons and ions in TCD-TCS. Process 2: as lithiation progresses, the outstanding LiPS capture ability of TCD-TCS effectively inhibits the occurrence of the LiPS shuttle effect.

Fig. 16. (a) Preparation schematic of all-solid-state asymmetric fiber supercapacitors. (b) SEM image of the fiber electrode. (c) Galvanostatic charge-discharge curves at 0.25 A cm-3. (d) Specific capacitance at different current densities. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [17]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 17. (a) Schematic of the synthesis of Ti3C2 QDs using a hydrothermal method for bioimaging. (b,c) HRTEM and AFM images of Ti3C2 QDs. (d) Bioimaging image of RAW264.7 cells after Ti3C2 QD uptake. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH.

References

[1]	L. Cheng, X. Li, H. W. Zhang, Q. J. Xiang, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2019, 10, 3488-3494.
[2]	M. Chhowalla, H. S. Shin, G. Eda, L.-J. Li, K. P. Loh, H. Zhang, Nat. Chem., 2013, 5, 263-275.
[3]	M. Batmunkh, A. Shrestha, M. Bat-Erdene, M. J. Nine, C. J. Shearer, C. T. Gibson, A. D. Slattery, S. A. Tawfik, M. J. Ford, S. Dai, S. Qiao, J. G. Shapter, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2018, 57, 2644-2647.
[4]	W. Y. Lei, X. Pang, G. L. Ge, G. Liu, Nano Today, 2021, 39, 101183.
[5]	Y. Kubota, K. Watanabe, O. Tsuda, T. Taniguchi, Science, 2007, 317, 932-934.
[6]	J. Zhao, H. Liu, Z. Yu, R. Quhe, S. Zhou, Y. Wang, C. C. Liu, H. Zhong, N. Han, J. Lu, Y. Yao, K. Wu, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2016, 83, 24-151.
[7]	M. Naguib, M. Kurtoglu, V. Presser, J. Lu, J. Niu, M. Heon, L. Hultman, Y. Gogotsi, M. W. Barsoum, Adv. Mater., 2011, 23, 4248-4253.
[8]	Z. You, Y. Liao, X. Li, J. Fan, Q. J. Xiang, Nanoscale, 2021, 13, 9463-9504.
[9]	K. Li, S. Zhang, Y. Li, J. Fan, K. Lv, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 3-14.
[10]	J. Hu, J. Ding, Q. Zhong, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2021, 582, 647-657.
[11]	H. Xu, R. Xiao, J. Huang, Y. Jiang, C. Zhao, X. Yang, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 107-114.
[12]	Q. Tang, Z. Sun, S. Deng, H. Wang, Z. Wu, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2020, 564, 406-417.
[13]	Z. Zeng, Y. Yan, J. Chen, P. Zan, Q. Tian, P. Chen, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2019, 29, 1806500.
[14]	Y. Li, L. Ding, Y. Guo, Z. Liang, H. Cui, J. Tian, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11, 41440-41447.
[15]	J. Qin, B. Liu, K.-H. Lam, S. Song, X. Li, X. Hu, ACS Sustainable. Chem. Eng., 2020, 8, 17791-17799.
[16]	Z. Xiao, Z. Li, P. Li, X. Meng, R. Wang, ACS Nano, 2019, 13, 3608-3617.
[17]	X. Zhou, Y. Qin, X. He, Q. Li, J. Sun, Z. Lei, Z. H. Liu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 11833-11842.
[18]	S. Chen, Y. Xiang, W. Xu, C. Peng, Inorg. Chem. Front., 2019, 6, 199-208.
[19]	M. Zhang, X. Chen, J. Sui, B. S. Abraha, Y. Li, W. Peng, G. Zhang, F. Zhang, X. Fan, Inorg. Chem. Front., 2020, 7, 1205-1211.
[20]	H. L. Wu, X. B. Li, C. H. Tung, L. Z. Wu, Adv. Mater., 2019, 31, 1900709.
[21]	X.-B. Li, C.-H. Tung, L.-Z. Wu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2019, 58, 10804-10811.
[22]	S. L. Zhao, D. W. Wang, R. Amal, L. M. Dai, Adv. Mater., 2019, 31, 1801526.
[23]	D. Liu, L. M. Dai, X. N. Lin, J. F. Chen, J. Zhang, X. L. Feng, K. Müllen, X. Zhu, S. Dai, Adv. Mater., 2019, 31, 1804863.
[24]	J. Y. Feng, H. T. Huang, S. C. Yan, W. J. Luo, T. Yu, Z. S. Li, Z. G. Zou, Nano Today, 2020, 30, 100830.
[25]	C. Han, M.-Y. Qi, Z.-R. Tang, J. L. Gong, Y.-J. Xu, Nano Today, 2019, 27, 48-72.
[26]	Y. W. Chen, L. L. Li, Q. L. Xu, W. Chen, Y. Q. Dong, J. J. Fan, D. K. Ma, Solar RRL, 2021, 5, 2000541.
[27]	Q. L. Xu, L. Y. Zhang, B. Cheng, J. J. Fan, J. G. Yu, Chem, 2020, 6, 1543-1559.
[28]	Y. L. Yang, D. N. Zhang, Q. J. Xiang, Nanoscale, 2019, 11, 18797-18805.
[29]	Q. Xue, H. Zhang, M. Zhu, Z. Pei, H. Li, Z. Wang, Y. Huang, Y. Huang, Q. Deng, J. Zhou, S. Du, Q. Huang, C. Zhi, Adv. Mater., 2017, 29, 1604847.
[30]	L. Cheng, D. N. Zhang, Y. L. Liao, F. Li, H. W. Zhang, Q. J. Xiang, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2019, 555, 94-103.
[31]	Q. J. Xiang, X. Y. Ma, D. N. Zhang, H. P. Zhou, Y. L. Liao, H. W. Zhang, S. Y. Xu, I. Levchenko, K. Bazaka, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2019, 556, 376-385.
[32]	L. Cheng, D. N. Zhang, Y. L. Liao, H. W. Zhang, Q. J. Xiang, Solar RRL, 2019, 3, 1900062.
[33]	Y. Li, D. N. Zhang, X. H. Feng, Q. J. Xiang, Chin. J. Catal., 2020, 41, 21-30.
[34]	Q. J. Xiang, F. Li, D. N. Zhang, Y. L. Liao, H. P. Zhou, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2019, 495, 143520.
[35]	Y. Li, F. Gong, Q. Zhou, X. H. Feng, Q. J. Xiang, Appl. Catal. B, 2020, 268, 118381.
[36]	W. Dai, H. Dong, X. Zhang, Metals, 2018, 11, 1776.
[37]	M. Naguib, V. N. Mochalin, M. W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, Adv. Mater., 2014, 26, 992-1005.
[38]	M. Khazaei, M. Arai, T. Sasaki, C.-Y. Chung, N. S. Venkataramanan, M. Estili, Y. Sakka, Y. Kawazoe, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2013, 23, 2185-2192.
[39]	K. Hantanasirisakul, Y. Gogotsi, Adv. Mater., 2018, 30, 1804779.
[40]	R. M. Ronchi, J. T. Arantes, S.F. Santos, Ceram. Int., 2019, 45, 18167-18188.
[41]	D. Sun, Q. Hu, J. Chen, X. Zhang, L. Wang, Q. Wu, A. Zhou, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8, 74-81.
[42]	M. Naguib, O. Mashtalir, J. Carle, V. Presser, J. Lu, L. Hultman, Y. Gogotsi, M. W. Barsoum, ACS Nano, 2012, 6, 1322-1331.
[43]	B. Anasori, A. Sarycheva, S. Buondonno, Z. Zhou, S. Yang, Y. Gogotsi, Mater. Today, 2017, 20, 481-482.
[44]	J. Pang, R. G. Mendes, A. Bachmatiuk, L. Zhao, H. Q. Ta, T. Gemming, H. Liu, Z. Liu, M. H. Rummeli, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2019, 48, 72-133.
[45]	A. Agresti, A. Pazniak, S. Pescetelli, A. Di Vito, D. Rossi, A. Pecchia, M. Auf der Maur, A. Liedl, R. Larciprete, D. V. Kuznetsov, D. Saranin, A. Di Carlo, Nat. Mater., 2019, 18, 1228-1234.
[46]	L. Yu, A. S. R. Bati, T. S. L. Grace, M. Batmunkh, J. G. Shapter, Adv. Energy Mater., 2019, 9, 1901063.
[47]	L. Yang, Y. Dall'Agnese, K. Hantanasirisakul, C. E. Shuck, K. Maleski, M. Alhabeb, G. Chen, Y. Gao, Y. Sanehira, A. K. Jena, L. Shen, C. Dall'Agnese, X.-F. Wang, Y. Gogotsi, T. Miyasaka, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 5635-5642.
[48]	Z. Guo, L. Gao, Z. Xu, S. Teo, C. Zhang, Y. Kamata, S. Hayase, T. Ma, Small, 2018, 14, 1802738.
[49]	Q. Guan, J. Ma, W. Yang, R. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. Dong, Y. Fan, L. Cai, Y. Cao, Y. Zhang, N. Li, Q. Xu, Nanoscale, 2019, 11, 14123-14133.
[50]	H. Wang, R. Zhao, H. Hu, X. Fan, D. Zhang, D. Wang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 40176-40185.
[51]	B. Shao, Z. Liu, G. Zeng, H. Wang, Q. Liang, Q. He, M. Cheng, C. Zhou, L. Jiang, B. Song, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2020, 8, 7508-7535.
[52]	Y. Xu, X. Wang, W. L. Zhang, F. Lv, S. Guo, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2018, 47, 586-625.
[53]	L.-L. Li, J. Ji, R. Fei, C.-Z. Wang, Q. Lu, J.-R. Zhang, L.-P. Jiang, J.-J. Zhu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2012, 22, 2971-2979.
[54]	Q. Xu, W. Cai, W. Li, T. S. Sreeprasad, Z. He, W.-J. Ong, N. Li, Mater. Today Energy, 2018, 10, 222-240.
[55]	X. Wang, G. Sun, N. Li, P. Chen, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2016, 45, 2239-2262.
[56]	G. Xu, Y. Niu, X. Yang, Z. Jin, Y. Wang, Y. Xu, H. Niu, Adv. Opt. Mater., 2018, 6, 1800951.
[57]	Y. Xu, Z. Wang, Z. Guo, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, H. Zhang, X.-F. Yu, Adv. Opt. Mater., 2016, 4, 1223-1229.
[58]	Q. Liang, X. Liu, G. Zeng, Z. Liu, L. Tang, B. Shao, Z. Zeng, W. Zhang, Y. Liu, M. Cheng, W. Tang, S. Gong, Chem. Eng. J., 2019, 372, 429-451.
[59]	L. Zhou, F. Wu, J. Yu, Q. Deng, F. Zhang, G. Wang, Carbon, 2017, 118, 50-57.
[60]	S. Lu, L. Sui, Y. Liu, X. Yong, G. Xiao, K. Yuan, Z. Liu, B. Liu, B. Zou, B. Yang, Adv. Sci., 2019, 6, 1801470.
[61]	D. Huang, Y. Xie, D. Lu, Z. Wang, J. Wang, H. Yu, H. Zhang, Adv. Mater., 2019, 31, 1901117.
[62]	M. Malaki, A. Maleki, R. S. Varma, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 13411-13411.
[63]	H. Xu, B. W. Zeiger, K. S. Suslick, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, 42, 2555-2567.
[64]	L. Lei, D. Huang, G. Zeng, M. Cheng, D. Jiang, C. Zhou, S. Chen, W. Wang, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2019, 399, 213020.
[65]	H. Cheng, L.-X. Ding, G.-F. Chen, L. Zhang, J. Xue, H. Wang, Adv. Mater., 2018, 30, 1803694.
[66]	Y. Wang, C. Li, X. Han, D. Liu, H. Zhao, Z. Li, P. Xu, Y. Du, ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 2018, 1, 5366-5376.
[67]	H. Alijani, A. R. Rezk, M. M. Khosravi Farsani, H. Ahmed, J. Halim, P. Reineck, B. J. Murdoch, A. El-Ghazaly, J. Rosen, L. Y. Yeo, ACS Nano, 2021, 15, 12099-12108.
[68]	X. Yu, X. Cai, H. Cui, S.-W. Lee, X.-F. Yu, B. Liu, Nanoscale, 2017, 9, 17859-17864.
[69]	P. Kuang, J. Low, B. Cheng, J. Yu, J. Fan, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 56, 18-44.
[70]	P. Kuang, Z. Ni, J. Yu, J. Low, Mater. Rep. Energy, 2022, 2, 100081.
[71]	Y. Q. Wang, M. C. Zhang, W. Xu, X. Y. Shen, F. Gao, J. L. Zhu, X. Wan, X. J. Lian, J. G. Xu, Y. Tong, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2022, 38, 1907076.
[72]	Z. M. Jiang, Q. Chen, Q. Q. Zheng, R. C. Shen, P. Zhang, X. Li, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2021, 37, 2010059.
[73]	K. Zhang, D. Q. Li, H. Y. Cao, Q. H. Zhu, C. Trapalis, P. F. Zhu, X. H. Gao, C. Y. Wang, Chem. Eng. J., 2021, 424, 130340.
[74]	G. C. Zuo, Y. T. Wang, W. L. Teo, A. M. Xie, Y. Guo, Y. X. Dai, W. Q. Zhou, D. Jana, Q. M. Xian, W. Dong, Y. L. Zhao, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 11287-11292.
[75]	X. Du, T. Y. Zhao, Z. Y. Xiu, Z. P. Xing, Z. Z. Li, K. Pan, S. L. Yang, W. Zhou, Appl. Mater. Today, 2020, 20, 100719.
[76]	C. Bie, B. Cheng, J. Fan, W. Ho, J. Yu, EnergyChem, 2021, 3, 100051.
[77]	S. Cao, B. Shen, T. Tong, J. Fu, J. Yu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2018, 28, 1800136.
[78]	Y. Lu, X. Ou, W. Wang, J. Fan, K. Lv, Chin. J. Catal., 2020, 41, 209-218.
[79]	P. Xia, S. Cao, B. Zhu, M. Liu, M. Shi, J. Yu, Y. Zhang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 5218-5225.
[80]	L. Cheng, H. Zhang, X. Li, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, Small, 2021, 17, 2005231.
[81]	Y. Li, X. Li, H. Zhang, Q. Xiang, Nanoscale Horiz., 2020, 5, 765-786.
[82]	Y. Li, X. Li, H. Zhang, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 56, 69-88.
[83]	Y. Li, B. Li, D. Zhang, L. Cheng, Q. Xiang, ACS Nano, 2020, 14, 10552-10561.
[84]	F. Li, D. Zhang, Q. Xiang, Chem. Commun., 2020, 56, 2443-2446.
[85]	F. He, A. Meng, B. Cheng, W. Ho, J. Yu, Chin. J. Catal., 2020, 41, 9-20.
[86]	S.-W. Cao, Rare Metals, 2020, 39, 610-612.
[87]	P. Kuang, M. He, B. Zhu, J. Yu, K. Fan, M. Jaroniec, J Catal., 2019, 375, 8-20.
[88]	J. Bai, R. Shen, Z. Jiang, P. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Li, Chin. J. Catal., 2022, 43, 359-369.
[89]	C. Bie, H. Yu, B. Cheng, W. Ho, J. Fan, J. Yu, Adv. Mater., 2021, 33, 2003521.
[90]	S. Wageh, A. A. Al-Ghamdi, L. Liu, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 1051-1053.
[91]	X. G. Fei, H. Y. Tan, B. Cheng, B. C. Zhu, L. Y. Zhang, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2021, 37, 2010027.
[92]	F. Xu, K. Meng, B. Cheng, S. Wang, J. Xu, J. Yu, Nat. Commun., 2020, 11, 4613.
[93]	L. Cheng, D. Zhang, Y. Liao, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 131-140.
[94]	Y. Xia, K. Xiao, B. Cheng, J. Yu, L. Jiang, M. Antonietti, S. Cao, ChemSusChem, 2020, 13, 1730-1734.
[95]	F. Li, X. Yue, D. Zhang, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, Appl. Catal. B, 2021, 292, 120179.
[96]	F. Li, X. Yue, H. Zhou, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 1608-1616.
[97]	T. Inoue, A. Fujishima, S. Konishi, K. Honda, Nature, 1979, 277, 637-638.
[98]	L. Cheng, X. Yue, L. Wang, D. Zhang, P. Zhang, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, Adv. Mater., 2021, 33, 2105135.
[99]	G.-Z. Chen, K.-J. Chen, J.-W. Fu, M. Liu, Rare Metals, 2020, 39, 607-609.
[100]	L. Cheng, H. Yin, C. Cai, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, Small, 2020, 16, 2002411.
[101]	Y. L. Yang, F. Li, J. Chen, J. J. Fan, Q. J. Xiang, ChemSusChem, 2020, 13, 1979-1985.
[102]	F. Li, H. P. Zhou, J. J. Fan, Q. J. Xiang, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2020, 570, 11-19.
[103]	Y. Yang, D. Zhang, J. Fan, Y. Liao, Q. Xiang, Solar RRL, 2021, 5, 2000351.
[104]	J. Low, L. Zhang, T. Tong, B. Shen, J. Yu, J. Catal., 2018, 361, 255-266.
[105]	S. Wageh, A. A. Al-Ghamdi, L. J. Liu, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2021, 37, 2010024.
[106]	C. Lv, C. Yan, G. Chen, Y. Ding, J. Sun, Y. Zhou, G. Yu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2018, 57, 6073-6076.
[107]	S. Zhang, H. Zhuo, S. Li, Z. Bao, S. Deng, G. Zhuang, X. Zhong, Z. Wei, Z. Yao, J.-G. Wang, Catal. Today, 2021, 368, 187-195.
[108]	Y. Luo, G.-F. Chen, L. Ding, X. Chen, L.-X. Ding, H. Wang, Joule, 2019, 3, 279-289.
[109]	G. N. Schrauzer, T. D. Guth, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1976, 98, 3508-3513.
[110]	X. Yue, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2022, 32, 2110258.
[111]	F. Li, L. Cheng, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, 23765-23782.
[112]	Z. Xiao, Z. Li, X. Meng, R. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 22730-22743.
[113]	N. K. Chaudhari, H. Jin, B. Kim, K. Lee, Nanoscale, 2017, 9, 12231-12247.
[114]	N. K. Chaudhari, H. Jin, B. Kim, D. San Baek, S. H. Joo, K. Lee, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 6, 1865-1865.
[115]	X. Wang, G. Sun, N. Li, P. Chen, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2016, 45, 2239-2262
[116]	H. Wang, Y. Wu, X. Yuan, G. Zeng, J. Zhou, X. Wang, J. W. Chew, Adv. Mater., 2018, 30, 1704561
[117]	Z. Xiao, Z. Li, X. Meng, R. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 22730-22743
[118]	A. Agresti, A. Pazniak, S. Pescetelli, A. Di Vito, D. Rossi, A. Pecchia, M. Auf der Maur, A. Liedl, R. Larciprete, D. V. Kuznetsov, D. Saranin, A. Di Carlo, Nat. Mater., 2019, 18, 1228-1234
[119]	N. K. Chaudhari, H. Jin, B. Kim, D. San Baek, S. H. Joo, K. Lee, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 24564-24579.
[120]	T. Zhang, X. Jiang, G. Li, Q. Yao, J. Y. Lee, ChemNanoMat, 2018, 4, 56-60
[121]	H. Wang, Y. Wu, X. Yuan, G. Zeng, J. Zhou, X. Wang, J. W. Chew, Adv. Mater., 2018, 30, 1704561.
[122]	X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. Zhou, J. Energy Chem., 2018, 27, 73-85.
[123]	A. S. Levitt, M. Alhabeb, C. B. Hatter, A. Sarycheva, G. Dion, Y. Gogotsi, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 269-277.
[124]	C. Zhan, W. Sun, Y. Xie, D.-E. Jiang, P. R. C. Kent, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11, 24885-24905.
[125]	Q. Li, Y. Chen, J. Zhang, W. Tian, L. Wang, Z. Ren, X. Ren, X. Li, B. Gao, X. Peng, P. K. Chu, K. Huo, Nano Energy, 2018, 51, 128-136.
[126]	M. R. Lukatskaya, O. Mashtalir, C. E. Ren, Y. Dall Agnese, P. Rozier, P. L. Taberna, M. Naguib, P. Simon, M. W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi, Science, 2013, 341, 1502-1505.
[127]	R. Bilan, A. Sukhanova, I. Nabiev, ChemBioChem, 2016, 17, 2103-2114.
[128]	Z. Peng, X. Liu, W. Zhang, Z. Zeng, Z. Liu, C. Zhang, Y. Liu, B. Shao, Q. Liang, W. Tang, X. Yuan, Environ. Int., 2020, 134, 105298.
[129]	S. Cheung, D. Wu, H. C. Daly, N. Busschaert, M. Morgunova, J. C. Simpson, D. Scholz, P. A. Gale, D. F. O'Shea, Chem, 2018, 4, 879-895.
[130]	S. Filali, F. Pirot, P. Miossec, Trends Biotechnol., 2020, 38, 163-177.
[131]	K.-T. Yong, W.-C. Law, R. Hu, L. Ye, L. Liu, M. T. Swihart, P. N. Prasad, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, 42, 1236-1250.
[132]	G. Yang, J. Zhao, S. Yi, X. Wan, J. Tang, Sens. Actuat. B, 2020, 309, 127735.
[133]	X. Chen, X. Sun, W. Xu, G. Pan, D. Zhou, J. Zhu, H. Wang, X. Bai, B. Dong, H. Song, Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 1111-1118.
[134]	Y. Cao, T. Wu, K. Zhang, X. Meng, W. Dai, D. Wang, H. Dong, X. Zhang, ACS Nano, 2019, 13, 1499-1510.
[135]	F. He, B. Zhu, B. Cheng, J. Yu, W. Ho, W. Macyk, Appl. Catal. B, 2020, 272, 119006.
[136]	J. Ran, G. Gao, F.-T. Li, T.-Y. Ma, A. Du, S.-Z. Qiao, Nat. Commun., 2017, 8, 13907.
[137]	Q. Xu, L. Ding, Y. Wen, W. Yang, H. Zhou, X. Chen, J. Street, A. Zhou, W.-J. Ong, N. Li, J. Mater. Chem. C, 2018, 6, 6360-6369.
[138]	A. Rafieerad, W. Yan, G. L. Sequiera, N. Sareen, E. Abu-El-Rub, M. Moudgil, S. Dhingra, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 2019, 8, 1900569.
[139]	Y. Cao, T. Wu, K. Zhang, X. Meng, W. Dai, D. Wang, H. Dong, X. Zhang, ACS Nano, 2019, 13, 1499-1510.
[140]	X. Yang, Q. Jia, F. Duan, B. Hu, M. Wang, L. He, Y. Song, Z. Zhang, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2019, 464, 78-87.
[141]	R. Tang, S. Zhou, C. Li, R. Chen, L. Zhang, Z. Zhang, L. Yin, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2020, 30, 2000637.

MXene quantum dots of Ti₃C₂: Properties, synthesis, and energy-related applications

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 20

References

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

[1]	Binbin Zhao, Wei Zhong, Feng Chen, Ping Wang, Chuanbiao Bie, Huogen Yu. High-crystalline g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts: Synthesis, structure modulation, and H₂-evolution application [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 52(9): 127-143.
[2]	Xiaolong Tang, Feng Li, Fang Li, Yanbin Jiang, Changlin Yu. Single-atom catalysts for the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic synthesis of hydrogen peroxide [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 52(9): 79-98.
[3]	Zicong Jiang, Bei Cheng, Liuyang Zhang, Zhenyi Zhang, Chuanbiao Bie. A review on ZnO-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 52(9): 32-49.
[4]	Fei Yan, Youzi Zhang, Sibi Liu, Ruiqing Zou, Jahan B Ghasemi, Xuanhua Li. Efficient charge separation by a donor-acceptor system integrating dibenzothiophene into a porphyrin-based metal-organic framework for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 51(8): 124-134.
[5]	Huijie Li, Manzhou Chi, Xing Xin, Ruijie Wang, Tianfu Liu, Hongjin Lv, Guo-Yu Yang. Highly selective photoreduction of CO₂ catalyzed by the encapsulated heterometallic-substituted polyoxometalate into a photo-responsive metal-organic framework [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 50(7): 343-351.
[6]	Qing Niu, Linhua Mi, Wei Chen, Qiujun Li, Shenghong Zhong, Yan Yu, Liuyi Li. Review of covalent organic frameworks for single-site photocatalysis and electrocatalysis [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 50(7): 45-82.
[7]	Defa Liu, Bin Sun, Shuojie Bai, Tingting Gao, Guowei Zhou. Dual co-catalysts Ag/Ti₃C₂/TiO₂ hierarchical flower-like microspheres with enhanced photocatalytic H₂-production activity [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 50(7): 273-283.
[8]	Han-Zhi Xiao, Bo Yu, Si-Shun Yan, Wei Zhang, Xi-Xi Li, Ying Bao, Shu-Ping Luo, Jian-Heng Ye, Da-Gang Yu. Photocatalytic 1,3-dicarboxylation of unactivated alkenes with CO₂ [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 50(7): 222-228.
[9]	Jingxiang Low, Chao Zhang, Ferdi Karadas, Yujie Xiong. Photocatalytic CO₂ conversion: Beyond the earth [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 50(7): 1-5.
[10]	Huizhen Li, Yanlei Chen, Qing Niu, Xiaofeng Wang, Zheyuan Liu, Jinhong Bi, Yan Yu, Liuyi Li. The crystalline linear polyimide with oriented photogenerated electron delivery powering CO₂ reduction [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 49(6): 152-159.
[11]	Cheng Liu, Mengning Chen, Yingzhang Shi, Zhiwen Wang, Wei Guo, Sen Lin, Jinhong Bi, Ling Wu. Ultrathin ZnTi-LDH nanosheet: A bifunctional Lewis and Brönsted acid photocatalyst for synthesis of N-benzylideneanilline via a tandem reaction [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 49(6): 102-112.
[12]	Haibo Zhang, Zhongliao Wang, Jinfeng Zhang, Kai Dai. Metal-sulfide-based heterojunction photocatalysts: Principles, impact, applications, and in-situ characterization [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 49(6): 42-67.
[13]	Fangpei Ma, Qingping Tang, Shibo Xi, Guoqing Li, Tao Chen, Xingchen Ling, Yinong Lyu, Yunpeng Liu, Xiaolong Zhao, Yu Zhou, Jun Wang. Benzimidazole-based covalent organic framework embedding single-atom Pt sites for visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 48(5): 137-149.
[14]	Sue-Faye Ng, Xingzhu Chen, Joel Jie Foo, Mo Xiong, Wee-Jun Ong. 2D carbon nitrides: Regulating non-metal boron-doped C₃N₅ for elucidating the mechanism of wide pH range photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 47(4): 150-160.
[15]	Haifeng Wang, Fan Wang, Xiaopeng Li, Qi Xiao, Wei Luo, Jingsan Xu. In-situ formation of electron-deficient Pd sites on AuPd alloy nanoparticles under irradiation enabled efficient photocatalytic Heck reaction [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 46(3): 72-83.