氧化还原活性配体的电子效应对钌催化水氧化反应的影响

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64497-3

催化学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 52: 271-279.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64497-3

• 论文 • 上一篇

氧化还原活性配体的电子效应对钌催化水氧化反应的影响

石靖^a^,^b, 郭煜华^b, 谢飞^b, 章名田^b^,^*(), 张洪涛^b^,^*()

^a常州大学石油化工学院先进催化材料与技术重点实验室, 江苏常州213164
^b清华大学化学系基础分子科学中心, 北京100084

收稿日期:2023-06-12 接受日期:2023-07-28 出版日期:2023-09-18 发布日期:2023-09-25
通讯作者: *电子信箱: mtzhang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn (章名田),zhanght18@tsinghua.org.cn (张洪涛).
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(21933007);国家自然科学基金(22193011);国家自然科学基金(22201024);江苏省自然科学基金(BK20220617);江苏省高等学校自然科学基金(21KJB150005);中国博士后科学基金(2023T160358)

Electronic effects of redox-active ligands on ruthenium-catalyzed water oxidation

Jing Shi^a^,^b, Yu-Hua Guo^b, Fei Xie^b, Ming-Tian Zhang^b^,^*(), Hong-Tao Zhang^b^,^*()

^aJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
^bCenter of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Received:2023-06-12 Accepted:2023-07-28 Online:2023-09-18 Published:2023-09-25
Contact: *E-mail: mtzhang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn (M.-T. Zhang),zhanght18@tsinghua.org.cn (H.-T. Zhang).
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(21933007);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22193011);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22201024);Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20220617);Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(21KJB150005);China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023T160358)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水氧化(2H₂O → 4e^‒ + 4H⁺ + O₂↑)是自然以及人工光合作用系统中的关键半反应, 为还原过程提供反应所必需的质子和电子. 但水氧化反应在热力学和动力学上的固有挑战以及对O-O键生成步骤的有限机理认识, 使其成为构筑高效人工光合系统的瓶颈. 为此, 人们开发了大量的金属催化剂, 利用金属中心活化水分子, 并生成活性金属氧物种以促进O-O键的生成. 其间, 金属中心往往需要达到极高的氧化态, 进而导致生成的高价金属氧化物具有极高的催化活性, 极易诱导催化剂降解等副反应的发生, 难以兼顾活性和稳定性. 因此, 深入认识和理解水氧化反应的催化过程及O-O键的生成机制是突破该领域瓶颈的重点. 氧化还原活性配体与金属的协同作用被认为是调节电荷累积过程、平衡催化剂活性与稳定性的有效策略, 受到了广泛的关注. 然而, 氧化还原活性配体调节金属催化中心活性的机理仍有待进一步阐明. 近期, 本研究组发展了一类具有氧化活性配体的单核钌水氧化催化剂[(L_H^N5-)Ru^III-OH]⁺, 初步机理研究表明配体的氧化有效地承担了电荷累积, 提出了水分子亲核进攻Ru^IV=O形成O-O键的反应机制. 但氧化还原配体的电子效应如何影响催化中心的反应性及其调控规律有待深入研究.

本文设计了一系列具有不同取代基的单核钌催化剂[(L_R^N5‒)Ru^III-OH]⁺ (R = OMe, 3a; Me, 3b; H, 3c; F, 3d; CF₃, 3e), 利用电化学、线性自由能关系以及理论计算等方法考察了配体的电子效应对催化中心活性的调控规律, 并为配体协助下的Ru^IV=O催化O-O成键提供了实验证据. 电化学测试结果表明, 在碳酸丙烯酯溶液和0.1 mol/L磷酸缓冲溶液(pH = 7.0)中催化剂均表现出三个连续的氧化峰, 并且配体的取代基效应对其氧化还原电势和催化行为均有显著影响. 但氧化还原电势与取代基常数(σ_para)的线性相关结果表明, 三个连续的氧化过程表现出了不同的电子效应依赖程度, 第三个氧化过程对电子效应的依赖程度明显高于前两个. 因此三个氧化过程依次被归属为金属中心Ru^III/II(E(Ru^III-OH/Ru^II-OH₂)), Ru^IV/III (E (Ru^IV=O/Ru^III-OH))以及配体中心L^+•/L (E {[(L^N5‒)^+•Ru^IV=O]²⁺/[(L^N5‒)Ru^IV=O]⁺})的氧化. 催化剂性能测试结果表明, 催化活性和催化过电位均与配体取代基常数(σ_para)具有良好的线性关系. 随着取代基吸电子能力的增强, 催化剂的转化频率逐渐增大; 随着取代基给电子能力的增加, 催化剂的催化过电位也逐渐降低. 实验结果表明, 氧化还原配体的电子效应可以有效地调控催化剂的催化活性与过电位. 电位与pH相关实验结果表明, 起始的[(L_R^N5‒)Ru^III-OH]⁺催化剂经历两电子、一质子转移后形成配体氧化的活性中间体[(L^N5‒)^+•Ru^IV=O]²⁺, 并进一步与水反应生成O-O键. H/D同位素动力学效应及缓冲溶液碱效应证实了水分子亲核进攻[(L^N5‒)^+•Ru^IV=O]²⁺形成O-O键的机制. 理论计算研究表明, 配体的取代基有效调节了该O-O成键过程的活化能, 进而调控了该决速步的反应速率和催化过电位.

综上, 本文详细阐释了如何通过氧化还原活性配体获得易生成、高活性的金属氧物种, 并调控Ru^IV=O中间体对O-O键生成的催化活性, 也为具有低过电位的水氧化催化剂的理性设计和机制研究提供了参考.

关键词: 人工光合作用, 水氧化反应, 氧化还原活性配体, Ru^IV=O中间体, 取代基效应

Abstract:

The process of water oxidation presents a significant challenge in the development of artificial photosynthetic systems. This complexity arises from the necessity of charge accumulation, involving four electrons and four protons, and O-O bond formation. The strategy of using redox-active ligands in conjunction with metals is recognized as an effective approach for managing this charge accumulation process, attracting considerable attention. However, the detailed mechanisms by which the electronic effect of the redox-active ligands affect the reactivity of the catalytic centers remain ambiguous. In this study, the electronic effect of a series of mononuclear Ru complexes furnished with redox-active ligands ([(L_R^N5‒)Ru^III-OH]⁺, R = OMe, 3a; Me, 3b; H, 3c; F, 3d; CF₃, 3e) was examined on water oxidation. A correlation was observed between redox potentials and substituent constants (σ_para), indicating that different successive redox pairs are influenced by electron effects of varying intensities. Particularly, the ligand-centered oxidation (E {[(L^N5-)^+•Ru^IV=O]²⁺/[(L^N5-)Ru^IV=O]⁺}) shows a greater dependence than the metal-centered PCET oxidations, E(Ru^III-OH/Ru^II-OH₂) and E(Ru^IV=O/Ru^III-OH). The critical intermediate, [(L^N5-)^+•Ru^IV=O]²⁺, formed through ligand-centered oxidation, triggers O-O bond formation via its reaction with water. The rate constants of this crucial step can be effectively modulated by the substituents of the ligand. This study provides intricate insights into the role of the redox-active ligand in regulating the water oxidation process and further substantiates the effectiveness of the synergistic interaction of redox ligands and metals in controlling the multi-electron catalytic process.

Key words: Artificial photosynthesis, Water oxidation, Redox-active ligand, Ru^IV=O intermediate, Substituent effect

石靖, 郭煜华, 谢飞, 章名田, 张洪涛. 氧化还原活性配体的电子效应对钌催化水氧化反应的影响[J]. 催化学报, 2023, 52: 271-279.

Jing Shi, Yu-Hua Guo, Fei Xie, Ming-Tian Zhang, Hong-Tao Zhang. Electronic effects of redox-active ligands on ruthenium-catalyzed water oxidation[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 52: 271-279.

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图/表 10

Fig. 1. (a) Redox ligand-assisted water nucleophilic attacked on RuIV=O in water oxidation catalysis. (b) This study: the core structures of the designed RuIV=O intermediates with different substituents to explore the relationship between the electron effect and catalytic activity.

Scheme 1. Synthetic procedure and structures of the ruthenium (III) complexes [(LRN5-)RuIII-OH]+ (R = OMe, 3a; Me, 3b; H, 3c[67]; F, 3d; CF3, 3e).

Fig. 2. Crystallographic structures of 2a (CCDC 1977765), 2b (CCDC 1977762), 2d (CCDC 1977769), and 2e (CCDC 1977767). The thermal ellipsoids are displayed at a 30% probability. Hydrogen atoms and solvents have been omitted for clarity.

Fig. 3. CVs (a) and DPVs (b) of 1.0 mmol/L 3a-3e. They were obtained using a glassy carbon (GC) electrode in 0.1 mol/L nBu4NPF6 propylene carbonate solution.

Table 1 Summary of redox potentials (vs. Fc+/0) for Ru-based complexes 3a-3e in propylene carbonate a.

Complexe	R	σ_para^b	Ru^III/II	Ru^IV/III	L^+•Ru^IV/LRu^IV
3a	OCH₃	-0.27	-0.30	0.44	0.60
3b	CH₃	-0.17	-0.27	0.56	0.80
3c	H	0	-0.23	0.63	0.90
3d	F	0.06	-0.22	0.64	0.88
3e	CF₃	0.54	-0.16	0.78	1.07

Fig. 4. Hammett correlation between redox potentials and substituent constants σpara for Ru catalysts 3a-3e in PC.

Fig. 5. CVs at 100 mV/s scan rate (a) and DPVs (b) of 1.0 mmol/L 3a-3e obtained via GC electrode in 0.1 mol/L PBS (pH = 7.0).

Fig. 6. Correlation between overpotential and σpara (a), correlation between kobs and σpara (b), correlation between kobs and onset potential (c), and correlation between pKa of [(LRN5-)RuIII-OH2]2+ and σpara (d) for Ru catalysts 3a-3e in 0.1 mol/L PBS (pH = 7.0).

Table 2 Summary of electrochemical data, determined pKa values, and catalytic parameters for Ru catalysts 3a-3e in 0.1 mol/L PBS (pH = 7.0).

Complexe	R	E_onset(V vs. NHE)	Overpotential (mV)^b	k_obs(s^-1)	pK_a
3a	OCH₃	0.93^a	113	0.52	6.52
3b	CH₃	0.97	153	0.72	6.28
3c	H	1.02	203	1.26	6.03
3d	F	1.03	213	1.60	5.85
3e	CF₃	1.12	303	3.47	5.33

Fig. 7. (a) Energy barrier diagram of the O-O bond forming step via H2O nucleophilic attacking [(LRN5-)+?RuIV=O]2+ intermediate. (b) Correlation between the activation Gibbs free energies (ΔG?) and σpara.

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氧化还原活性配体的电子效应对钌催化水氧化反应的影响

Electronic effects of redox-active ligands on ruthenium-catalyzed water oxidation

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[2]	陈齐发, 杜昊易, 章名田. 缓冲溶液阴离子对三价铜催化剂催化水氧化过程的影响[J]. 催化学报, 2021, 42(8): 1338-1344.
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[6]	朱勇, 李斐, 孙立成. 基于分子水氧化催化剂光电分解水的研究进展[J]. 催化学报, 2019, 40(s1): 227-234.
[7]	陈政, 黄清娥, 黄保坤, 章福祥, 李灿. 水合状态的无定形氧化铁用作高效水氧化催化剂[J]. 催化学报, 2019, 40(1): 38-42.