钌单原子/纳米簇双引擎活性中心协同提升析氢反应性能

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65023-1

催化学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 84: 80-95.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65023-1

钌单原子/纳米簇双引擎活性中心协同提升析氢反应性能

刘沛林^a, 庄夏青^a, 崔天泽^a, 魏子森^a, 徐华^c, 张若霖^c, 杨矞琦^d(), 罗佳庆^d(), 宋卫余^a^,^b, 刘云鹏^e^,^f(), 孔裕^e^,^g, 李振兴^b, 赵震^b^,^h, 刘坚^b^,ⁱ, 孙源卿^a^,^b()

^a 中国石油大学(北京)理学院, 北京市油气资源与探测国家重点实验室, 北京 102249
^b 中国石油大学(北京)重质油国家重点实验室, 北京 102249
^c 中国石油化工股份有限公司石油化工科学研究院, 北京 102206
^d 中国石油大学(北京)克拉玛依校区, 重质油国家重点实验室克拉玛依分室, 新疆克拉玛依 834000
^e 中国科学院高能物理研究所, 多学科研究中心, 北京 100049
^f 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
^g 北京化工大学化学学院, 北京 100029
^h 沈阳师范大学化学化工学院, 能源与环境催化研究所, 辽宁沈阳 110034
ⁱ 辽宁石油化工大学石油化工学院, 辽宁抚顺 113001

收稿日期:2025-10-01 接受日期:2025-12-29 出版日期:2026-05-18 发布日期:2026-04-16
通讯作者: *电子信箱: yqsun@cup.edu.cn (孙源卿),
yuqiyang@cupk.edu.cn (杨矞琦),
luojiaqing@cupk.edu.cn (罗佳庆),
liuyunpeng@ihep.ac.cn (刘云鹏).
基金资助:
国家重点研发项目(2021YFA1501304);国家自然科学基金(22035009);国家自然科学基金(22122113)

Dual-engine active centers of Ru single atoms and nanoclusters synergistically enhancing hydrogen evolution reaction

Peilin Liu^a, Xiaqing Zhuang^a, Tianze Cui^a, Zisen Wei^a, Hua Xu^c, Ruolin Zhang^c, Yuqi Yang^d(), Jiaqing Luo^d(), Weiyu Song^a^,^b, Yunpeng Liu^e^,^f(), Yu Kong^e^,^g, Zhenxing Li^b, Zhen Zhao^b^,^h, Jian Liu^b^,ⁱ, Yuanqing Sun^a^,^b()

^a Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Optical Detection Technology, and Basic Research Center for Energy Interdisciplinary, School of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
^b State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
^c Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206 China
^d State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing at Karamay, China University of Petroleum Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, Xinjiang, China
^e Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
^f University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
^g College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
^h Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China
ⁱ School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, Liaoning, China

Received:2025-10-01 Accepted:2025-12-29 Online:2026-05-18 Published:2026-04-16
Contact: *E-mail: yqsun@cup.edu.cn (Y. Sun),
yuqiyang@cupk.edu.cn (Y. Yang),
luojiaqing@cupk.edu.cn (J. Luo),
liuyunpeng@ihep.ac.cn (Y. Liu).
Supported by:
authors gratefully acknowledge the ﬁnancial support from National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1501304);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22035009);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22122113)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

单原子、纳米簇及纳米颗粒等多活性位点的协同整合已被证实能显著提升析氢反应(HER)的电催化性能. 然而, 如何精确构建单原子/纳米簇协同位点并深入理解其反应机制是一项挑战. 本文旨在通过分子级设计合成一种“双引擎”钌(Ru)基催化剂, 并深入揭示其在碱性HER中的高效协同机制. 我们创新性地发展了一种简便的合成策略, 以间氨基苯酚与甲醛为前驱体, 通过调控间苯二酚和间氨基苯酚的比例, 利用氨基与羟基官能团对Ru³⁺的差异化锚定能力及其热稳定性, 成功制备了负载于间氨基苯酚/甲醛树脂衍生的氮掺杂碳球上的钌单原子与纳米簇催化剂(Ru_1-_n@AFCS). 作为对比, 制备了活性位点重叠的Ru_1-_n@RFCS及仅含纳米颗粒的样品. 球差校正电镜、X-射线吸收谱、X-射线光电子能谱等表征结果表明, Ru单原子(以Ru-N₂C₂配位)与Ru纳米簇(~1.32 nm)均匀分布在氮掺杂空心碳球载体上. 电化学测试显示, Ru_1-_n@AFCS在1 mol L^-1 KOH中表现出优异的HER活性, 仅需11.2 mV过电位即可达到10 mA cm^-2电流密度, 质量活性高达5158.2 A g^-1, 是商用20% Pt/C的60倍. 选择性毒化实验表明, Ru纳米簇是氢吸附/脱附的主要活性位点; 而CO溶出与原位拉曼光谱证实, 邻近的Ru单原子作为强羟基吸附位点, 将水分子解离能垒从0.74 eV显著降至0.38 eV, 并优化了界面水氢键网络, 有效促进质子传输. 密度泛函理论计算进一步从能量上证实了该“双引擎”机制的可行性. 基于上述结果,我们提出如下反应机制: 在初始态, 一个水分子吸附于一个钌单原子与一个钌纳米簇之间. 由于两活性位点对水分子的吸附亲和力存在差异, 水分子的氧原子倾向于靠近Ru单原子, 氢原子则指向Ru纳米簇. 在反应过程中, 靠近纳米簇的O-H键由平衡态距离0.98 Å逐渐拉伸至过渡态的1.4 Å, 最终在终态达到2.5 Å, 完成解离并生成吸附氢物种. 解离后的H和OH分别优先吸附于Ru纳米簇和Ru单原子上, 有效稳定了过渡态, 显著降低了水解离的活化能. 将该催化剂应用于阴离子交换膜电解池时, 其在1 A cm^-2的工业级电流密度下可稳定运行240 h, 性能衰减率仅为1.2 mV h^-¹, 远优于Pt/C基准, 展现出良好的实际应用潜力.

综上, 本文成功开发了一种具有独立且相邻分布的Ru单原子/纳米簇复合催化剂. 两种活性位点通过电子结构调控与协同反应机制, 显著加速了碱性HER过程. 本工作不仅提出了一种精准调控金属活性中心空间排布的合成策略, 还从实验与理论层面揭示了双位点协同催化的微观机理, 为理性设计高效电解水催化剂提供了新思路.

关键词: 单原子, 纳米簇, 双引擎活性位点, 析氢反应, 阴离子交换膜电解槽

Abstract:

The integration of multiple active sites has been demonstrated to significantly enhance the electrocatalytic performance of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the precise construction of synergistic SAs/NCs sites and a thorough understanding of their reaction mechanisms remain challenging. Herein, a straightforward synthetic strategy is developed for the fabrication of Ru SAs and NCs supported on nitrogen-doped carbon spheres derived from m-aminophenol/formaldehyde resin (denoted as Ru_1-_n@AFCS), achieved by tuning the ratio of resorcinol to m-aminophenol during phenolic resin polymerization. The optimized Ru_1-_n@AFCS HER performance in alkaline media, requiring an overpotential of only 11.2 mV to achieve 10 mA cm^-2 and displaying a mass activity of 5158.2 A g^-1, which is 60 times higher than that of commercial 20% Pt/C (85.4 A g^-1) at -0.025 V vs. RHE. When integrated into an anion-exchange-membrane water electrolyzer, the catalyst achieves a current density of 1 A cm^-2 at 1.80 V with a remarkable noble metal mass activity of 55.2 A mg-Ru^-1. Combined experimental and theoretical calculations reveal that the nitrogen-doped carbon support modulates electronic structure of Ru NCs, while adjacent isolated Ru SAs facilitate hydrogen transfer via strong hydroxyl adsorption, collectively forming a “dual-engine” catalytic center that significantly enhances alkaline HER performance.

Key words: Single atoms, Nanoclusters, Dual-engines, Hydrogen evolution reaction, Anion-exchange-membrane water electrolyzer

刘沛林, 庄夏青, 崔天泽, 魏子森, 徐华, 张若霖, 杨矞琦, 罗佳庆, 宋卫余, 刘云鹏, 孔裕, 李振兴, 赵震, 刘坚, 孙源卿. 钌单原子/纳米簇双引擎活性中心协同提升析氢反应性能[J]. 催化学报, 2026, 84: 80-95.

Peilin Liu, Xiaqing Zhuang, Tianze Cui, Zisen Wei, Hua Xu, Ruolin Zhang, Yuqi Yang, Jiaqing Luo, Weiyu Song, Yunpeng Liu, Yu Kong, Zhenxing Li, Zhen Zhao, Jian Liu, Yuanqing Sun. Dual-engine active centers of Ru single atoms and nanoclusters synergistically enhancing hydrogen evolution reaction[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 84: 80-95.

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图/表 8

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of catalysts. ① Ru1-n@AFCS; ② Ru1-n@RFCS; ③ Run/NCS.

Fig. 2. Morphological characterizations of the as-fabricated Ru1-n@AFCS. SEM images (a), TEM images (b), HRTEM image (inset: the corresponding FFT pattern) (c), and HAADF-STEM images (inset: Histogram of particle size distribution) (d). (e) Local HAADF-STEM image (Coexistence of SAs and NCs). (f) HRTEM images of Ru NCs. (g-j) elemental mapping images of Ru1-n@NCS catalyst.

Fig. 3. Electronic interaction and coordination environment analysis of catalysts. (a) Typical XRD patterns of Ru1-n@AFCS, Ru1-n@RFCS and Run/NCS. High-resolution XPS spectra of Ru 3p (b) and N 1s (c) of the samples. (d) Percentage of nitrogen species content from (c). Ru K-edge XANES (e) and corresponding FT-EXAFS (f) spectra of Ru1-n@AFCS, Ru1-n@RFCS, Ru foil and RuO2. (g) WT-EXAFS of Ru from samples.

Fig. 4. Electrochemical alkaline HER performance of catalysts. (a) LSV curves of Ru1-n@AFCS and control samples. (b) Overpotential at different current density. (c) Calculated Tafel slopes of samples. (d) Nyquist plots of samples. (e) Calculated mass activity and ECSA-normalized activity of various samples. (f) Calculated TOFs of various samples. (g) Long-term i-t of Ru1-n@AFCS. (h) CV tests for stability evaluation of Ru1-n@AFCS. (i) Overpotential of Ru1-n@AFCS and recently reported Ru-based HER electrocatalysts.

Fig. 5. AC HAADF-STEM images (a) and the distance between Ru SAs and Ru NCs (b) of Ru1-n@AFCS. AC HAADF-STEM images (c) and the distance between Ru SAs and Ru NCs (d) of Ru1-n@RFCS. The coordination mechanism and nucleation model of AF/RF with Ru ions of Ru1-n@AFCS (e) and Ru1-n@RFCS (f).

Fig. 6. Theoretical investigation on catalytic activity of Ru1-n@AFCS catalyst for alkaline HER. (a) The binding energy between Ru NCs and N/C carriers of Ru1-n@AFCS, Ru1-n@RFCS and Run/NHC. (b) KSCN and EDTA poison evaluation of Ru1-n@AFCS. (c) ΔGH* on the Ru1-n@AFCS, Ru1-n@RFCS and Run/NHC. (d) Structural models and charge density different of the Ru1-n@AFCS, in which the yellow and green areas represent Charge accumulation and depletion. (e) Bader charge analysis of Ru1-n@AFCS, Ru1-n@RFCS and Run/NHC. (f) Structural models and charge density different of the H-Ru1-n@AFCS. (g) The plots of PDOSs of Ru NCs of samples.

Fig. 7. Theoretical investigation on reaction mechanism of Ru1-n@AFCS catalyst for alkaline HER. (a) CO stripping analysis of Ru1-n@AFCS, Ru1-n@RFCS and Run/NHC. In-situ Raman spectra obtained in 1 mol L-1 KOH electrolyte of (b) Ru1-n@AFCS and (c) Ru1-n@RFCS. (d) The Gaussian fits of three O-H stretching models of interfacial water over Ru1-n@AFCS at different potential. (e) Percentage of the three peaks. (f) Calculated energy barrier of water dissociation for Ru1-n@AFCS, Ru1-n@RFCS and Run/NHC slabs. (g) The energy barrier for breaking the OH-H in the Volmer step (water dissociation) on Ru1-n@AFCS. The optimized atomic geometries of the intermediate state are shown in the insets.

Fig. 8. AEMWE electrolyzer performance using Ru1-n@AFCS as the cathode catalyst for the HER (electrolyte = 1.0 mol L-1 KOH). (a) Schematic of an AEMWE. (b) Polarization curves of the AEMWE using Ru1-n@AFCS and 20% Pt/C as the cathode catalysts. (c) Polarization curves normalized to the loading mass of metals. Insert is the mass activity comparisons under different potential. (d) Long-term stability tests of the AEMWE with Ru1-n@AFCS and 20% Pt/C as cathode at current density of 1 A cm-2 at 26.3 ℃ (Replenish the electrolyte approximately every 2 d).

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钌单原子/纳米簇双引擎活性中心协同提升析氢反应性能

Dual-engine active centers of Ru single atoms and nanoclusters synergistically enhancing hydrogen evolution reaction

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