Low-temperature graphitization of amorphous carbon nanospheres

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(14)60098-X

Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2014, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (6): 869-876.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(14)60098-X

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Low-temperature graphitization of amorphous carbon nanospheres

Katia Barbera^a, Leone Frusteri^a, Giuseppe Italiano^b, Lorenzo Spadaro^c, Francesco Frusteri^c, Siglinda Perathoner^a, Gabriele Centi^a

a University of Messina and INSTM/CASPE (Lab. of Catalysis for Sustainable Production and Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, Industrial Chemistry and Engineering-Contrada di Dio I-98166 Messina, Italy;
b Eco-Rigen S. r. l. R&D-Contrada Piana del Signore c/o Raffineria di Gela, I-93012 Gela (CL), Italy;
c Institute of Advanced Technologies for Energy "Nicola Giordano" (ITAE), Department of Energy and Transport (DET), National Council of Research (CNR)-Salita S. Lucia sopra Contesse 5 I-98126, Messina, Italy

Received:2014-03-20 Revised:2014-04-09 Online:2014-05-30 Published:2014-06-03
Supported by:
This work was supported by EU project INCAS "Integration of Nanoreactor and multisite CAtalysis for a Sustainable chemical production" (Grant agreement no: 245988), in the frame of which part of this work was realized.

Abstract

Abstract:

The investigation by SEM/TEM, porosity, and X-ray diffraction measurements of the graphitization process starting from amorphous carbon nanospheres, prepared by glucose carbonization, is reported. Aspects studied are the annealing temperature in the 750-1000℃ range, the type of inert carrier gas, and time of treatment in the 2-6 h range. It is investigated how these parameters influence the structural and morphological characteristics of the carbon materials obtained as well as their nanostructure. It is shown that it is possible to maintain after graphitization the round-shaped macro morphology, a high surface area and porosity, and especially a large structural disorder in the graphitic layers stacking, with the presence of rather small ordered domains. These are characteristics interesting for various catalytic applications. The key in obtaining these characteristics is the thermal treatment in a flow of N₂. It was demonstrated that the use of He rather than N₂ does not allow obtaining the same results. The effect is attributed to the presence of traces of oxygen, enough to create the presence of oxygen functional groups on the surface temperatures higher than 750℃, when graphitization occurs. These oxygen functional groups favor the graphitization process.

Key words: Graphitization, Carbon nanospheres, Carbon structural disorder

Katia Barbera, Leone Frusteri, Giuseppe Italiano, Lorenzo Spadaro, Francesco Frusteri, Siglinda Perathoner, Gabriele Centi. Low-temperature graphitization of amorphous carbon nanospheres[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2014, 35(6): 869-876.

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Low-temperature graphitization of amorphous carbon nanospheres

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