Electrocatalytic generation of reactive species and implications in microbial inactivation

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63941-4

Abstract

Abstract:

Controlling microbial proliferation in water systems, including wastewater, recreational water, and drinking water, is essential to societal health. Microbial inactivation through electrochemically generated reactive species (RS) mediated pathways provides an effective route toward this microbial control. Herein we provide an overview of recent progress toward electrocatalytic generation of RS and their application in water disinfection, with a focus on the selective production of RS, the microorganism interactions with RS (including both RS mechanisms of action and innate microorganism responses to RS), and practical implementation of electrochemically generated RS for microbial inactivation. The article is concluded with a perspective where the challenges and opportunities of RS-based electrochemical disinfection of water are highlighted, along with possible future research directions.

Key words: Electrocatalysis, Reactive species, Microorganism, Inactivation, Water electrodisinfection

Forrest Nichols, Kenneth I. Ozoemena, Shaowei Chen. Electrocatalytic generation of reactive species and implications in microbial inactivation[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(6): 1399-1416.

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Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the electrosynthesis of RS and corresponding targets for microbial damage. Spheres represent oxygen (red), hydrogen (grey), chlorine (green), sulfur (yellow), and nitrogen (blue) atoms.

Fig. 2. (a) Pseudo-color surface plot created from HAADF-STEM image of Mo1/OSG-H. (b) FT-EXAFS curves at Mo K edge. (c) Free energy diagram of 2e? ORR on three substrates at equilibrium potential. (a?c) Reproduced with permission from Ref. [63], Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. (d) Volcano plots for ORR producing water (blue) and H2O2 (red). Solid lines are created from the calculations of various M-N4 species (M = Co, Ni, Fe, and Ag). (e) Polarization curves for NG(O) (black), Co1-NG(O) (red), and Co1-NG(R) (blue) with currents from the disk (solid) and ring (dashed) electrodes. (f) H2O2 selectivity measured for Co1-NG(O) (red) and Co1-NG(R) (blue) over the potential range of 0.1-0.8 V vs. RHE. Measurements performed at 1600 rpm rotation rate in 0.1 mol/L KOH. (d-f) Reproduced with permission from Ref. [64], Copyright 2020, Springer Nature.

Fig. 3. (a) Volcano plot of electrocatalytic activity corresponding to limiting potential vs. OH* adsorption energy for 2e? (black) and 4e? (blue) WOR. Equilibrium potentials are shown in dashed lines. (b) Polarization curves for four select metal oxides toward 2e? WOR. (a,b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [66]. Copyright 2015, Springer Nature. (c) Free energy diagram for the stepwise O2 evolution reaction (blue) and H2O2 evolution reaction (green) with 4 intermediate steps; (d) Volcano plots produced from calculated limiting potential (UL) as a function of OH* binding free energy (ΔGOH*) for the four-electron water oxidation (blue dashed line) and two electron water oxidation to H2O2 (black line). Three favorable reaction pathways are highlighted by shading O2 evolution (blue), H2O2 evolution (green), and OH• production (red). (e) SEM images of ZnO(101-0) nanorods. (f) Catalytic activity of 2e? WOR in 2 mol/L potassium bicarbonate of ZnO(101-0), Zn(0001) and other metal oxides. Inset depicts model representations of the ZnO(0001) and ZnO(101-0) crystal structures. (g) Faraday Efficiency (FE) at 3.0 V vs RHE for ZnO(101-0), as compared to various other metal oxide materials with error bars taken from 5 independent measurements. (c?g) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [67], Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 4. (a) Calculated free energy diagrams of 2e? and 4e? ORR for c-CoS2 (100) (blue), c-CoSe2 (100) (green), and o-CoSe2 (101) (red). (b) Kinetic current density for H2O2 normalized to geometric surface area and compared to previously reported 2e? ORR catalysts. (a,b) Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2020, Royal Chemistry Society. (c) Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) with 1200 r/min rotation and 10 mV s?1 scan rate in 0.05 mol/L Na2SO4 (pH = 6) for fresh electrolyte (green), 10 mmol/L NaF poisoning agent (purple), and repeated with fresh electrolyte after poisoning measurements (red). (d) Schematic representation of O2 stepwise reduction to H2O2 and OH•. (e) OH• yield with increased levels of poisoning agent, NaF. (f) Spin trapping ESR spectra with DMPO (3 mmol/L). (g) Degradation of nitrobenzene (blue), phenol (green), and benzoic acid (purple) with calculated kinetic constants normalized to Fe mass (KM). (c?g) Reproduced with permission from Ref. [76]. Copyright 2020, Springer Science.

Fig. 5. (a) Polarization curves for chlorine evolution reaction (CER) for various cobalt containing materials. (b) In situ XANES at Co K edge for Co3O4 nanoparticles under CER and OER conditions in 0.6 mol/L NaCl and 0.5 mol/L phosphate buffered species (Pi), respectively. (c) In situ Raman measurements under increasing oxidative potentials from 0.4 to 1.3 V in 4 mol/L NaCl. (d) Broad peak occurs near 500 cm?1 ascribed to Co?Cl, with deconvolution in H2O, D2O, and H218O. (e) Schematic representation of Cl adsorption on single atom Co catalyst. Reproduced with permission from ref. [84]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 6. Regulation of reactive oxygen species within the cell by enzymes SOD, Cat, and other peroxidase enzymes (GPx and Prx). Red spheres represent oxygen and grey spheres denote hydrogen.

Fig. 7. (a) Spectrum of cellular response to RS ranging from cellular homeostasis, left, to cell death, right. (b) Schematic representation of GSH oxidation to GSSG by RS. (c) UV-vis absorption spectrum for the Ellman’s reagent. (a) Reproduced with permission from Ref. [147]. Copyright 2013, Springer Nature. (c) Reproduced with permission from Ref. [163]. Copyright 2020, Royal Chemistry Society.

Fig. 8. (a) An example of lipid peroxidation using linoleate as the starting substrate. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [167]. Copyright 2005, Elsevier. (b) Results of protein damage caused by increased levels of oxidation. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [170]. Copyright 2003, Elsevier.

Fig. 9. (a) HAADF-STEM image of Fe-CNT composites. (b) FT-EXAFS R real-space plot of Fe foil (black), Fe-CNT (red), and Fe3O4 (blue). (c) Calculated H2O2 selectivity and electron transfer number for Fe-CNT (black), Pd-CNT (red), Co-CNT (blue), and Mn-CNT (green). (d) Calculated H2O2 selectivity and electron transfer number for Fe-CNT (black), nitrogen doped Fe-N-CNT (red), and gas reduced Red. Fe-CNT (blue). (e) CCD Photos of overnight cultured E. coli plates taken from different electrolysis timepoints. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [211]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature.

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