Engineering piezoelectricity and strain sensitivity in CdS to promote piezocatalytic hydrogen evolution

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63976-1

Abstract

Abstract:

Piezocatalytic hydrogen evolution has emerged as a promising direction for the collection and utilization of mechanical energy and the efficient generation of sustainable energy throughout the day. Hexagonal CdS, as an established semiconductor photocatalyst, has been widely investigated for splitting water into H₂, while its piezocatalytic performance has attracted less attention, and the relationship between the structure and piezocatalytic activity remains unclear. Herein, two types of CdS nanostructures, namely CdS nanorods and CdS nanospheres, were prepared to probe the above-mentioned issues. Under ultrasonic vibration, the CdS nanorods afforded a superior piezocatalytic H₂ evolution rate of 157 μmol g^-1 h^-1 in the absence of any co-catalyst, which is nearly 2.8 times that of the CdS nanospheres. The higher piezocatalytic activity of the CdS nanorods is derived from their larger piezoelectric coefficient and stronger mechanical energy harvesting capability, affording a greater piezoelectric potential and more efficient separation and transfer of intrinsic charge carriers, as elucidated through piezoelectric response force microscopy, finite element method, and piezoelectrochemical tests. This study provides a new concept for the design of efficient piezocatalytic materials for converting mechanical energy into sustainable energy via microstructure regulation.

Key words: CdS, Piezocatalysis, Hydrogen evolution, One-dimensional nanorod, Charge separation

Jingjing Wang, Cheng Hu, Yihe Zhang, Hongwei Huang. Engineering piezoelectricity and strain sensitivity in CdS to promote piezocatalytic hydrogen evolution[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(5): 1277-1285.

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URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63976-1

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2022/V43/I5/1277

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1. (a) XRD patterns of CdS-R and CdS-S samples; (b) Survey spectra and high-resolution XPS data for CdS-R and CdS-S: Cd 3d (c) and S 2p spectra (d).

Fig. 2. SEM images of the prepared CdS-R (a) and CdS-S (b) samples; TEM image (c) and corresponding HRTEM image and SAED (inset) patterns (d) of CdS-R.

Fig. 3. (a) UV-vis DRS profiles (the insets show photographs of orange CdS-S and yellow CdS-R powder samples); (b) corresponding Tauc plots [(F(R)hv)2 versus photon energy (hv)] for CdS-R and CdS-S; (c) VB XPS data for CdS-R and CdS-S samples; (d) Schematic band structures of CdS-R and CdS-S.

Fig. 4. Piezocatalytic H2 production (a) and rates (b) obtained with CdS-R and CdS-S (50 mg); (c) Piezocatalytic H2 production under different conditions. NN represents the mixed solution of 0.35 mol/L Na2S and 0.25 mol/L Na2SO3 as sacrificial reagents. (d) Cyclic runs of piezocatalytic H2 production over CdS-R; Piezocatalytic H2 evolution as a function of reaction time (e) and amount of H2 (f) evolved in the presence of CdS-R after 4 h under ultrasonic power of 120, 150, 180, and 210 W.

Fig. 5. PFM images of CdS-R and CdS-S for investigating morphology (a,d), amplitude (b,e), phase images (c,f), and corresponding local piezoelectric hysteresis loops (g,h) in “off” state; (i) Comparison of piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of CdS-R and CdS-S.

Fig. 6. COMSOL simulation analysis of piezoelectric potential distribution in CdS-S and CdS-R models. (a) CdS-S is subjected to a lateral (marked with l) or axial pressure (marked with a) of 100 MPa along the Z direction and (b) the CdS-R model is subjected to an axial compression force of 100 MPa in the Z direction; (c) resultant force of 100 MPa in the Z direction and 10 MPa in the lateral direction. Note that D stands for diameter, L for length, and W for width. (d) Crystal structure diagram of CdS growing along c axis; Comparison of transient current response (e) and Nyquist plots (f) from EIS analysis of samples on ITO in 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4 aqueous solution under ultrasonication.

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