An efficient strategy for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production over oxygen-enriched graphitic carbon nitride with sodium phosphate

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64114-7

Abstract

Abstract:

Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production is a promising strategy to replace the traditional production processes; however, the inefficient H₂O₂ productivity limits its application. In this study, oxygen-rich g-C₃N₄ with abundant nitrogen vacancies (OCN) was synthesized for photocatalytic H₂O₂ production. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that oxygen-containing functional groups (-COOH and C-O-C) were obtained. Electron paramagnetic resonance confirmed the successful introduction of nitrogen vacancies. OCN exhibited efficient photocatalytic H₂O₂ production performance of 1965 µmol L^-1 h^-1 in air under visible-light irradiation. The high H₂O₂ production was attributed to the enhanced adsorption of oxygen, enlarged specific surface area, and promoted carrier separation. An increased H₂O₂ production rate (5781 µmol L^-1 h^-1) was achieved in a Na₃PO₄ solution. The improved performance was attributed to the changed reactive oxygen species. Specifically, the adsorbed PO₄^3- on the surface of the OCN promoted the transfer of holes to the catalyst surface. •O^2- obtained by O₂ reduction reacted with adjacent holes to generate ¹O₂, which could efficiently generate H₂O₂ with isopropanol. Additionally, PO₄^3-, as a stabilizer, inhibited the decomposition of H₂O₂.

Key words: Photocatalysis, Hydrogen peroxide production, Graphitic carbon nitride, Singlet oxygen, Sodium phosphate

Yu Zhang, Ling Zhang, Di Zeng, Wenjing Wang, Juxue Wang, Weimin Wang, Wenzhong Wang. An efficient strategy for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production over oxygen-enriched graphitic carbon nitride with sodium phosphate[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(10): 2690-2698.

×
share this article

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64114-7

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2022/V43/I10/2690

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1. (a) XRD patterns of CN, OCN4, OCN8, OCN12, and OCN20. (b) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. (c) Pore size distribution analyses for CN and OCN8. (d) O2-TPD patterns of CN and OCN8.

Fig. 2. Survey XPS spectrum (a) and high-resolution XPS spectra of O 1s (b), N 1s (c), and C 1s (d) for CN and OCN8. (e) EPR spectra of CN and OCN8 at 100 K in the dark. (f) FTIR of CN and OCN8.

Fig. 3. (a) Illustration of the possible existing form of oxygen atoms in the framework of g-C3N4. UV-vis absorption spectra (b) and plots of transformed Kubelka-Munk function versus photon energy (c) for CN and OCN8; Mott-Schottky plots of CN (d) and OCN8 (e).

Fig. 4. (a) Photocatalytic H2O2 productivity of various samples with different acid treatment time. (b) Effect of Na3PO4 with different concentrations on the photocatalytic H2O2 evolution rate of OCN8 under visible irradiation. (c) Comparative results of the photocatalytic H2O2 production activity of CN, OCN4, OCN8, OCN12, and OCN20 in 10% IPA with and without 5 mmol L-1 Na3PO4 under visible-light irradiation. (d) Photocatalytic stability of CN and OCN8 under visible-light irradiation in 10% IPA solution and 10% IPA solution with Na3PO4.

Fig. 5. (a) PL spectra of the CN, OCNx (x = 4, 8, 12, and 20 h), and OCN8 after photocatalytic reaction (OCN8-P) with an excitation wavelength of 400 nm. (b) Time-resolved fluorescence decay of CN, OCN8, and OCN8 after photocatalytic reaction (excitation wavelength: 340 nm). (c) Photocurrent responses of the photocatalysts. (d) EIS spectra of CN, OCN8, and OCN8-P.

Fig. 6. EPR spectra of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO)-•O2- adduct (a) and TEMP-1O2 adduct (b) for OCN8 under light illumination and in the dark. (c) EPR spectra of the TEMP-1O2 adduct after adding PBQ with and without OCN8. (d) Schematic illustration of OCN for the photocatalytic H2O2 production.

References

[1]	J. Peng, F. Shi, Y. Gu, Y. Deng, Green Chem., 2003, 5, 224-226.
[2]	Q. Chang, G. Jiang, H. Tang, N. Li, J. Huang, L. Wu, Chin. J. Catal., 2015, 36, 961-968.
[3]	H. Hou, X. Zeng, X. Zhang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 17356-17376.
[4]	J. M. Campos-Martin, G. Blanco-Brieva, J. L. G. Fierro, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2006, 45, 6962-6984.
[5]	D. Tsukamoto, A. Shiro, Y. Shiraishi, Y. Sugano, S. Ichikawa, S. Tanaka, T. Hirai, ACS Catal., 2012, 2, 599-603.
[6]	M. Teranishi, R. Hoshino, S. Naya, H. Tada, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2016, 55, 12773-12777.
[7]	H. Hirakawa, S. Shiota, Y. Shiraishi, H. Sakamoto, S. Ichikawa, T. Hirai, ACS Catal., 2016, 6, 4976-4982.
[8]	Y. Shiraishi, S. Kanazawa, Y. Kofuji, H. Sakamoto, S. Ichikawa, S. Tanaka, T. Hirai, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 13454-13459.
[9]	L. Chen, L. Wang, Y. Wan, Y. Zhang, Z. Qi, X. Wu, H. Xu, Adv. Mater., 2020, 32, 1904433.
[10]	Z. Lu, G. Chen, S. Siahrostami, Z. Chen, K. Liu, J. Xie, L. Liao, T. Wu, D. Lin, Y. Liu, T. F. Jaramillo, J. K. Nørskov, Y. Cui, Nat. Catal., 2018, 1, 156-162.
[11]	Y. Shiraishi, Y. Ueda, A. Soramoto, S. Hinokuma, T. Hirai, Nat. Commun., 2020, 11, 3386.
[12]	V. Maurino, C. Minero, G. Mariella, E. Pelizzetti, Chem. Commun., 2005, 2627-2629.
[13]	G.-H. Moon, W. Kim, A. D. Bokare, N.-E. Sung, W. Choi, Energy Environ. Sci., 2014, 7, 4023-4028.
[14]	R. Ma, L. Wang, H. Wang, Z. Liu, M. Xing, L. Zhu, X. Meng, F.-S. Xiao, Appl. Catal. B, 2019, 244, 594-603.
[15]	V. Maurino, C. Minero, E. Pelizzetti, G. Mariella, A. Arbezzano, F. Rubertelli, Res. Chem. Intermed., 2007, 33, 319-332.
[16]	R. Cai, Y. Kubota, A. Fujishima, J. Catal., 2003, 219, 214-218.
[17]	H. Kim, Y. Choi, S. Hu, W. Choi, J. Kim, Appl. Catal. B, 2018, 229, 121-129.
[18]	X. Qu, S. Hu, J. Bai, P. Li, G. Lu, X. Kang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34, 1932-1938.
[19]	R. Wang, X. Zhang, F. Li, D. Cao, M. Pu, D. Han, J. Yang, X. Xiang, J. Energy Chem., 2018, 27, 343-350.
[20]	Y. Yang, Z. Zeng, G. Zeng, D. Huang, R. Xiao, C. Zhang, C. Zhou, W. Xiong, W. Wang, M. Cheng, W. Xue, H. Guo, X. Tang, D. He, Appl. Catal. B, 2019, 258, 117956-117967.
[21]	R. Shen, K. He, A. Zhang, N. Li, Y. H. Ng, P. Zhang, J. Hu, X. Li, Appl. Catal. B, 2021, 291, 120104.
[22]	Y. Shiraishi, Y. Kofuji, H. Sakamoto, S. Tanaka, S. Ichikawa, T. Hirai, ACS Catal., 2015, 5, 3058-3066.
[23]	Z. Teng, Q. Zhang, H. Yang, K. Kato, W. Yang, Y.-R. Lu, S. Liu, C. Wang, A. Yamakata, C. Su, B. Liu, T. Ohno, Nat. Catal., 2021, 4, 374-384.
[24]	Y. Nosaka, T. Daimon, A. Y. Nosaka, Y. Murakami, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2004, 6, 2917-2918.
[25]	G. G. Kramarenko, S. G. Hummel, S. M. Martin, G. R. Buettner, Photochem. Photobiol., 2006, 82, 1634-1637.
[26]	J. Luo, Y. Liu, C. Fan, L. Tang, S. Yang, M. Liu, M. Wang, C. Feng, X. Ouyang, L. Wang, L. Xu, J. Wang, M. Yan, ACS Catal., 2021, 11, 11440-11450.
[27]	H. Sheng, Q. Li, W. Ma, H. Ji, C. Chen, J. Zhao, Appl. Catal. B, 2013, 138-139, 212-218.
[28]	F. K. Kessler, Y. Zheng, D. Schwarz, C. Merschjann, W. Schnick, X. Wang, M. J. Bojdys, Nat. Rev. Mater., 2017, 2, 1-17.
[29]	T. S. Miller, A. B. Jorge, T. M. Suter, A. Sella, F. Cora, P. F. McMillan, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2017, 19, 15613-15638.
[30]	Z. Liang, R. Shen, Y. H. Ng, P. Zhang, Q. Xiang, X. Li, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 56, 89-121.
[31]	R. Shen, D. Ren, Y. Ding, Y. Guan, Y. H. Ng, P. Zhang, X. Li, Sci. China Mater., 2020, 63, 2153-2188.
[32]	D. Ren, W. Zhang, Y. Ding, R. Shen, Z. Jiang, X. Lu, X. Li, Solar RRL, 2019, 4, 1900423.
[33]	K. S. W. Sing, D. H. Everett, R. A. W. Haul, L. Moscou, R. A. Pierotti, J. Rouquerol, T. Siemieniewska, Pure Appl. Chem., 1985, 57, 603-619.
[34]	J. Bai, Y. Sun, M. Li, L. Yang, J. Li, Diamond Relat. Mater., 2018, 87, 1-9.
[35]	J. Tian, L. Zhang, M. Wang, X. Jin, Y. Zhou, J. Liu, J. Shi, Appl. Catal. B, 2018, 232, 322-329.
[36]	P. Choudhary, A. Bahuguna, A. Kumar, S. S. Dhankhar, C. M. Nagaraja, V. Krishnan, Green Chem., 2020, 22, 5084-5095.
[37]	M. Yousefi, S. Villar-Rodil, J. I. Paredes, A. Z. Moshfegh, J. Alloys Compd., 2019, 809, 151783-151794.
[38]	S. Y. Kim, J. Oh, S. Park, Y. Shim, S. Park,, Chem. Eur. J., 2016, 22, 5142-5145.
[39]	J. Yu, L. Hao, B. Dong, F. Wang, S. A. Khan, Z. Li, X. Xu, Q. Li, S. Agathopoulos, J. Mater. Chem. C, 2019, 7, 11896-11902.
[40]	H. Liu, H. Wang, L. Zhang, Y. Sang, F. Pu, J. Ren, X. Qu, Sens. Actuat. B, 2020, 321, 128630.
[41]	H. Wang, S. Jiang, S. Chen, D. Li, X. Zhang, W. Shao, X. Sun, J. Xie, Z. Zhao, Q. Zhang, Y. Tian, Y. Xie, Adv. Mater., 2016, 28, 6940-6945.
[42]	Z. Wei, M. Liu, Z. Zhang, W. Yao, H. Tan, Y. Zhu, Energy Environ. Sci., 2018, 11, 2581-2589.
[43]	H. Yu, R. Shi, Y. Zhao, T. Bian, Y. Zhao, C. Zhou, G. I. N. Waterhouse, L. Z. Wu, C. H. Tung, T. Zhang, Adv. Mater., 2017, 29, 1605148.
[44]	L. Shi, L. Yang, W. Zhou, Y. Liu, L. Yin, X. Hai, H. Song, J. Ye, Small, 2018, 14, 1703142.
[45]	J. Zou, G. Liao, J. Jiang, Z. Xiong, S. Bai, H. Wang, P. Wu, P. Zhang, X. Li, Chin. J. Struct. Chem., 2022, 41, 2201025-S15.
[46]	M. Zhang, Y. Li, W. Chang, W. Zhu, L. Zhang, R. Jin, Y. Xing, Chin. J. Catal., 2022, 43, 526-535.
[47]	H. Wang, L. Zhang, K. Wang, X. Sun, W. Wang, Appl. Catal. B, 2019, 243, 771-779.
[48]	J. Luo, C. Fan, L. Tang, Y. Liu, Z. Gong, T. Wu, X. Zhen, C. Feng, H. Feng, L. Wang, L. Xu, M. Yan, Appl. Catal. B, 2022, 301, 120757.
[49]	M. Xu, L. Liu, K. Wang, Y. Dou, K. Li, X. Cheng, F. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2020, 8, 22124-22133.
[50]	K. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Z. Lin, K. Wang, F. T. Liu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11, 28918-28927.