Progress in wastewater treatment via organic supramolecular photocatalysts under sunlight irradiation

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64530-9

Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2023, Vol. 53: 13-30.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64530-9

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Progress in wastewater treatment via organic supramolecular photocatalysts under sunlight irradiation

Weixu Liu^a^,¹, Chang He^a^,¹, Bowen Zhu^b, Enwei Zhu^c, Yaning Zhang^d, Yunning Chen^a, Junshan Li^e, Yongfa Zhu^a^,^*()

^aDepartment of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
^bSchool of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
^cKey Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130052, Jilin, China
^dInternational Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
^eInstitute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China

Received:2023-09-05 Accepted:2023-10-06 Online:2023-10-18 Published:2023-10-25
Contact: *E-mail: zhuyf@tsinghua.edu.cn (Y. Zhu).
About author:Prof. Yongfa Zhu is currently a full professor of Tsinghua University. He received his BA degree in 1985 from Nanjing University and obtained his master degree in 1988 from Peking University. He had studied and worked at Tsinghua University from 1992 to now and received a PhD degree in 1995. His current research is focused on photocatalysis and application on environmental, energy conversion and anti-tumor. He is the author and co-author of 498 original research papers published in SCI journals. The total cited numbers reached about 46000 and the H-index arrived at 120. About 50 papers were selected as High-Cited Papers by Essential Science Indicators. He is Elsevier highly cited scholar from 2014 to now, and Clarivate highly cited scientist from 2018 to now. Besides, he has written about 5 books and applied about 24 patents. He also serves as the creative editor of Science for Energy and Environment (SEE), the associate editor of Applied Catalysis B, the associate editor of Green Carbon, the vice chairman of China Photosensitive Society and the director of Photocatalytic Committee, and the president of Beijing Indoor and Indoor Environmental Purification Industry Association.
¹ Contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
The National Key Research and Development Project of China(2020YFA0710304);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22136002);Special Fund Project of Jiangsu Province for Scientific and Technological Innovation in Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality(BK20220023)

Abstract

Abstract:

Semiconductor photocatalysis offers a promising and sustainable avenue for wastewater treatment due to its ease of separation and recyclability. However, their practical application is currently hampered by limited energy utilization, insufficient mineralization, and low treatment capacity under sunlight. This account summarizes our progress in developing broad-spectrum responsive (extended to 950 nm) supramolecular organic photocatalysts capable of sunlight-driven over 95% pollutant mineralization. Through modulation of molecular dipole and crystallinity, we enhance the built-in electric field, thereby improving charge separation and photodegradation rates. Furthermore, to overcome the low-flux constraints of traditional photocatalysis, we integrated the Fenton catalyst to construct photo-self-Fenton systems, realizing a 29.63 L m^-2 h^-1 high-flux mineralization under sunlight. Finally, a brief conclusion and outlook on organic photocatalysts have also been presented.

Key words: Photocatalysis, Wastewater treatment, Organic semiconductor, Supramolecular photocatalyst, Built-in electric field

Weixu Liu, Chang He, Bowen Zhu, Enwei Zhu, Yaning Zhang, Yunning Chen, Junshan Li, Yongfa Zhu. Progress in wastewater treatment via organic supramolecular photocatalysts under sunlight irradiation[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 53: 13-30.

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Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1. Summary of the key issues in this account.

Fig. 2. (a) Photodegradation performance on various probe pollutants by using self-assembled PDINH supramolecular system under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). (b) Degradation rate constants k calculated from (a). (c) Comparison of different photocatalysts for photodegradation of phenol under visible light irradiation. (d) Oxygen evolution from water by self-assembled PDINH supramolecular system and g-C3N4 in the presence of an electron acceptor (0.1 mol L-1 AgNO3) under the visible light (λ > 420 nm). (e) Fluorescence spectra of non-aggregated form (PDINH dissolved in H2SO4) and aggregated form (PDINH aggregation dispersed in water or coated onto a quartz glass). (f) Photocurrents of self-assembled PDINH supramolecular system and commercial PDINH under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). (g) Absorbance and degradation rate constants k of self-assembled PDINH supramolecular system as a function of wavelength, the degradation rate constant k were calculated from wavelength-dependent photodegradation results under irradiation with bandpass filters. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2016, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 3. (a) The removal effect of phenol monitored at the water outlet of the continuous flow fixed-bed reactor with a 1 mL min-1 flow rate. (b) Photograph of the microchannel reactor system operating under visible light. (c) Cyclic stability for 500 mL phenol solution per cycle in the microchannel reactor system of C2IPDI with a 15 mL min-1 flow rate. (d) Apparent rate constants (k) for 500 mL of phenol solution in the microchannel reactor system of C2IPDI under different flow rates. Error bars on mean values are standard deviations of three to four independent phenol photodegradation tests. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [54]. Copyright 2023, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 4. (a) The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of TPPS/C60‐NH2 with time under full‐spectrum (674.33 mW cm?2). (b) The comparison of H2 evolution rate under full‐spectrum light. (c) Overlayer of wavelength‐dependent hydrogen evolution and UV-vis absorption. (d) Overlayer of AQE and UV-vis absorption. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 5. The thermodynamic factors for highly efficient photocatalytic oxygen evolution performance of Urea-PDI. (a) UV-vis-NIR diffuse reflection spectrum of Urea-PDI and solar spectrum. (b) Detection of conduction band (CB) position with cyclic voltage measurement. (c) Overlayer of wavelength-dependent oxygen evolution and SPV spectrum. (d) Overlayer of UV-vis-NIR absorption spectrum and apparent quantum yield. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [82]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 6. Electronic properties of TCPP. (a) Diagram of molecular dipoles and electrons distribution in three porphyrin derivatives, unit of dipole moment: Debye. (b) UV-vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS) of SA-TCPP supramolecular photocatalyst, and solar spectrum observed by optical fiber spectrometer. (c) Photocurrent response of SA-TCPP and untreated TCPP powder. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [32]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 7. BDO-HC with large built-in electric fields promoting charge separation and mitigation. (a) Illustration for the asymmetry-induced local dipole enhancement. KPFM images (b), Zeta potentials (c), internal electric field intensities (d), SPV profiles (e) and EIS curves (f) of BDOs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 8. ADF-STEM photodeposition on PTA with Pt and high resolution and mapping (a), Mn2O3 (b) (inset: Mn element liner scan). (c) Schematic illustration of Pt and Mn2O3 photodeposition on PTA under visible light (λ ?≥? 420?nm). Deposition method: 10?mg of PTA was dispersed in 100?mL of deionized water, and 4 wt% H2PtCl6 (weighed by Pt) or 5 wt% MnCl2 (weighed by Mn) was added and exposed to visible light (λ? ≥ ?420?nm) for 3?h. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [98]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature.

Fig. 9. Tuning the accessibility of micropores to enhance the contribution of micropore-confined excitons. (a) Water adsorption isotherms (solid symbols) and desorption isotherms (hollow symbols) measured at 298.15 K for HOF-H4TBAPy and H4TBAPy powder. P/P0 is the vapour pressure over the saturation pressure. The inset shows the contact angle of H4TBAPy powder. (b) Atomic force microscopy images of HOF-H4TBAPy nanorods of different lengths and their corresponding contact angles with water. (c) Plot of maximum H2 evolution rate as a function of the mean length of the 1D microporous channel of the samples and the relationship between PLQY in ascorbic acid and different 1D channel lengths. The error bars in the direction of the ordinate represent the standard deviation after three individual experiments and the error bars in the direction of the abscissa represent the confidence interval of the average length after Gaussian fitting to the statistical 1D channel length. Data are presented as mean value?±?standard error of the mean. HER, hydrogen evolution reaction. (d) Schematic diagram of HOF-H4TBAPy adsorbing water and hole scavenger. The length of the active adsorption region at both ends was determined to be 0.30 μm. Red., reducing agent; Ox., oxidation product. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [102]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature.

Fig. 10. (a) H2 evolution by different samples under visible light irradiation. (b) Koutecky-Levich plots of the ORR data measured by RDE analysis for g-C3N4 and OCN-500. (c) the photocatalytic generation of H2O2 with anthracene-9,10-diol (AD) or 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (HQ) or p-benzoquinone (p-BQ) in 10% isopropyl alcohol under visible light irradiation. (d) EPR spectra of g-C3N4 and OCN-500 with DMPO in methanol. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [110]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 11. H2O2 production performance on SA-TCPP supramolecular photocatalysts. Solution: 50 mL H2O, temperature: 353 K, catalyst: 0.5?g L?1, O2 bubbling. Light source: Xe lamp with a 420 nm cut-off filter. (a) H2O2 production on SA-TCPP supramolecule at 353? and 293 K, respectively, plotted as a function of irradiation time. Error bars on mean values are standard deviations of three independent H2O2 production tests. (b) Stability for H2O2 production of SA-TCPP supramolecule. The horizontal dashed line represents the mean values (2.5 mmol L-1). (c) H2O2 production with different amounts of SA-TCPP supramolecule. Error bars on mean values are standard deviations of three independent H2O2 production tests. The horizontal dashed line represents the maximum accumulation of H2O2 (6.9 mmol L-1). (d) Quantum efficiency on SA-TCPP supramolecular photocatalysts with different bandpass filters (400 ± 10, 420 ± 10, 450 ± 10?nm, 490 ± 10, 530 ± 10, 600 ± 10, 650 ± 10, 700 ± 10, 850 ± 10? and 940 ± 10 nm). (Catalyst: 1.5 g L?1). Error bars on mean values are standard deviations of at least three independent quantum efficiency tests. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [124]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature.

Fig. 12. (a) Brief description of photo-self-Fenton. (b) Concentration of hydrogen peroxide produced by three photo-self-Fenton systems. Conditions: 5 W LED visible light irradiation for 2 h, under pure water, catalyst dosage = 30 mg, in air. (c) Rate constants and two-hour degradation rates for BPA degradation by three photo-self-Fenton systems. Conditions: 5 W LED visible light irradiation, [BPA] =?20 × 10-6, catalyst dosage = 30 mg. (d) Comparison of photocatalytic degradation activity of BPA by RF self-Fenton system and other superior photocatalysts visible light irradiation (for comparison, g-C3N4 and Bi2WO6 were selected as typical visible-light driven catalysts), Conditions: catalyst dosage = 30 mg, [BPA] =?20?× 10-6, 5 W LED visible light irradiation. (e) Comparison of the degradation performance of RF self-Fenton system and homogeneous Fenton system for different organic pollutants (two-hour hydrogen peroxide yield of RF was used as the hydrogen peroxide addition of Fenton and at the same amount of iron, contaminant concentration was 20 × 10-6). (f) Comparison of the degradation rate constants of C3N4 nanosheets and RF self-Fenton system for phenol. Conditions: catalyst dosage =?30?mg, [PE] =?20 × 10-6, 300?W xenon lamp. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [128]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.

Table 1 Comparison of pollutant photodegradation performance using different supramolecular and polymeric organic photocatalysts with typical photocatalysts.

Catalyst	Pollutants and conc.	Experimental details	Time/h	Degradation efficiency/%	k_app/h^-1	Ref.
PDINH	Phenol 5 × 10^-6	Cat. = 0.5 g L^-1 300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm)	8	~50	0.09	[49]
Bi₂WO₆			8	~33	0.05	[49]
BiOBr			8	~17	0.02	[49]
g-C₃N₄			8	~10	0.01	[49]
C2IPDI	Phenol 10 × 10^-6	Cat. = 0.5 g L^-1 PDS = 5 mmol L^-1 500 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm)	0.5	93	3.96	[54]
C0IPDI			0.5	8	0.12	[54]
C3IPDI			0.5	89	3.55	[54]
g-C₃N₄			0.5	3	0.03	[54]
PDIPA			0.5	14	0.25	[54]
PTCDA			0.5	28	0.57	[54]
PDINH			0.5	47	1.11	[54]
SA-TCPP	2,4-DCP 5 10^-6	Cat. = 0.5 g L^-1 500 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm)	4	~86	0.37	[32]
Bi₂WO₆			4	~30	0.04	[32]
g-C₃N₄			4	~24	0.02	[32]
RF	BPA 20 × 10^-6	Cat. = 0.6 g L^-1 FeCl₃·7H₂O = 0.25 g L^-1 5 W LED (λ > 420 nm)	2	~99	1.77	[128]
CdS/rGO			2	~27	0.13	[128]
P-g-C₃N₄			2	~30	0.17	[128]
SA-TCPP			2	~43	—	[128]
PDI-COOH			2	~22	—	[128]
Bi₂WO₆			2	~9	—	[128]
g-C₃N₄			2	~30	—	[128]

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Progress in wastewater treatment via organic supramolecular photocatalysts under sunlight irradiation

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