Boosting the hydrogen peroxide production over In2S3 crystals under visible light illumination by gallium ions doping and sulfur vacancies modulation

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64555-3

Abstract

Abstract:

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a green oxidant that is widely used in daily life and industry. Artificial photocatalytic synthesis of H₂O₂ is a green and sustainable scheme, but the high complexation rate of electron-hole pairs during photocatalysis and the low activation capacity of the catalyst for O₂ greatly inhibit the oxygen reduction reaction. Herein, the first synergistic modification of In₂S₃ using ion doping and vacancy modulation is used in this paper. An In₂S₃-based photocatalyst containing S vacancies and Ga³⁺ ions is designed and synthesized. After continuous irradiation under visible light (λ ≥ 420 nm) for 1 h, the H₂O₂ concentration of the system reaches 352.58 μmol L^-1, which is 7.5 times than that of pure In₂S₃, and the apparent quantum yield at 450 nm is 4.64%. Appropriate concentrations of S vacancies promoted O₂ adsorption, and theoretical calculations demonstrates that Ga³⁺ ions and S vacancies synergistically promote O₂ activation and more favorable for 2e^- oxygen reduction reaction. All these phenomena facilitate H₂O₂ generation. Furthermore, ESR analysis and radical trapping experiments show that the interaction between superoxide anion radicals (•O₂^-), singlet oxygen (¹O₂), h⁺, and proton donor (isopropanol) in the solution phase plays a key role in the photocatalytic synthesis of H₂O₂, which has been largely neglected in previous studies. We suggest that the S vacancy-regulated Ga³⁺ ion-doped In₂S₃ catalyst could provide a reference for the design of high-performance materials for the photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide.

Key words: Photocatalysis, Indium sulfide, Hydrogen peroxide, Sulfur vacancy, Gallium ion

Feng Li, Xiaolong Tang, Zhuofeng Hu, Xiangming Li, Fang Li, Yu Xie, Yanbin Jiang, Changlin Yu. Boosting the hydrogen peroxide production over In₂S₃ crystals under visible light illumination by gallium ions doping and sulfur vacancies modulation[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 55: 253-264.

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URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64555-3

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2023/V55/I12/253

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1. XRD patterns of all samples: (a) 10°-60°; (b) 10°-25° magnification. High-resolution XPS spectra of IGS5 and Sv-IGS5-90: (c) S 2p; (d) In 3d; (e) Ga 3d.

Fig. 2. (a) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms for IGS5 and Sv-IGS5. (b) HRTEM magnification-amplified for Sv-IGS5-90. (c) ESR spectra for IGS5 and Sv-IGS5. (b) TG mapping for IGS5 and Sv-IGS5-90. (d) O2-TPD curves of IGS5 and Sv-IGS5-90.

Fig. 3. Energy diagram during the generation of H2O2 via O2 reduction of In2S3 (a) and Sv-IGS5-90 (b). Structure of In2S3 (c) and Sv-IGS5-90 (d) adsorbing *O2, *OOH, *H2O2, *O and *OH.

Fig. 4. All Samples for UV-vis DRS spectra (a) and (αhν)2 curves and band gap width (inset) (b). (c) TRPL spectra for In2S3, IGS5, and Sv-IGS5-90. Comparison of photocurrents (d) and EIS spectra (e) of the all samples. (f) LSV curves for In2S3, IGS5, and Sv-IGS5-90.

Fig. 5. (a) Concentration of H2O2 produced by sample catalyzed for 1 h under visible light. (b) Comparison of H2O2 production over Sv-IGS5-90 and other photocatalysts reported in the past two years. (c) The formation (Kf) and decomposition (Kd) rate constant for H2O2 over samples. (d) H2O2 production by Sv-IGS5-90 in continuous light for 40 h. (e) Sv-IGS5-90 cycle of six H2O2 yield variations. The IS in Fig. 4(c) refers to In2S3.

Fig. 6. (a) DMPO-?O2? ESR spectra of In2S3, IGS5 and Sv-IGS5-90. (b) TEMP-1O2 ESR spectra of Sv-IGS5-90. (c) DMPO-?OH ESR spectra of Sv-IGS5-90. (d) The mechanism of Sv-IGS5-90 photocatalytic generation of H2O2.

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Boosting the hydrogen peroxide production over In₂S₃ crystals under visible light illumination by gallium ions doping and sulfur vacancies modulation

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