Fig. 1. (a) SEM image of NH2-MIL-68(M68N) nanorods. The area highlighted by a hollow red square represents the region of interest (ROI), showing an exposed cross-section of a nanorod. The inset highlights the pseudo-hexagonal shape of the cross-section. (b) TEM bright field image of an isolated M68N nanorod in the heterostructure at 30 min, displaying excellent mirror symmetry along the growth direction. The inset is a magnified view of the ROI, corresponding to the area marked by a hollow red square. (c) Building block size and crystal structure of M68N and In-TCPP. Schematic representation for producing M68N, In-TCPP, and M68N@In-TCPP core@shell MOFs structures via the one-pot method. 3D atomic models of the possible interface configuration between M68N nanorod and In-TCPP nanoflake. (d) Case I, (001)M68N//(100)In-TCPP. (e) Case II, (110)M68N//(021)In-TCPP. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [10]. Copyright 2025, Springer Nature.

Fig. 2. (a) Practical performance test and corresponding STC conversion efficiency of M68N@In-TCPP photocatalyst under 4 h of natural sunlight irradiation. (b) The photocatalytic performance of M68N@In-TCPP under various concentrations of CO2 (0%, 10%, 100%) at visible light (>400 nm, light intensity is 0.3 W cm-2). (c) The charge transfer process in M68N@In-TCPP via an interfacial electric field upon visible-light irradiation. (d) Schematic representation of the interface structure in the M68N@In-TCPP heterostructure and photocatalytic reaction pathways for coupled CO2 reduction and H2O oxidation. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [10]. Copyright 2025, Springer Nature.