The application of photocatalysis and biodegradation synergistic systems in environmental remediation: A review

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(25)64807-8

Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2025, Vol. 78: 47-74.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(25)64807-8

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The application of photocatalysis and biodegradation synergistic systems in environmental remediation: A review

Ruilin Cao^a, Yuan Pan^a, Xiansheng Zhang^a, Xinyi Huang^a, Teng Li^a, Sheng Liu^a, Yunze Wang^a, Shanqing Tang^a, Binbin Shao^b^,^*(), Zhifeng Liu^a^,^*()

^aHunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
^bSchool of Design, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China

Received:2025-05-06 Accepted:2025-07-16 Online:2025-11-18 Published:2025-10-14
Contact: *E-mail: shaobb@hnu.edu.cn (B. Shao), zhifengliu@hnu.edu.cn (Z. Liu).
About author:Binbin Shao (School of Design, Hunan University) received his B.A. degree from Jiangxi University of Science and Technology (China) in 2015, and Ph.D. degree from College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University in 2020. He carried out postdoctoral research at College of Environmental Science and Engineering in Hunan University (China) from 2020 to 2023. Since the end of 2023, he has been working in School of Design, Hunan University. His research interests currently focus on wastewater treatment, advanced oxidation processes, solid waste treatment and resource utilization, life-cycle assessment, sustainable agriculture, sustainable design, etc. He has coauthored more than 70 peer-reviewed papers, with the total citations of these papers exceeding 8000 times, and his H-index is 52. He was invited as a Young Editorial Board Member of Eco-Environment & Health and Carbon Neutralization. He has been included in the list of World’s Top 2% Scientists from 2021-2024.
Zhifeng Liu (College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University) received his Ph.D. degree from Hunan University in 2012. He is a specially-appointed professor of "Yuelu Scholar" at Hunan University, a doctoral supervisor, and an Elsevier Highly Cited Researcher. He mainly engages in research on soil and water environment management and ecological restoration, solid waste treatment and resource recovery. He has presided over more than 50 projects, published more than 140 papers, including more than 10 ESI hot papers and over 30 ESI highly cited papers, with his papers being cited more than 12000 times. He has applied for/been granted more than 80 international and domestic patents, with several achievements transferred to enterprises or put into practical application.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52100181);Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2022JJ10011);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(531118010885);Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2025JJ50218)

Abstract

Abstract:

The growing presence of emerging pollutants in the environment has led to a focus on developing new treatment technologies to address the limitations of traditional methods. Recent advancements in combining photocatalysis with biodegradation for pollutant treatment have garnered significant attention. This is due to the rapid and uncontrolled chemical reactions in single photocatalytic processes, which often result in the buildup of harmful by-products and over-oxidation residues. Additionally, relying solely on biodegradation is challenging for breaking down emerging pollutants that possess high concentrations and intricate structures. Therefore, the intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) systems, along with the photocatalytic microbial fuel cells (PMFCs), as a new approach to treat pollutants. These systems combine the benefits of biodegradation and photocatalytic reactions, providing cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable solutions with significant promise. In order to demonstrate the ICPB system and the PMFCs system as rational options for pollutant removal, the mechanisms of pollutant degradation by the two systems have been analyzed in depth, and recent advances in photocatalysts, biofilms, and carriers/configurations in the two systems have been summarized. Furthermore, the practical applications of the ICPB system versus the PMFCs system for pollutant removal are also summarized and highlighted. This review further points out the current limitations, such as photocatalytic materials that are still challenging in terms of commercial viability for practical applications, and looks forward to the prospects of the ICPB system versus the PMFCs system for the treatment of pollutants to promote practical applications.

Key words: Photocatalysis, Biodegradation, Intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation system, Photocatalytic microbial fuel cells, Wastewater purification

Ruilin Cao, Yuan Pan, Xiansheng Zhang, Xinyi Huang, Teng Li, Sheng Liu, Yunze Wang, Shanqing Tang, Binbin Shao, Zhifeng Liu. The application of photocatalysis and biodegradation synergistic systems in environmental remediation: A review[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 78: 47-74.

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Compositions	Photocatalyst	Main result	Maximum power density	Ref.
Dual chamber bioanode-photocathode	Mo/W	metronidazole removal: 94.5%	251mW/m²	[98]
Single chamber photoanode-biocathode	TiO₂/CN nanosheet/graphene	methyl orange: 90.0%	—	[89]
Single chamber MFC with photobiocathode	N-TiO₂	2,4,6-trichlorophenol removal: 100%	—	[99]
Dual chamber bioanode-photocathode	BiOCl/reduced graphene oxide aerogel	oxytetracycline removal: 98.9%	7.33 W/m³	[100]
Dual chamber Photoanode-bioanode-cathode	TiO₂	trimethoprim removal: 100%	75.1 mW/m²	[101]
Dual chamber Photoanode-bioanode-cathode	CdS cage	tetracycline removal: 86.5%	3.37 W/m²	[50]
Single chamber bioanode-photocathode	BaTiO₃	COD removal: 90%	498 mW/m²	[87]
bioanode-photocathode	CdS	Cr(VI) removal: 97.4%	166.93 mW/m²	[102]
Dual chamber photoanode-bioanode-cathode	TiO₂	metronidazole removal: 100%	11.2 mW/m²	[97]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	NiCo₂O₄/MoS₂/graphite felts	Cr(VI) removal: 83.6% phenol removal: 71.6%	362.7 mW/m³	[103]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	GCN-TiO₂	organic matter and sodium dodecyl sulphate removal: 58.2%	1.07 W/m³	[104]
Single chamber photoanode-biofilm anode-air cathode	TiO₂-C-BiVO₄	bisphenol A removal: 96.98%	0.585 W/m²	[96]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	Fe₃O₄/FeWO₄	Cr(VI) removal: 99.98%	124.29 mW/m²	[66]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	CN/ZnO/Bi₄O₅Br₂	rhodamine B removal: 90%	0.35 mW/cm²	[105]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	Ti₃C₂	Cr(VI) removal: 72.84%	702.67 mW/m²	[61]
Single chamber with ICPB anode	BPCNS	2-chlorophenol removal: 67.1%	255 mW/m²	[106]
Single chamber photoanode-bioanode-cathode	TiO₂	2-chlorophenol removal: 76.20%	301 mW/m²	[107]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	BiFeO₃/ZnO	Cu²⁺ removal: 90.7%	1.301 W/m²	[108]
Single chamber photoanode-bioanode-cathode	Ni/MXene	chloramphenicol removal: 82.62%	—	[109]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	AgBr/ZnO	reactive Black 5 removal: 61%	53.87 mW/m²	[86]
Dual chamber vertically photocathode	ZnO/ND	toluene removal: 60.65%	120 mW/m²	[49]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	PANi@CNTs	ibuprofen removal: 75.94%	0.119 W/m²	[110]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	LiNbO₃/CF	ofloxacin removal: 86.5%	0.546 W/m²	[111]
Single chamber photocathode-bioanode	CN/CdS	nitrofurazone removal: 76.0%	—	[46]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	CeO₂/TiO₂	toluene removal: 95%	—	[112]
Dual chamber bioanode-photocathode	CoFe₂O₄	tetracycline hydrochloride removal: 95%	409 mW/m³	[113]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	AgBr/CuO	reactive black 5 removal: 56%	61.11 mW/m²	[114]

Compositions	Photocatalyst	Main result	Maximum power density	Ref.
Dual chamber bioanode-photocathode	Mo/W	metronidazole removal: 94.5%	251mW/m²	[98]
Single chamber photoanode-biocathode	TiO₂/CN nanosheet/graphene	methyl orange: 90.0%	—	[89]
Single chamber MFC with photobiocathode	N-TiO₂	2,4,6-trichlorophenol removal: 100%	—	[99]
Dual chamber bioanode-photocathode	BiOCl/reduced graphene oxide aerogel	oxytetracycline removal: 98.9%	7.33 W/m³	[100]
Dual chamber Photoanode-bioanode-cathode	TiO₂	trimethoprim removal: 100%	75.1 mW/m²	[101]
Dual chamber Photoanode-bioanode-cathode	CdS cage	tetracycline removal: 86.5%	3.37 W/m²	[50]
Single chamber bioanode-photocathode	BaTiO₃	COD removal: 90%	498 mW/m²	[87]
bioanode-photocathode	CdS	Cr(VI) removal: 97.4%	166.93 mW/m²	[102]
Dual chamber photoanode-bioanode-cathode	TiO₂	metronidazole removal: 100%	11.2 mW/m²	[97]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	NiCo₂O₄/MoS₂/graphite felts	Cr(VI) removal: 83.6% phenol removal: 71.6%	362.7 mW/m³	[103]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	GCN-TiO₂	organic matter and sodium dodecyl sulphate removal: 58.2%	1.07 W/m³	[104]
Single chamber photoanode-biofilm anode-air cathode	TiO₂-C-BiVO₄	bisphenol A removal: 96.98%	0.585 W/m²	[96]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	Fe₃O₄/FeWO₄	Cr(VI) removal: 99.98%	124.29 mW/m²	[66]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	CN/ZnO/Bi₄O₅Br₂	rhodamine B removal: 90%	0.35 mW/cm²	[105]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	Ti₃C₂	Cr(VI) removal: 72.84%	702.67 mW/m²	[61]
Single chamber with ICPB anode	BPCNS	2-chlorophenol removal: 67.1%	255 mW/m²	[106]
Single chamber photoanode-bioanode-cathode	TiO₂	2-chlorophenol removal: 76.20%	301 mW/m²	[107]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	BiFeO₃/ZnO	Cu²⁺ removal: 90.7%	1.301 W/m²	[108]
Single chamber photoanode-bioanode-cathode	Ni/MXene	chloramphenicol removal: 82.62%	—	[109]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	AgBr/ZnO	reactive Black 5 removal: 61%	53.87 mW/m²	[86]
Dual chamber vertically photocathode	ZnO/ND	toluene removal: 60.65%	120 mW/m²	[49]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	PANi@CNTs	ibuprofen removal: 75.94%	0.119 W/m²	[110]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	LiNbO₃/CF	ofloxacin removal: 86.5%	0.546 W/m²	[111]
Single chamber photocathode-bioanode	CN/CdS	nitrofurazone removal: 76.0%	—	[46]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	CeO₂/TiO₂	toluene removal: 95%	—	[112]
Dual chamber bioanode-photocathode	CoFe₂O₄	tetracycline hydrochloride removal: 95%	409 mW/m³	[113]
Dual chamber photocathode-bioanode	AgBr/CuO	reactive black 5 removal: 56%	61.11 mW/m²	[114]

Photocatalyst	Carriers	Coating method	Main result	Ref.
Cu, N-TiO₂	polytetrafluoroethylene	—	phenanthrene removal: 88.63%; TOC removal: 72.20%	[147]
BiOCl/ Bi₂WO₆/Bi	polyurethane sponge	powder spraying method	tetracycline hydrochloride removal: 97.2%	[148]
TiO₂	bagasse cellulose	—	methylene blue removal: 78.91%	[67]
TiO₂	bagasse cellulose	—	methylene blue removal: 92.08%	[80]
TiO₂/CN	polyurethane sponge	—	nitrate removal: 40.3%	[143]
Ag-GeO₂/ N-TiO₂	hollow fibers	impregnation method	DOC removal: 98%; COD removal: 91%	[37]
TiO₂	polyurethane sponge	—	2-methylisoborneol removal: 88.9%; geosmin removal:85%	[149]
Bi₂₄O₃₁Br₁₀	loofah sponge	powder coating method	tetracycline hydrochloride removal: 64.0%	[77]
CN	polyurethane sponge	—	ciprofloxacin removal: 94%	[150]
C-TiO₂	polyurethane sponge	—	absorbable organic halogen removal: 80.3% COD removal: 90.5%; DOC removal: 86.7%	[74]
TiO₂	porous cellulose	—	COD removal: 92.06%; NH₃^--N removal: 97.16% total phosphorus removal: 94.83%	[151]
Ag-TiO₂	cotton fabric	—	tetracycline removal: 94.7%	[39]
Bi₂WO₆/CN	polyurethane sponge	powder coating method	atrazine removal: 29.2%	[38]
TiO₂	polyurethane sponge	—	tetracycline hydrochloride removal: 98%
TiO₂	bagasse cellulose composite	—	absorbable organic halogen removal: 95% COD removal: 91%; DOC removal: 82%	[152]
TiO₂	polyurethane sponge	low-temperature bonding method	2,4,6-trichlorophenol removal: 100%	[72]
CNT-Ag-TiO₂	CAT@SA	—	congo red removal: 93.5%; COD removal: 94.3%	[73]
CN	CF	—	sulfamethoxazole removal: 95%	[153]
CdS/CN	graphite felts	simple coating procedure	p-chlorophenol removal: 95%; TOC removal: 77%	[142]
SBC-TiO₂	sugarcane bagasse cellulose composite	—	1,2,3-trichlorobenzene removal: 92.03% 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene removal: 95.00%	[154]
Ag-TiO₂	nonwoven cotton fabrics	—	Cu removal: 81.3%	[155]
TiO₂	cellulose carrier	simple and efficient low-temperature process	1,2,4-trichlorobenzene removal: 68.01%	[36]
Fe³⁺/CN	polymeric sponge cubes	—	sulfamethoxazole removal: 96.27 %; COD removal: 86.57%	[156]
UiO-66-NH₂foam	UiO-66-NH₂ foam	—	tetracycline hydrochloride removal: 96.9% ciprofloxacin removal: 87.9%	[157]
TiO₂	polyurethane sponge	—	cefalexin removal: 100%	[40]
bio-CdS	polyurethane sponge	—	tetracycline hydrochloride removal: 87.2% Cd²⁺ removal: 98.4%	[158]
gC₃N₄/CdS	loofah sponge	—	ciprofloxacin removal: 95%	[159]
BiOI	CF	—	triclosan removal: 89%	[160]
FeMgAl-LDH	polyurethane sponge	modified powder spraying method	NO₃^-removal: 54.45%; NH₄⁺ removal: 42.57%	[161]
Fe³⁺/CN	polyurethane sponge	—	sulfamethoxazole removal: 81.2%	[120]
CN/MoS₂	chitosan modified polyurethane sponge	—	congo red removal: 99.5%; methyl orange removal: 97.5% carmine removal: 99.5%	[162]
N-TiO₂	bagasse cellulose composite	—	absorbable organic halogen removal: 95% COD removal: 91%; DOC removal: 85%	[132]
BiOBr/CN	polyurethane sponge	—	crude oil removal: 89.08%	[30]
B-Bi₃O₄Cl	polyurethane sponge	—	ciprofloxacin removal: 95%	[20]
BC/CN	BC/CN three-dimensional porous hydrogel	—	tetracycline hydrochloride removal:96.0%	[163]
Cu-CN	Cu-CN	—	methyl orange removal:86.04%; reactive blue removal: 97.95%	[129]
TiO₂/CN	polyurethane sponge	—	nitrate removal:75.6%	[164]
B-Bi₃O₄Cl	polyurethane sponge	—	ciprofloxacin removal: 94%; Cr(VI) removal:100%	[165]

Photocatalyst	Carriers	Coating method	Main result	Ref.
Cu, N-TiO₂	polytetrafluoroethylene	—	phenanthrene removal: 88.63%; TOC removal: 72.20%	[147]
BiOCl/ Bi₂WO₆/Bi	polyurethane sponge	powder spraying method	tetracycline hydrochloride removal: 97.2%	[148]
TiO₂	bagasse cellulose	—	methylene blue removal: 78.91%	[67]
TiO₂	bagasse cellulose	—	methylene blue removal: 92.08%	[80]
TiO₂/CN	polyurethane sponge	—	nitrate removal: 40.3%	[143]
Ag-GeO₂/ N-TiO₂	hollow fibers	impregnation method	DOC removal: 98%; COD removal: 91%	[37]
TiO₂	polyurethane sponge	—	2-methylisoborneol removal: 88.9%; geosmin removal:85%	[149]
Bi₂₄O₃₁Br₁₀	loofah sponge	powder coating method	tetracycline hydrochloride removal: 64.0%	[77]
CN	polyurethane sponge	—	ciprofloxacin removal: 94%	[150]
C-TiO₂	polyurethane sponge	—	absorbable organic halogen removal: 80.3% COD removal: 90.5%; DOC removal: 86.7%	[74]
TiO₂	porous cellulose	—	COD removal: 92.06%; NH₃^--N removal: 97.16% total phosphorus removal: 94.83%	[151]
Ag-TiO₂	cotton fabric	—	tetracycline removal: 94.7%	[39]
Bi₂WO₆/CN	polyurethane sponge	powder coating method	atrazine removal: 29.2%	[38]
TiO₂	polyurethane sponge	—	tetracycline hydrochloride removal: 98%
TiO₂	bagasse cellulose composite	—	absorbable organic halogen removal: 95% COD removal: 91%; DOC removal: 82%	[152]
TiO₂	polyurethane sponge	low-temperature bonding method	2,4,6-trichlorophenol removal: 100%	[72]
CNT-Ag-TiO₂	CAT@SA	—	congo red removal: 93.5%; COD removal: 94.3%	[73]
CN	CF	—	sulfamethoxazole removal: 95%	[153]
CdS/CN	graphite felts	simple coating procedure	p-chlorophenol removal: 95%; TOC removal: 77%	[142]
SBC-TiO₂	sugarcane bagasse cellulose composite	—	1,2,3-trichlorobenzene removal: 92.03% 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene removal: 95.00%	[154]
Ag-TiO₂	nonwoven cotton fabrics	—	Cu removal: 81.3%	[155]
TiO₂	cellulose carrier	simple and efficient low-temperature process	1,2,4-trichlorobenzene removal: 68.01%	[36]
Fe³⁺/CN	polymeric sponge cubes	—	sulfamethoxazole removal: 96.27 %; COD removal: 86.57%	[156]
UiO-66-NH₂foam	UiO-66-NH₂ foam	—	tetracycline hydrochloride removal: 96.9% ciprofloxacin removal: 87.9%	[157]
TiO₂	polyurethane sponge	—	cefalexin removal: 100%	[40]
bio-CdS	polyurethane sponge	—	tetracycline hydrochloride removal: 87.2% Cd²⁺ removal: 98.4%	[158]
gC₃N₄/CdS	loofah sponge	—	ciprofloxacin removal: 95%	[159]
BiOI	CF	—	triclosan removal: 89%	[160]
FeMgAl-LDH	polyurethane sponge	modified powder spraying method	NO₃^-removal: 54.45%; NH₄⁺ removal: 42.57%	[161]
Fe³⁺/CN	polyurethane sponge	—	sulfamethoxazole removal: 81.2%	[120]
CN/MoS₂	chitosan modified polyurethane sponge	—	congo red removal: 99.5%; methyl orange removal: 97.5% carmine removal: 99.5%	[162]
N-TiO₂	bagasse cellulose composite	—	absorbable organic halogen removal: 95% COD removal: 91%; DOC removal: 85%	[132]
BiOBr/CN	polyurethane sponge	—	crude oil removal: 89.08%	[30]
B-Bi₃O₄Cl	polyurethane sponge	—	ciprofloxacin removal: 95%	[20]
BC/CN	BC/CN three-dimensional porous hydrogel	—	tetracycline hydrochloride removal:96.0%	[163]
Cu-CN	Cu-CN	—	methyl orange removal:86.04%; reactive blue removal: 97.95%	[129]
TiO₂/CN	polyurethane sponge	—	nitrate removal:75.6%	[164]
B-Bi₃O₄Cl	polyurethane sponge	—	ciprofloxacin removal: 94%; Cr(VI) removal:100%	[165]

Source of inoculum	Recalcitrant pollutant	Microbial species enriched by the addition of contaminants	Ref.
activated sludge	venlafaxine	actinobacteriota (11.2%), proteobacteria (28.3%), chloroflexi (15.1%), acidobacteriota, bacteroidota	[41]
activated sludge	nitrate	acidovorax, thauera, hydrogenophaga, rhodococcus	[164]
activated sludge	sulfadiazine, total nitrogen, total phosphorus	proteobacteria (78.25 %), bacteroidota (4.28 %), actinobacteriota (4.72 %), firmicutes (1.16 %), chloroflexi (7.63 %)	[42]
activated sludge	sulfamethoxazole	Acidovorax (10.2 %), simplicispira (7.5%), castellaniella, raoultella, giesbergeria, alicycliphilus	[186]
activated sludge	ciprofloxacin, Cr(VI)	proteobacteria (44.52%), actinobacteria (18.68%)	[165]
activated sludge	metronidazole	alcaligenes, brevundimonas, pseudochrobactrum, leucobacter	[187]
activated sludge	tetracycline hydrochloride	lactococcus (11.06%), pseudomonas, burkholderiaceae, flavobacterium	[163]
sludge	cefalexin	UKL13-1 (16.37%), flavobacterium (13.93%), fusibacter (11.61%), streptococcus (7.53%), unclassified_f comamonadaceae (5.23%)	[40]
Shewanella oneidensis MR-4	Cd, tetracycline hydrochloride	shewanella oneidensis MR-4	[158]
activated sludge	NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺	proteobacteria, firmicutes, actinobacteria, bacteroidetes	[161]
activated sludge	sulfamethoxazole	nakamurella (44.22%), chryseobacterium (14.33%), rhodanobacter (10.54)	[120]
Rhodopseudomonas palustris	Congo red, methyl orange, carmine	rhodopseudomonas palustris	[162]
activated sludge	absorbable organic halogen	paenibacilus, Ruminiclostridium, sphingbscteriaceae	[132]
activated sludge	crude oil	acinetobacter (79.19%), sphingobium	[30]
activated sludge	ciprofloxacin	pseudoxanthomonas, ferruginibacter, clostridium, stenotrophomonas, comamonas	[20]
activated sludge	1,2,4-trichlorobenzene	methyloversatilis, sediminibacterium, ruminiclostridium, sporomusa	[36]
activated sludge	Cu	proteobacteria (56.3%), actinobacteria (22.7%), bacteroidetes (6.0%), chloroflexi (1.7%), chlorophyta (8.4%), planctomycetes (1.9%), verrucomicrobia (0.5%)	[155]
activated sludge	1,2,3-tricholorobenze, 1,3,5-tricholorobenzene	cutaneotrichosporon, trichoderma, apiotrichum, zoogloea, dechloromonas, flavihumibacter, cupriavidus	[154]
sludge	p-chlorophenol	chryseobacterium (19.98%), stenotrophomonas (17.11%), rhodopseudomonas (9.34%)	[142]
activated sludge	sulfamethoxazole, Cr(VI)	Proteobacteria (52.77%), actinobacteria increased (37.12%), chloroflexus (3.21%), patescibateria (1.46%), bacteroidota (2.57%)	[188]
activated sludge	sulfamethoxazole	nakamurella (55.2%), rhodanobacter (4.05%)	[156]
Rhodopseudomonas palustris	congo red	rhodopseudomonas palustris	[73]
activated sludge	2,4,6-trichlorophenol	acinetobacter, methylophilus, pseudomonas, acidovorax, flavobacterium	[72]
activated sludge	absorbable organic halogen	phanerochaete, cutaneotrichosporon, rozellomycota, candida, rhodotorula	[152]
activated sludge, Scenedesmus obliquus	4-chlorophenol, 4-fluorophenol, phenol	rhodococcus, pseudomonas, scenedesmus obliquus	[37]
activated sludge	absorbable organic halogen	proteobacteria (48.66%), bacteroidetes (13.86%), chloroflexiv (10.93%)	[74]
swine wastewater	ciprofloxacin	alicycliphilus (10.13%), pseudomonas (4.73%), ochrobactrum (6.33%), xanthobacter (6.52%), escherichia-shigella (10.45%)	[150]
activated sludge	tetracycline hydrochloride	bacteriovorax, formivibrio, paludibacter	[77]
activated sludge	2-methylisoborneol, geosmin	zoogloea (24.6%), thauera (15.0%), flavobacterium (2.4%), acinetobacter, Comamonas, brevundimonas	[149]
the urban river (Jinchuan River)	nitrate	chloroflexi (21.92%), acidobacteria (4.20%)	[143]
activated sludge	methylene blue	betaproteobacteri (53.44%), alphaproteobacteria, betaproteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, deltaproteobacteria	[80]
soil	phenanthrene	pseudomonadaceae (94.39%)	[147]
Dictyosphaerium	sulfamethazine	dictyosphaerium	[185]

The application of photocatalysis and biodegradation synergistic systems in environmental remediation: A review

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Source of inoculum	Recalcitrant pollutant	Source of biofilm	Microbial species enriched by the addition of contaminants	Ref.
domestic wastewater	nitrofurazone	bioanode	geobacter (67.73%)	[46]
anaerobic sludge	oxytetracycline	bioanode	geobacter (27.63%)	[100]
municipal wastewater	2,4,6-trichlorophenol	biophoto-cathode	dechlorobacter (8.6%), thauera (9.2%) arenimonas (4.9%)	[99]
—	tetracycline	bioanode	proteobacteria (43.5%), geobacter (33.2%), bacteroidetes (8.7%)	[50]
municipal sludge	metronidazole	bioanode	proteobacteria (53.59%), actinobacteria (29.7%)	[97]
another MFC	o-chlorophenol	bioanode	comamonadaceae (32.1%), Geobacter (22.5%), azospirillum (17.0%)	[106]
another MFC	o-chlorophenol	bioanode	geobacter (54.2%), PHOS-HE36 fam (16.4%), pseudomonas (2.0%)	[107]
activated sludge	trimethoprim	bioanode	proteobacteria (35.0%), actinobacteria (24.1%)	[101]
—	tetracycline	bioanode	proteobacteria (43.5%), geobacter (33.2%)	[50]
—	bisphenol A	biofilm anode	geobacter (33.2%), pseudomonas (11.2%)	[96]
activated sludge	Cr(VI)	bioanode	pseudomonas (20.98%)	[66]
activated sludge	toluene	bioanode	acetobacter (~25%), clostridium_sensu_stricto_12 (13.46%), burkholderia-caballeronia-paraburkholderia (3.33%)	[49]

Nomenclature
ICPB	intimately coupling photocatalysis and biodegradation	MES	microbial electrochemical system
PMFCs	photosynthetic microbial fuel cells	VPCB	visible-light-induced ICPB
SDZ	sulfadiazine	MFC	microbial fuel cell
COD	chemical oxygen demand	TN	total nitrogen
ROS	reactive oxygen species	e^-	electrons
TP	total phosphorus	h⁺	holes
hν	photon energy	VB	valence band
CF	carbon felt	CB	conduction band
PEM	proton exchange membrane	TMP	trimethoprim
TCH	tetracycline hydrochloride	CN	g-C₃N₄
LC	laccase	MO	methyl orange
PL	photoluminescence	DOC	Dissolved organic carbon
SMX	sulfamethoxazole	CNT	carbon nanotube
AOX	adsorbable organic halogens	UV	ultraviolet
CR	congo red	TOC	total organic carbon
MnO_x-cAP	Mn₃O₄/MnO₂-Ag₃PO₄	MB	methylene blue
PHE	phenanthrene	TC	tetracycline
CIP	ciprofloxacin	CP	chlorophenol
TCP	trichlorophenol	ND	nanodiamond
IEM	ion-exchange membrane	PAHs	polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
EET	extracellular electron transport	EAB	electrochemically active bacteria
RhB	rhodamine B	2,4-DCP	2,4-dichlorophenol
MNZ	metronidazole	CF	carbon felt
OTC	oxytetracycline	GSM	geosmin
2-MIB	2-methylisoborneol	DO	dissolved oxygen

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