Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the S-scheme heterojunction formation between Ni/NiOx and Ti3C2Clx, and the proposed charge transfer and separation mechanism. “RR” and “OR” denote the reduction reaction and oxidation reaction, respectively. CH4 (b) and CH3OH (c) production over fresh, 2 h-oxidized, and 24 h-oxidized Ni/Ti3C2Clx samples at 250 °C under full-spectrum UV-visible irradiation. (d) Schematic illustration of the dynamic surface evolution and corresponding shift in product distribution. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [11], Copyright 2026, Wiley.