Hierarchically porous S-scheme CdS/UiO-66 photocatalyst for efficient 4-nitroaniline reduction

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63661-0

Abstract

Abstract:

Unveiling the pore-size performance of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) is imperative for controllable design of sophisticated catalysts. Herein, UiO-66 with distinct macropores and mesopores were intentionally created and served as substrates to create advanced CdS/UiO-66 catalysts. The pore size impacted the spatial distribution of CdS nanoparticles (NPs): CdS tended to deposit on the external surface of mesoporous UiO-66, but spontaneously penetrated into the large cavity of macroporous UiO-66 nanocage. Normalized to unit amount of CdS, the photocatalytic reaction constant of macroporous CdS/UiO-66 over 4-nitroaniline reduction was ~3 folds of that of mesoporous counterpart, and outperformed many other reported state-of-art CdS-based catalysts. A confinement effect of CdS NPs within UiO-66 cage could respond for its high activity, which could shorten the electron-transport distance of NPs-MOFs-reactant, and protect the active CdS NPs from photocorrosion. The finding here provides a straightforward paradigm and mechanism to rationally fabricate advance NPs/ MOFs for diverse applications.

Key words: Pore-size Effect, Nanoconfinement, Hierarchically porous MOFs, NPs/MOFs, Nanocage

Jinxin Wei, Yawen Chen, Hongyang Zhang, Zanyong Zhuang, Yan Yu. Hierarchically porous S-scheme CdS/UiO-66 photocatalyst for efficient 4-nitroaniline reduction[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2021, 42(1): 78-86.

×
share this article

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63661-0

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2021/V42/I1/78

Figures/Tables 6

Scheme 1. Scheme illustrating the preparation of CdS/UiO-66 hybrids with distinct macro- and meso-pores following similar procedure.

Fig. 1. TEM (a) and elemental mapping (b) of Mac-UiO; TEM (c), elemental mapping (d) and HRTEM (e) of Mac-Cd/UiO; N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution of Mac-UiO (f); TEM (g) and elemental mapping (h) of Meso-UiO(N); TEM (i), elemental mapping (j) and HRTEM (k) of Mes-Cd/UiO(N); N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution of Mes-UiO(N) (l).

Fig. 2. The photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitroaniline (a); the photocatalytic efficiency (b) and corresponding rate constant (c) of 4-nitroaniline reduction with different catalysts (k); normalized catalytic performance with k/Cd% as the benchmark (d); DRS of tested samples (e); TPR of tested samples (f); EIS curves of tested samples (g), the inset of (g) show the zoomed-in EIS for ZRe = 0-5000 Ohm.

Scheme 2. Schematic illustration of the S-scheme dominated photocatalytic mechanism over CdS/UiO-66.

Fig. 3. SEM (a), TEM images (b), and Linear EDS results (c) of Mac-UiO; SEM (d), TEM images (e), and Linear EDS results (f) of Mac/Cd-UiO; Elemental mapping images of Zr, W and Cd in a single crystal of Mac/Cd-UiO (g-j).

Fig. 4. Circulating experiments of Mac-Cd/UiO (a), Mes-Cd/UiO(N) (b), S-Cd/UiO (c) and S-Cd/UiO(N) (d), respectively; catalytic efficiency in 1st cycle and after 5th cycles of four samples (e); schematic diagram of macro-, meso-, solid samples with different CdS location (f).

References

[1]	K. Sumida, D. L. Rogow, J. A. Mason, T. M. McDonald, E. D. Bloch, Z. R. Herm, T. Bae, J. R. Long, Chem. Rev., 2012, 112, 724-781.
[2]	J. R. Li, J. Sculley, H. C. Zhou, Chem. Rev., 2012, 112, 869-932.
[3]	P. Horcajada, R. Gref, T. Baati, P.K. Allan, G. Maurin, P. Couvreur, G. Férey, R. E. Morris, C. Serre, Chem. Rev., 2012, 112, 1232-1268.
[4]	Y. J. Lee, O. K. Farha, J. Roberts, K. A. Scheidt, S. B. T. Nguyen, J. T. Hupp, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 1450-1459.
[5]	G. Lu, S. Li, Z. Guo, O.K. Farha, B.G. Hauser, X. Qi, Y. Wang, X. Wang, S. Han, X. Liu, J. S. DuChene, H. Zhang, Q. Zhang, X. Chen, J. Ma, S. C. J. Loo, W. D. Wei, Y. Yang, J. T. Hupp, F. Huo, Nat. Chem., 2012, 4, 310-316.
[6]	K. Shen, L. Chen, J. Long, W. Zhong, Y. Li, ACS Catal., 2015, 5, 5264-5271.
[7]	F. Meng, S. Zhang, L. Ma, W. Zhang, M. Li, T. Wu, H. Li, T. Zhang, X. Lu, F. Huo, J. Lu, Adv. Mater., 2018, 30, 1803263.
[8]	H. Yang, S. J. Bradley, A. Chan, G. I. Waterhouse, T. Nann, P. E. Kruger, S. G. Telfer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2016, 138, 11872-11881.
[9]	H. Liu, L. Chang, C. Bai, L. Chen, R. Luque, Y. Li, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2016, 55, 5019-5023.
[10]	K. Yuan, T. Song, D. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Gao, Y. Zou, H. Dong, Z. Tang, W. Hu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2018, 57, 5708-5713.
[11]	A. Crake, K. C. Christoforidis, A. Gregg, B. Moss, A. Kafizas, C. Petit, Small, 2019, 15, 1805473.
[12]	H. Zhao, X. Yang, R. Xu, J. Li, S. Gao, R. Cao, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 20152-20160.
[13]	X. Y. Yu, Y. Feng, Y. Jeon, B. Guan, X. W. Lou, U. Paik, Adv. Mater., 2016, 28, 9006-9011.
[14]	P. Zhang, X. W. Lou, Adv. Mater., 2019, 31, 1900281.
[15]	F. Dawei, W. Kecheng, S. Jie, L. Tian-Fu, P. Jihye, W. Zhangwen, B. Mathieu, Y. Andrey, Z. Xiaodong, Z. Hong-Cai, Angew.Chem. Int. Ed., 2015, 127, 151-156.
[16]	G. Zhan, H. C. Zeng, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2016, 181-192.
[17]	Y. Yue, P. F. Fulvio, S. Dai, Acc. Chem. Res., 2015, 48, 3044-3052.
[18]	J. Wei, N. Cheng, Z. Liang, Y. Wu, Z. Zou, Z. Y. Zhuang, Y. Yu, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 23336-23344.
[19]	Y. Wang, L. Li, P. Dai, L. Yan, L. Cao, X. Gu, X. Zhao, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 22372-22379.
[20]	X. Xu, Z. Zhang, X. Wang, Adv. Mater., 2015, 27, 5365-5371.
[21]	K. Jia, J. Ye, G. Zhuang, Z. Zhuang, Y. Yu, Small, 2019, 15, 1805478.
[22]	K. Li, S. Lin, Y. Li, Q. Zhuang, J. Gu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2018, 57, 3439-3443.
[23]	S. H. Lee, J. Kim, D. Y. Chung, J. M. Yoo, H. S. Lee, M. J. Kim, B. S. Mun, S. G. Kwon, Y. E. Sung, T. Hyeon, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2019, 141, 2035-2045.
[24]	K. Shen, L. Zhang, X. Chen, L. Liu, D. Zhang, Y. Han, J. Chen, J. Long, R. Luque, Y. Li, B. Chen, Science, 2018, 359, 206-210.
[25]	J. D. Xiao, Q. Shang, Y. Xiong, Q. Zhang, Y. Luo, S. H. Yu, H. L. Jiang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2016, 55, 9389-9393.
[26]	M. Zhao, K. Yuan, Y. Wang, G. Li, J. Guo, L. Gu, W. Hu, H. Zhao, Z. Tang, Nature, 2016, 539, 76-80.
[27]	J. D. Xiao, Q. Shang, Y. Xiong, Q. Zhang, Y. Luo, S. H. Yu, H. L. Jiang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2016, 55, 9389-9393.
[28]	L. Chen, X. Chen, H. Liu, C. Bai, Y. Li, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 15259-15264.
[29]	H. Noh, C. W. Kung, T. Islamoglu, A. W. Peters, Y. Liao, P. Li, S. J. Garibay, X. Zhang, M. R. DeStefano, J. T. Hupp, O. K. Farha, Chem. Mater., 2018, 30, 2193-2197.
[30]	L. Chen, B. Huang, X. Qiu, X. Wang, R. Luque, Y. Li, Chem. Sci., 2015, 7, 228-233.
[31]	B. Liu, X. Liu, J. Liu, C. Feng, L. Zhu, C. Li, Y. Gong, L. Pan, S. Xu, C.Q. Sun, Appl. Catal. B, 2017, 226, 234-241.
[32]	Y. Su, Z. Zhang, H. Liu, Y. Wang, Appl. Catal. B, 2017, 200, 448-457.
[33]	W. Wu, G. Liu, Q. Xie, S. Liang, H. Zheng, R. Yuan, W. Su, L. Wu, Green Chem., 2012, 14, 1705-1709.
[34]	W. Ying, L. Li, P. Dai, L. Yan, L. Cao, X. Gu, X. Zhao, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5 22372-22379.
[35]	H. R. Abid, H. Tian, H. M. Ang, M.O. Tade, C. E. Buckley, S. Wang, Chem. Eng. J., 2012, 187, 415-420.
[36]	Y. Y. Fu, C. X. Yang, X. P. Yan, Chem. Commun., 2013, 49, 7162-7164.
[37]	K. Y. Jiang, X. C. Dai, Y. Yu, Q. L. Mo, F. X. Xiao, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2018, 122, 12291-12306.
[38]	W. Zhong, S. Shen, M. He, D. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Lin, W. Tu, J. Yu, Appl. Catal. B, 2019, 258, 117967.
[39]	Z. Chen, C. Feng, W. Li, Z. Sun, J. Hou, X. Li, L. Xu, M. Sun, Y. Bu, Chin. J. Catal., 2018, 39, 841-848.
[40]	Y. Xia, B. Cheng, J. Fan, J. Yu, G. Liu, Small, 2019, 15, 1902459.
[41]	T. Di, B. Cheng, W. Ho, J. Yu, H. Tang, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2019, 470, 196-204.
[42]	Q. Li, T. Shi, X. Li, K. Lv, M. Li, F. Liu, H. Li, M. Lei, Appl. Catal. B, 2018, 229, 8-14.
[43]	F. Cheng, H. Yin, Q. Xiang, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017, 391, 432-439.
[44]	Z. W. Zhang, Q. H. Li, X. Q. Qiao, D. Hou, D.-S. Li, Chin. J. Catal., 2019, 40, 371-379.
[45]	B. Ma, R. Zhang, K. Lin, H. Liu, X. Wang, W. Liu, H. Zhan, Chin. J. Catal., 2018, 39, 527-533.
[46]	J. Low, B. Dai, T. Tong, C. Jiang, J. Yu, Adv. Mater., 2019, 31, 1802981.
[47]	S. Wang, B. Zhu, M. Liu, L. Zhang, J. Yu, M. Zhou, Appl. Catal. B, 2019, 243, 19-26.
[48]	R. Liang, F. Jing, G. Yan, L. Wu, Appl. Catal. B, 2017, 218, 452-459.
[49]	B. Weng, S. Liu, N. Zhang, Z. R. Tang, Y. J. Xu, J. Catal., 2014, 309, 146-155.
[50]	Y. Y. Chai, D. P. Qu, D. K. Ma, W. Chen, S. Huang, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2018, 450, 1-8.
[51]	S. Liu, Y. J. Xu, Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 9330-9339.
[52]	C. Han, M. Q. Yang, N. Zhang, Y. J. Xu, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 19156-19166.
[53]	W. Wu, R. Lin, L. Shen, R. Liang, R. Yuan, L. Wu, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, 15, 19422-19426.
[54]	B. Han, S. Liu, Y. J. Xu, Z. R. Tang, RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 16476-16483.
[55]	S. Wu, G. Zhuang, J. Wei, Z. Zhuang, Y. Yu, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 18234-18241.
[56]	J. Fu, Q. Xu, J. Low, C. Jiang, J. Yu, Appl. Catal. B, 2019, 243, 556-565.
[57]	P. Xia, S. Cao, B. Zhu, M. Liu, M. Shi, J. Yu, Y. Zhang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 5218-5225.
[58]	H. Fan, H. Zhou, W. Li, S. Gu, G. Zhou, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2020, 504, 144351.
[59]	J. Luo, Z. Lin, Y. Zhao, S. Jiang, S. Song, Chin. J. Catal., 2020, 41, 122-130.
[60]	D. Xu, B. Cheng, W. Wang, C. Jiang, J. Yu, Appl. Catal. B, 2018, 231, 368-380.
[61]	H. Ge, F. Xu, B. Cheng, J. Yu, W. Ho, ChemCatChem, 2019, 11, 6301-6309.
[62]	F. He, A. Meng, B. Cheng, W. Ho, J. Yu, Chin. J. Catal., 2020, 41, 9-20.
[63]	R. Wang, J. Shen, W. Zhang, Q. Liu, M. Zhang, Zulfiqar, H. Tang, Ceram. Int., 2020, 46, 23-30.
[64]	Q. Xiang, J. Yu, M. Jaroniec, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115, 7355-7363.
[65]	Q. Xiang, J. Yu, M. Jaroniec, Nanoscale, 2011, 3, 3670-3678.
[66]	Q. Li, H. Meng, J. Yu, W. Xiao, Y. Zheng, J. Wang, Chem. Eur. J., 2014, 20, 1176-1185.
[67]	J. Bao, J. He, Y. Zhang, Y. Yoneyama, N. Tsubaki, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2008, 47, 353-356.
[68]	P. Falcaro, R. Ricco, A. Yazdi, I. Imaz, S. Furukawa, D. Maspoch, R. Ameloot, J. D. Evans, C. J. Doonan, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2016, 307, 237-254.
[69]	Z. Chen, Z. Guan, M. Li, Q. Yang, C. Li, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2011, 50, 4913-4917.
[70]	D. Wang, G. Yang, Q. Ma, M. Wu, Y. Tan, Y. Yoneyama, N. Tsubaki, ACS Catal., 2012, 2, 1958-1966.
[71]	L. Shen, M. Luo, Y. Liu, R. Liang, F. Jing, W. Ling, Appl. Catal. B, 2015, 166, 445-453.
[72]	X. Ning, W. Zhen, Y. Wu, G. Lu, Appl. Catal. B, 2018, 226, 373-383.
[73]	I. B. Rufus, V. Ramakrishnan, B. Viswanathan, J. C. Kuriacose, P. Indian AS-Chem. Sci., 1989, 101, 487-497.