Photoelectrochemical degradation of acetaminophen and valacyclovir using nanoporous titanium dioxide

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61101-9

Abstract

Abstract:

Electrochemically treated nanoporous TiO₂ was employed as a novel electrode to assist in the photoelectrochemical degradation of acetaminophen and valacyclovir. The prepared electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), Mott-Schottky plots, ultraviolet-visible light (UV-vis) absorbance spectroscopy, and a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer were employed to investigate the photoelectrochemical degradation of acetaminophen and valacyclovir. The results indicated no obvious removal of acetaminophen and valacyclovir over 3 h when separate photochemical degradation and electrochemical oxidation were employed. In contrast, acetaminophen and valacyclovir were rapidly eliminated via photoelectrochemical degradation. In addition, electrochemically treated nanoporous TiO₂ electrodes significantly enhanced the efficacy of the photoelectrochemical degradation of acetaminophen and valacyclovir, by 86.96% and 53.12%, respectively, when compared with untreated nanoporous TiO₂ electrodes. This enhanced performance may have been attributed to the formation of Ti³⁺, Ti²⁺, and oxygen vacancies, as well as an improvement in conductivity during the electrochemical reduction process. The effect of temperature was further investigated, where the activation energy of the photoelectrochemical degradation of acetaminophen and valacyclovir was determined to be 9.62 and 18.42 kJ/mol, respectively.

Key words: Photoelectrochemical degradation, Nanoporous titanium dioxide, Acetaminophen, Valacyclovir, Activation energy

Guohong Xie, Xin Chang, Bal Ram Adhikari, Sapanbir S. Thind, Aicheng Chen. Photoelectrochemical degradation of acetaminophen and valacyclovir using nanoporous titanium dioxide[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2016, 37(7): 1062-1069.

×
share this article

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61101-9

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2016/V37/I7/1062

References

[1] Z. Wang, X. H. Zhang, Y. Huang, H. Wang, Environ. Pollut., 2015, 204, 223-232.
[2] K. Kuroda, M. Murakami, K. Oguma, Y. Muramatsu, H. Takada, S. Takizawa, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2012, 46, 1455-1464.
[3] S. K. Behera, H. W. Kim, J. E. Oh, H. S. Park, Sci. Total Environ., 2011, 409, 4351-4360.
[4] R. Q. Shen, S. A. Andrews, Water Res., 2011, 45, 944-952.
[5] P. J. Ferguson, M. J. Bernot, J. C. Doll, T. E. Lauer, Sci. Total Environ., 2013, 458-460, 187-196.
[6] J. Ahmad, Hepatology and Transplant Hepatology: A Case Based Approach, Springer Science & Business Media, New York, 2010.
[7] R. V. Aghababian, Essentials of Emergency Medicine, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts, 2010.
[8] L. P. James, P. R. Mayeux, J. A. Hinson, Drug Metab. Dispos., 2003, 31, 1499-1506.
[9] K. Park, D. J. Antoine, M. Pirmohamed, Lancet, 2014, 383, 672-674.
[10] D. N. Bateman, J. W. Dear, H. K. R. Thanacoody, S. H. L. Thomas, M. Eddleston, E. A. Sandilands, J. Coyle, J. G. Cooper, A. Rodriguez, I. Butcher, S. C. Lewis, A. D. B. Vliegenthart, A. Veiraiah, D. J. Webb, A. Gray, Lancet, 2014, 383, 697-704.
[11] S. J. Wu, L. L. Zhang, J. M. Chen, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2012, 96, 875-884.
[12] K. E. Murray, S. M. Thomas, A. A. Bodour, Environ. Pollut., 2010, 158, 3462-3471.
[13] Y. Li, R. Jindal, K. Choi, Y. L. Kho, P. G. de Bullen, J. Hazard. Toxic. Radioactive Waste, 2012, 16, 88-91.
[14] W. W. Andrews, D. F. Kimberlin, R. Whitley, S. Cliver, P. S. Ramsey, R. Deeter, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2006, 194, 774-781.
[15] I. Kim, D. C. Choi, J. Lee, H. R. Chae, J. J. Hee, C. H. Lee, P. K. Park, Y. J. Won, J. Membr. Sci., 2015, 490, 190-196.
[16] H. Y. Liu, J. L. Wang, J. Hazard Mater., 2013, 261, 307-315.
[17] E. L. Farias, K. J. Howe, B. M. Thomson, Water Res., 2014, 49, 53-61.
[18] W. Pitakpoolsil, M. Hunsom, J. Environ. Manage., 2014, 133, 284-292.
[19] M. Maretto, R. Vignola, C. D. Williams, R. Bagatin, A. Latini, P. M. Petrangeli, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2015, 203, 139-150.
[20] M. H. Zhang, G. H. Liu, K. Song, Z. Y. Wang, Q. L. Zhao, S. J. Li, Z. F. Ye, Chem. Eng. J., 2015, 259, 876-884.
[21] H. Chen, Y. G. Chen, X. Zheng, X. Li, J. Y. Luo, Water Res., 2014, 63, 125-134.
[22] Y. J. Liu, Q. D. Zhao, X. Y. Li, Y. Shi, T. T. Li, Mater. Lett., 2015, 158, 104-107.
[23] P. J. Chang, H. Y. Cheng, W. W. Lin, X. R. Li, F. Y. Zhao, Chin. J. Catal., 2015, 36, 564-571.
[24] S. S. Thind, K. Rozic, F. Amano, A. C. Chen, Appl. Catal. B, 2015, 176-177, 464-471.
[25] H. J. Liu, S. S. Thind, G. S. Wu, J. L. Wen, A. C. Chen, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2015, 736, 93-100.
[26] M. D. G. de Luna, M. L. Veciana, C. C. Su, M. C. Lu, J. Hazard Mater., 2012, 217-218, 200-207.
[27] J. Restivo, R. P. Rocha, A. M. T. Silva, J. J. M. Órfão, M. F. R. Pereira, J. L. Figueiredo, Chin. J. Catal., 2014, 35, 896-905.
[28] E. S. Baeissa, R. M. Mohamed, Chin. J. Catal., 2013, 34, 1167-1172.
[29] P. F. Fu, P. Y. Zhang, Chin. J. Catal., 2014, 35, 210-218.
[30] L. M. Da Silva, I. C. Gonçalves, J. J. S. Teles, D. V. Franco, Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 146, 714-732.
[31] X. Chang, S. S. Thind, A. C. Chen, ACS Catal., 2014, 4, 2616-2622.
[32] S. S. Thind, M. Tian, A. C. Chen, Electrochem. Commun., 2014, 43, 13-17.
[33] J. J. Gong, Y. K. Lai, C. J. Lin, Electrochim. Acta, 2010, 55, 4776-4782.
[34] M. D. Ye, X. K. Xin, C. J. Lin, Z. Q. Lin, Nano Lett., 2011, 11, 3214-3220.
[35] Z. F. Wang, P. Xiao, L. Qiao, X. Q. Meng, Y. H. Zhang, X. L. Li, F. Yang, Phys. B, 2013, 419, 51-56.
[36] X. Chang, S. S. Thind, M. Tian, M. M. Hossain, A. C. Chen, Electrochim. Acta, 2015, 173, 728-735.
[37] L. Elsellami, N. Hafidhi, F. Dappozze, A. Houas, C. Guillard, Chin. J. Catal., 2015, 36, 1818-1824.
[38] S. Chen, S. S. Thind, A. C. Chen, Electrochem. Commun., 2016, 63, 10-17.
[39] W. J. Lee, J. M. Lee, S. T. Kochuveedu, T. H. Han, H. Y. Jeong, M. Park, J. M. Yun, J. Kwon, K. No, D. H. Kim, S. O. Kim, ACS Nano, 2012, 6, 935-943.
[40] X. B. Chen, S. S. Mao, Chem. Rev., 2007, 107, 2891-2959.
[41] Y. J. Hwang, C. Hahn, B. Liu, P. D. Yang, ACS Nano, 2012, 6, 5060-5069.
[42] S. Linic, P. Christopher, D. B. Ingram, Nat. Mater., 2011, 10, 911-921.
[43] B. Wang, C. Li, H. Cui, J. Zhang, J. P. Zhai, Q. Li, Chem. Eng. J., 2013, 223, 592-603.
[44] M. E. Olya, A. Pirkarami, M. Soleimani, M. Bahmaei, J. Environ. Manage., 2013, 121, 210-219.
[45] K. Esquivel, J. García, G. Ma, F. J. Rodríguez, M. V. González, L. Escobar-Alarcón, L. Ortiz-Frade, L. Godínez, J. Nanopart. Res., 2011, 13, 3313-3325.
[46] G. S. Wu, T. Nishikawa, B. Ohtani, A. C. Chen, Chem. Mater., 2007, 19, 4530-4537.
[47] X. B. Chen, L. Liu, P. Y. Yu, S. S. Mao, Science, 2011, 331, 746-750.
[48] G. S. Wu, A. C. Chen, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, 2008, 195, 47-53.
[49] F. He, F. Ma, T. Li, G. Y. Li, Chin. J. Catal., 2013, 34, 2263-2270.
[50] W. J. Dai, J. Q. Yan, K. Dai, L. D. Li, N. J. Guan, Chin. J. Catal., 2015, 36, 1968-1975.
[51] S. Hoang, S. P. Berglund, N. T. Hahn, A. J. Bard, C. B. Mullins, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 3659-3662.
[52] F. Zuo, K. Bozhilov, R. J. Dillon, L. Wang, P. Smith, X. Zhao, C. Bardeen, P. Y. Feng, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2012, 51, 6223-6226.
[53] F. Zuo, L. Wang, T. Wu, Z. Y. Zhang, D. Borchardt, P. Y. Feng, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 11856-11857.
[54] G. M. Wang, H. Y. Wang, Y. C. Ling, Y. C. Tang, X. Y. Yang, R. C. Fitzmorris, C. C. Wang, J. Z. Zhang, Y. Li, Nano Lett., 2011, 11, 3026-3033.
[55] M. Tian, B. Adams, J. L. Wen, R. M. Asmussen, A. C. Chen, Electrochim. Acta, 2009, 54, 3799-3805.
[56] H. Tao, X. Liang, Q. Zhang, C. T. Chang, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2015, 324, 258-264.