An S-scheme heterojunction engineered with spatially separated dual active groups for simultaneously photocatalytic CO2 reduction and ciprofloxacin oxidation

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60281-0

Abstract

Abstract:

Solar-driven CO₂ conversion and pollutant removal with an S-scheme heterojunction provides promising approach to alleviate energy shortage and environmental crisis, yet the comprehensive regulation of the charge separation and the activation sites of reactant molecules remains challenging. Herein, a dual-active groups regulated S-scheme heterojunction for hydroxy-regulated BiOBr modified amino-functionalized g-C₃N₄ (labeled as HBOB/ACN) was designed by spatially separated dual sites with hydroxyl group (OH) and amino group (NH₂) toward simultaneously photocatalytic CO₂ reduction and ciprofloxacin (CIP) oxidation. The optimized HBOB/ACN delivers around 2.74-fold CO yield rate and 1.61-times CIP removal rate in comparison to BiOBr/g-C₃N₄ (BOB/CN) without surface groups, which chiefly ascribed the synergistic effect of OH and NH₂ group. A series of experiments and theoretical calculation unveiled that the OH and NH₂ group trapped holes and electrons to participate in CIP oxidation and CO₂ reduction, respectively. Besides, dual-functional coupled reaction system realized the complete utilization of carriers. This work affords deep insights for dual-group modified S-scheme heterojunctions with redox active sites toward dual-functional coupled reaction system for environment purification and solar fuel production.

Key words: Coupled reaction system, S-scheme heterojunction, Hydroxyl group, Amino group, Dual active sites

Xinyue Li, Haili Lin, Xuemei Jia, Shifu Chen, Jing Cao. An S-scheme heterojunction engineered with spatially separated dual active groups for simultaneously photocatalytic CO₂ reduction and ciprofloxacin oxidation[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 73: 205-221.

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URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60281-0

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2025/V73/I6/205

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. (a) Synthesis procedure of HBOB/ACN heterojunctions. SEM images of HBOB (b), ACN (c) and HBOB/ACN-0.8 (d) composite. HRTEM image (e) and elemental mapping images (f) of HBOB/ACN-0.8 heterojunction.

Fig. 2. XRD patterns (a) and FTIR spectra (b) of the as-synthesized photocatalysts. O 1s (c) and Bi 4f (d) XPS spectra of HBOB and HBOB/ACN-0.8. N 1s (e) and C 1s (f) XPS spectra of ACN and HBOB/ACN-0.8.

Fig. 3. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (a) and the associated band gap energies (b) for the synthesized catalysts. (c) Valence band XPS spectra of BOB, HBOB, CN, and ACN. Theoretical calculations of band structures and density of states for BOB (d), HBOB (e), CN (f) and ACN (g).

Fig. 4. (a, b) Photocatalytic CO2 conversion linked with CIP degradation over the as-prepared photocatalysts. (c) Action spectra of HBOB/ACN-0.8 heterojunction for CO2 conversion coupled with CIP degradation. (d) Photocatalytic redox performance of HBOB/ACN-0.8 heterojunction in different reaction systems. The isotope-labelled 13CO2 test (e), and the recycling (f) of HBOB/ACN-0.8 heterojunction for CO2 conversion coupled with CIP degradation. TPC response (g), PL spectra (h) and TRPL decay curves (i) of BOB, HBOB, CN, ACN and HBOB/ACN-0.8 heterojunction.

Fig. 5. (a) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and the homologous pore size distribution plots (inset). The contact angle (b) and CO2 and CIP adsorption energy (c) of BOB, HBOB, CN, ACN and HBOB/ACN-0.8 heterojunction. (d) In situ FTIR spectra of HBOB/ACN-0.8 hybrid. (e) Free energy of CO2 reduction for ACN and HBOB/ACN-0.8 heterojunction.

Fig. 6. AFM height image (a1,b1), surface potential images (a2,b2), and the corresponding line-scanning surface potential profile (a3,b3) of HBOB/ACN-0.8 heterojunction in the dark (a1?a3) and in the light (b1?b3). In situ XPS high-resolution spectra of O 1s (c), Bi 4f (d), and N 1s (e) for HBOB/ACN-0.8 heterojunction.

Fig. 7. Charge density difference (a) and the corresponding side view (b) of HBOB/ACN hybrid. The regions of charge accumulation and depletion were represented by yellow and cyan areas, respectively. Calculated work functions and structural models of BOB (c), HBOB (d), CN (e) and ACN (f). (g) Schematic diagram of HBOB and ACN materials prior to and following contact in the absence of light, and the migration of photo-induced carriers in the HBOB/ACN under light irradiation. (h) The potential reaction mechanisms for CO2 reduction in conjunction with CIP oxidation on the HBOB/ACN-0.8 heterojunction.

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An S-scheme heterojunction engineered with spatially separated dual active groups for simultaneously photocatalytic CO₂ reduction and ciprofloxacin oxidation

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