BEA沸石后合成金属(Sn, Zr, Hf)改性: 结合Lewis和Brønsted酸性进行级联催化

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64539-5

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

Sn, Zr和Hf等Lewis酸性金属中心改性的沸石是许多生物炼制相关反应(如碳水化合物异构化和呋喃Meerwein-Pondorf-Verley(MPV)还原)中有应用前景的催化剂. 在大孔BEA沸石框架中固载上述金属离子得到的催化剂性能良好. 然而, 制备该类催化剂通常需采用昂贵的有机金属前体, 并且需要经历多步制备过程.

本文开发了一种简易的固态研磨法, 采用简单的无机金属前体, 在脱铝BEA沸石中成功掺入了高度分散的、高金属含量(Si/M比为50‒75)的孤立Sn, Zr和Hf. 在样品焙烧前, 采用甲醇处理去除过量的金属, 可使孤立金属位点高含量、有效地掺杂在BEA框架中. 在改性的BEA沸石中, Lewis酸位点来自于开放的Sn, Zr和Hf孤立金属离子位点; Sn改性的BEA上 Lewis酸位点还包括封闭的Sn位点, 但开放的Sn位点表现出最高的Lewis酸性. Brønsted酸性来自于受开放金属位点Lewis酸性金属离子摄动的硅羟基以及与开放金属位点相连的羟基. Sn, Zr, Hf改性的BEA沸石在肉桂醛级联还原醚化反应中表现出较好的催化活性. 以异丙醇为溶剂, 肉桂醛先在Lewis酸位点上发生MPV还原生成肉桂醇; 随后, 肉桂醇在Brønsted酸位点发生醚化反应生成肉桂基丙基醚. 其中, Sn改性的BEA沸石表现出最高的催化活性, 这是因为其具有最强的Lewis酸性, 这对第一步MPV反应至关重要. 此外, 将本研究中Sn改性优化固态离子交换法用于对不同形貌BEA沸石进行改性以提高其催化性能, 结果表明, BEA沸石多级孔结构进一步有利于级联还原醚化反应.

关键词: 分子筛, BEA沸石, 嫁接, 金属形态, 酸性

Abstract:

Zeolites modified by Lewis acidic metal centers such as Sn, Zr, and Hf are promising catalysts for numerous reactions relevant to biorefining, such as isomerization of carbohydrates and Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction of furans. Preferred catalysts contain these metal ions in the framework of large-pore BEA zeolite, requiring often complex multistep preparation procedures based on expensive organometallic precursors. Herein, we developed a facile approach for obtaining highly dispersed isolated Sn, Zr, and Hf incorporated in dealuminated BEA zeolite with high metal content (Si/M ratio of 50‒75) via a solid-state grinding approach using simple inorganic metal precursors. The efficient incorporation of isolated metal sites in the BEA framework with high content was achieved by methanol treatment before calcination, which removes excess metal. The Lewis acid sites derive from isolated metal ions in open sites for Sn, Zr, and Hf, while Sn-modified BEA also contains closed Sn sites. The open Sn sites display the highest Lewis acidity. The Brønsted acidity stems from silanols perturbed by Lewis acidic metal ions of open metal sites and the OH group connected to the open metal sites. The metal-modified zeolites are active in the cascade reductive etherification of cinnamaldehyde, involving the MPV reduction to cinnamyl alcohol and the subsequent etherification to cinnamyl propyl ether with the isopropanol solvent over Lewis and Brønsted acid sites, respectively. Sn-modified BEA was the most active sample, which stems from its strongest Lewis acidity, which is crucial for the first MPV step. Sn modification of the optimized solid-state ion-exchange method was applied to various BEA zeolites with different morphologies (nanocrystalline, hierarchical, and conventional BEA), showing that pore hierarchization can further benefit cascade reductive etherification reaction.

Key words: Zeolite, BEA zeolite, Grafting, Metal speciation, Acidity

Peerapol Pornsetmetakul, Ferdy J. A. G. Coumans, Rim C. J. van de Poll, Anna Liutkova, Duangkamon Suttipat, Brahim Mezari, Chularat Wattanakit, Emiel J. M. Hensen. BEA沸石后合成金属(Sn, Zr, Hf)改性: 结合Lewis和Brønsted酸性进行级联催化[J]. 催化学报, 2023, 55: 200-215.

Peerapol Pornsetmetakul, Ferdy J. A. G. Coumans, Rim C. J. van de Poll, Anna Liutkova, Duangkamon Suttipat, Brahim Mezari, Chularat Wattanakit, Emiel J. M. Hensen. Post-synthesis metal (Sn, Zr, Hf) modification of BEA zeolite: Combined Lewis and Brønsted acidity for cascade catalysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 55: 200-215.

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https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/Y2023/V55/I12/200

图/表 11

Scheme 1. Approach to post-synthesis modification of BEA with Sn, Zr, and Hf.

Fig. 1. (a) XRD patterns of Com-BEA-M, Com-BEA-M(no-wash), and Com-BEA-deal samples. UV-Vis spectra of Zr-modified Com-BEA (b) and Sn-modified Com-BEA (c) samples. STEM-EDX images of Com-BEA-Sn (d) and Com-BEA-Sn(no-wash) (e). Si and Sn are shown in red and green, respectively.

Fig. 2. (a) XRD patterns of Com-BEA zeolites after dealumination and metal modification. (b) Enlargement of (a) 2θ of 21°?24° range. (c) IR spectra of dehydrated Com-BEA-deal and Com-BEA-M zeolites. (d) Enlargement of (c) in the 3600-3850 cm?1 region. (e) XRD patterns of Sn modified BEA zeolites with various morphologies. (f) Enlargement of (e) in the 2θ region of 21°?24° range. (g) STEM-HAADF images of Com-BEA-M zeolites.

Table 1 Elemental composition of BEA zeolites determined by ICP-OES analysis.

Sample	Si/Al	Si/M	Fractional removal or incorporation^a	wt% M	μmol M g^‒1
Com-BEA	13	—	—	—	—
Com-BEA-deal	>1124	—	>99	—	—
Com-BEA-Zr	>1124	53.7	25	2.7	299.3
Com-BEA-Sn	>1124	74.7	18	2.6	216.5
Com-BEA-Hf	>1124	67.3	20	4.2	235.3

Fig. 3. Weight-normalized 29Si MAS NMR (a), 29Si-1H CP MAS NMR (b), weight-normalized 27Al MAS NMR (c) spectra of hydrated zeolites and weight-normalized 1H MAS NMR spectra (d) of Com-BEA, Com-BEA-deal, and Com-BEA-M zeolites. (e) A zoom of 2?8 ppm region of (d).

Fig. 4. IR spectra of pyridine adsorbed on Com-BEA (a), Com-BEA-deal (b), Com-BEA-Zr (c), Com-BEA-Sn (d), and Com-BEA-Hf (e).

Fig. 5. CO IR spectra recorded at liquid N2 temperature (hydroxyl stretching vibration region and carbonyl stretching vibration) of Com-BEA (a,f), Com-BEA-deal (b,g), Com-BEA-Sn (c,h), Com-BEA-Zr (d,i), and Com-BEA-Hf (e,j), respectively. CO IR spectra (f?j) in carbonyl stretching region are reference to IR spectra of dehydrated samples.

Fig. 6. (a) 15N CP MAS NMR spectra of pyridine-15N adsorbed on zeolites after adsorption at 50 °C for 0.5 h (dash line) and desorption under evacuation at 150 °C for 1.5 h (solid line). (b) Chemical shift scale and the corresponding species. The spectra were recorded at ambient conditions.

Scheme 2. Cascade conversion of cinnamaldehyde (CAD) into cinnamyl propyl ether (CPE) in isopropanol involving MPV reduction and etherification.

Fig. 7. Catalytic cascade reductive etherification of cinnamaldehyde (a) and etherification of cinnamyl alcohol (b). Reaction conditions: 0.53 mmol (71.1 mg) cinnamaldehyde or cinnamyl alcohol, isopropanol/substrate molar ratio = 97.5 (4 mL isopropanol), catalyst amount = 15 mg, 10 bar He, T = 120 °C for (a) and 150 °C for (b).

Scheme 3. Chemical moieties in metal-modified BEA zeolite giving rise to Lewis and Br?nsted acid sites. Lewis acid sites are derived from isolated metal ions (purple). Br?nsted acid sites (red) are derived from silanols perturbed by Lewis acidic metal ions of open metal sites and the OH group connected to the open metal sites.

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