共价有机框架中的连接工程用于在水和空气中光催化全合成H2O2

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60195-6

催化学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 69: 219-229.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60195-6

共价有机框架中的连接工程用于在水和空气中光催化全合成H₂O₂

肖建洲, 赵致灏, 张楠楠, 车宏途, 乔秀, 张光颖, 初小宇, 王雅, 董鸿^*(), 张凤鸣^*()

哈尔滨理工大学材料科学与化学工程学院, 黑龙江省CO₂资源化利用与能源催化材料重点实验室, 黑龙江哈尔滨 150080

收稿日期:2024-09-18 接受日期:2024-11-05 出版日期:2025-02-18 发布日期:2025-02-10
通讯作者: *电子信箱: donghong@hrbust.edu.cn/dongh92@163.com (董鸿),.zhangfm80@163.com (张凤鸣).
作者简介:第一联系人：
¹共同第一作者.
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22178077);国家自然科学基金(22102178);中国博士后科学基金(2021M693119);山东省自然科学基金(ZR2022MB126);黑龙江省省属本科院校基本科研业务费(2024-KYYWF-0928);黑龙江省省属本科院校基本科研业务费(2020-KYYWF-0337)

Linkage engineering in covalent organic frameworks for overall photocatalytic H₂O₂ synthesis from water and air

Jian-Zhou Xiao, Zhi-Hao Zhao, Nan-Nan Zhang, Hong-Tu Che, Xiu Qiao, Guang-Ying Zhang, Xiaoyu Chu, Ya Wang, Hong Dong^*(), Feng-Ming Zhang^*()

Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO₂ Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China

Received:2024-09-18 Accepted:2024-11-05 Online:2025-02-18 Published:2025-02-10
Contact: *E-mail: donghong@hrbust.edu.cn/dongh92@163.com (H. Dong), zhangfm80@163.com (F.-M. Zhang).
About author:First author contact:
¹Contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178077);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22102178);Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M693119);Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2022MB126);Fundamental Research Foundation for Universities of Heilongjiang Province(2024-KYYWF-0928);Fundamental Research Foundation for Universities of Heilongjiang Province(2020-KYYWF-0337)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

过氧化氢(H₂O₂)已经被认为是一种极具价值的化学品, 具有极其广泛的应用, 特别是在废水处理、医疗消毒和化学合成方面. 传统的生产双氧水方法包括蒽醌法、电解法、异丙醇法和氢氧化合法等,但是以上方法均伴随着大量能源或有机溶剂的消耗,并产生有毒的副产品. 近年来, 利用半导体催化剂光催化合成H₂O₂被广泛关注, 其中利用共价有机框架(COFs)作为光催化剂用于人工光合作用合成H₂O₂的策略具有广泛的应用前景. 然而, 研究COFs中的连接化学对催化材料的光电化学性质和光催化性能的影响仍然是一个重大的挑战.

本文设计并合成了一个具有不同连接方式的模型COFs体系, 包括亚胺、仲胺和偶氮连接的三种COFs. 表征结果表明, 三种不同连接的COFs (亚胺连接COF (TTA-COF)、仲胺连接COF (TTA-COF-Ar)和偶氮连接COF (TTA-Azo-COF)在光电化学性质上表现出显著的差异, 其中偶氮连接的TTA-Azo-COF显示了更强的可见光吸收能力和较窄的带隙. 随后研究了三种COFs的光催化全合成H₂O₂活性. 光催化结果表明, 这些不同连接的COFs显示了不同的H₂O₂光合成活性, 其中偶氮连接的TTA-Azo-COF显示了最高的全H₂O₂光合作用活性, 在没有任何牺牲剂存在的O₂气氛中活性为2516 μmol g^‒1 h^‒1, 分别是亚胺连接的TTA-COF和仲胺连接的TTA-COF-AR的6.72和2.85倍. 此外, TTA-Azo-COF在空气气氛下保持了2116 μmol g^‒1 h^‒1的高光合作用H₂O₂合成活性, 在类似的反应条件下优于大多数COFs光催化体系. 稳态荧光光谱、瞬态荧光光谱、电化学交流阻抗、光电流响应曲线和电子顺磁共振光谱等表征结果证实了在偶氮连接的TTA-Azo-COF上显示了更快的电荷分离和转移速率. 原位漫反射红外光谱结果表明, 三个COFs中碳位点均是氧还原的主要活性位点, 并有过氧化物中间体生成. 进一步通过密度泛函理论计算优化各个碳位点对氧还原各步反应能垒的优化, 得出最佳的氧还原活性位点, 并同时计算了水氧化路径下的反应路径自由能, 发现水氧化主要生成氧气为主要氧化路径, 并提供氧气进一步实现氧还原进程, 进而完成整个全反应过程.

综上, 本文对COFs连接的拓展揭示了连接工程对COFs在光催化领域的重要影响, 并为合理设计具有定制特别连接的COFs以满足未来实际应用的特定要求提供参考.

关键词: 连接工程, 过氧化氢, 共价有机框架, 光催化过氧化氢合成, 偶氮

Abstract:

Artificial photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) using covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as photocatalysts holds promise for future applications. However, the influence of linkage chemistry on the photoelectrochemical properties and photocatalytic performance of COFs remains a significant challenge. Herein, we designed and synthesized a model system with different linkages, including imine-, amine-, azo-linked COFs, then investigated their photocatalytic activity of overall H₂O₂ production. The photocatalytic results revealed varying activities for H₂O₂ synthesis among these COFs, with the azo-linked TTA-Azo-COF (COF synthesized by 4,4',4''-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)-trianiline and terephthalaldehyde) demonstrating the highest overall H₂O₂ photosynthesis activity of 2516 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ in an O₂ atmosphere without any sacrificial agents, which is 6.72 and 2.85 times higher than that of imine-linked TTA-COF and amine-linked TTA-COF-AR, respectively. Furthermore, TTA-Azo-COF maintained a high photosynthesis H₂O₂ activity of 2116 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ under an air atmosphere, outperforming most COF-based photocatalytic systems under similar reaction conditions. Further characterizations and density functional theory calculations reveal these various linkages in different COFs result in distinct visible-light absorption, charge transfer capacities and formation energy barriers of key intermediates. This work revealed the significant impact of linkages on COFs and provided comprehensive guidance for the rational design of COFs with tailored linkages to fulfill specific requirements for future applications.

Key words: Linkage engineering, Hydrogen peroxide, COFs, Photocatalytic H₂O₂ synthesis, Azo

肖建洲, 赵致灏, 张楠楠, 车宏途, 乔秀, 张光颖, 初小宇, 王雅, 董鸿, 张凤鸣. 共价有机框架中的连接工程用于在水和空气中光催化全合成H₂O₂[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 69: 219-229.

Jian-Zhou Xiao, Zhi-Hao Zhao, Nan-Nan Zhang, Hong-Tu Che, Xiu Qiao, Guang-Ying Zhang, Xiaoyu Chu, Ya Wang, Hong Dong, Feng-Ming Zhang. Linkage engineering in covalent organic frameworks for overall photocatalytic H₂O₂ synthesis from water and air[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 69: 219-229.

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https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/Y2025/V69/I2/219

图/表 5

Fig. 1. (a) The structure diagram of TTA-Azo-COF, TTA-COF and TTA-COF-AR. PXRD patterns and refined profiles of TTA-Azo-COF (b), TTA-COF (c) and TTA-COF-AR (d). N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution pro?les (insert) for TTA-Azo-COF (e), TTA-COF (f) and TTA-COF-AR (g).

Fig. 2. FT-IR (a), Raman (b) and 13C CP/MAS ssNMR (c) spectra of TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF. The HR-XPS N 1s spectra of TTA-COF (d), TTA-COF-AR (e) and TTA-Azo-COF (f). TEM, HR-TEM images and lattice fringes of TTA-COF (g), TTA-COF-AR (h) and TTA-Azo-COF (i).

Fig. 3. UV-vis DRS spectra (a), optical bandgap (b) and energy band structures (c) for TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF. (d) The photocatalytic performance of H2O2 production using visible light for TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF. (e) The photocatalytic performance of H2O2 production under different atmosphere conditions. (f) The comparison of H2O2 photosynthesis rate by TTA-Azo-COF with other reported photocatalysts under similar reaction conditions. (g) Comparison of H2O2 production rates by TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF under different conditions. (h) Photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis cycles stability of TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF. (i) The dependence of AQY on incident light wavelength.

Fig. 4. (a) The RRDE measurement of TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF at 1600 r min?1 in O2-saturated 0.1 mol L?1 KOH. (b) The Koutecky-Levich plots obtained by RDE measurements. The transient photocurrent response density (c), EIS Nyquist plots (d), PL spectra (e) and TRPL decay spectra (f) of TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF. (g) EPR spectra of TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) conditions. (h,i) EPR spectra of DMPO-·O2? of TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) and dark conditions.

Fig. 5. Time-dependence in-situ DRIFTS spectra of TTA-COF (a), TTA-COF-AR (b) and TTA-Azo-COF (c) under visible-light irradiation with water vapor and O2 atmosphere. (d) Possible reaction sites for ORR in TTA-Azo-COF. (e,f) Adsorption configuration of *OO and *OOH key intermediates on TTA-Azo-COF. (g) Free energy diagrams of TTA-Azo-COF for the photosynthesis of H2O2 by ORR pathway in different reaction sites. (h,i) Calculated energy profile for reduction of oxygen into H2O2 and oxidation of water into H2O2 or O2 on TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF.

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共价有机框架中的连接工程用于在水和空气中光催化全合成H₂O₂

Linkage engineering in covalent organic frameworks for overall photocatalytic H₂O₂ synthesis from water and air

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