三重态烷基蒽醌在模拟自然条件下实现木质素O-H键的位点选择性光活化

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(25)64764-4

催化学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 76: 65-80.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(25)64764-4

三重态烷基蒽醌在模拟自然条件下实现木质素O-H键的位点选择性光活化

李立霞^a^,^b, 李修奇^a, 李飞跃^a, 甄翔^a, 董明东^b, 龙金星^c^,^*(), 王晓兵^a^,^d^,^*(), 江智勇^a^,^*()

^a河南师范大学化学化工学院, 绿色化学介质与反应省部共建教育部重点实验室, 河南新乡 453007, 中国
^b奥胡斯大学交叉学科纳米中心,奥胡斯, 丹麦
^c华南理工大学化学化工学院, 制浆造纸重点实验室, 广东广州 510640, 中国
^d哈密职业技术学院, 新疆哈密 839001, 中国

收稿日期:2025-04-12 接受日期:2025-05-18 出版日期:2025-09-18 发布日期:2025-09-10
通讯作者: 龙金星,王晓兵,江智勇
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22308091);国家自然科学基金(22378145);河南省科技攻关(252102320179);河南省自然科学基金(232102320202);河南省自然科学基金(242300420337);河南省高等学校重点研发项目(24A530005)

Light-driven site-selective O-H activation in lignin by triplet excited alkylanthraquinone at simulated natural conditions

Lixia Li^a^,^b, Xiuqi Li^a, Feiyue Li^a, Xiang Zhen^a, Mingdong Dong^b, Jinxing Long^c^,^*(), Xiaobing Wang^a^,^d^,^*(), Zhiyong Jiang^a^,^*()

^aKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
^bInterdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
^cPulp & Paper Engineering State Key Laboratory of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
^dHami vocational and Technical College, Hami 839001, Xinjiang, China

Received:2025-04-12 Accepted:2025-05-18 Online:2025-09-18 Published:2025-09-10
Contact: Jinxing Long, Xiaobing Wang, Zhiyong Jiang
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22308091);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378145);Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province(252102320179);Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(232102320202);Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(242300420337);Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan(24A530005)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

木质素是自然界中唯一天然可再生的芳香族碳资源, 被视为开发高附加值化学品和可持续能源的重要原料. 开发高效、可控的木质素催化解聚技术, 对于推动生物质资源全组分利用具有重要的意义. 光催化木质素氧化解聚, 一方面可通过在反应过程中产生的具有较高氧化还原电位的光生电荷载体或激发态等活性物种, 突破热力学限制, 促进常温条件下热力学不利的反应; 另一方面, 生成的自由基等高活性中间体能够加速动力学缓慢过程. 然而, 目前该技术面临木质素光催化过程中惰性C-H和O-H键难以精准活化、光生载流子分离效率低以及C-C键断裂选择性低的瓶颈问题. 实现对木质素中C-H/O-H键的定点活化, 并以此驱动选择性氧化C-C键断裂, 是高选择性生成增值化学品的一项关键但具有挑战性的策略.

近年来, 三重态激发的9,10-蒽醌(AQs)因其良好的氧化还原活性与强电子缺陷特性, 在诱导特定位点C-H键参与的光驱动氢原子转移(HAT)过程中展现出巨大潜力, 能够推动木质素向高值产物的光氧化转化. 本研究基于此提出一种无金属光化学策略, 通过三重态激发的2-乙基蒽醌(EAQ*)和其还原产物EAQH₂与O₂反应原位生成的羟基自由基(•OH)协同驱动的HAT机制, 实现木质素中O-H键的位点选择性活化, 进而诱导木质素中特定C-C键的精准断裂, 从而实现木质素的高效解聚. 在模拟自然光照条件下, 该体系可高效催化木质素β-O-4二聚体模型化合物(2-苯氧基-1-苯乙醇)完全解聚, 苯甲醛的产率和选择性达到146.6 mol%和74.3%. 机理研究表明, 木质素中C_α-OH的优先活化促进了HAT过程的级联催化, 生成烷氧自由基中间体, 降低了C_α-C_β键的解离能, 并进一步诱导β-裂解, 断键后产生的自由基中间体进一步在单线态氧的作用下发生氧化反应, 最终生成高选择性的目标产物苯甲醛. 系统的对照实验与密度泛函理论(DFT)计算证实了该结论. 此外, 该策略也可实现有机溶木质素和工业木质素(kraft lignin)的C-C键的高效选择性断裂, 在温和、无金属条件下, 产物3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯甲酸的选择性高达90%, 酚类单体的收率分别为5.02 wt%和3.96 wt%, 展现出广泛的适用性和潜在的工业转化前景.

综上, 本文开发了基于协同HAT机制的无金属光化学方法, 实现了在模拟自然条件下对木质素中O-H键的位点选择性活化, 诱导目标C-C键的精准断裂, 实现了木质素的高效解聚, 生成高附加值的苯甲醛产物. 该研究不仅揭示了了木质素分子内激发态HAT过程的演变路径, 还构建了催化剂结构与光催化性能之间的构效关系, 为天然木质素的绿色转化与高效利用提供了全新思路与理论支持

关键词: 木质素, 氧化解聚, 光氧化有机催化剂, 2-乙基蒽醌, 苯甲醛

Abstract:

Harnessing photocatalyzed hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) for the precise activation of C-H/O-H bonds is a pivotal yet challenging strategy to selectively drive oxidative C-C bond scission in renewable lignin, yielding value-added chemicals with exceptional selectivity. Herein, we present a metal-free photochemical strategy that enables selective C-C bond scission in lignin via a unique synergistic HAT pathway driven by triplet-excited 2-ethylanthraquinone (EAQ*) and hydroxyl radicals (^•OH) generated in situ from EAQH₂ and O₂. Under simulated natural conditions, this process achieves a benzaldehyde yield of 146.6 mol% from a lignin-derived phenolic dimer. Mechanistic investigations reveal that preferential activation of the C_α-OH in lignin facilitates a tandem HAT process, forming alkoxy radical intermediates that undergo β-scission to produce benzaldehyde, as corroborated by extensive control reactions and density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, this straightforward protocol efficiently cleaves the C-C bonds of technical kraft lignins, providing a rapid, scalable, and metal-free protocol for lignin valorization under mild conditions.

Key words: Lignin, Oxidative degradation, Photoredox organocatalyst, 2-Ethylanthraquinone, Benzaldehyde

李立霞, 李修奇, 李飞跃, 甄翔, 董明东, 龙金星, 王晓兵, 江智勇. 三重态烷基蒽醌在模拟自然条件下实现木质素O-H键的位点选择性光活化[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 76: 65-80.

Lixia Li, Xiuqi Li, Feiyue Li, Xiang Zhen, Mingdong Dong, Jinxing Long, Xiaobing Wang, Zhiyong Jiang. Light-driven site-selective O-H activation in lignin by triplet excited alkylanthraquinone at simulated natural conditions[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 76: 65-80.

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图/表 9

Fig. 1. Selective C-C bond cleavage and functionalization via photoredox catalysis.

Table 1 Depolymerization of a model β-O-4 lignin compound over various catalysts a.

Entry	Catalyst	Conv. (%)	Yield (mol%)					Sel. of 2 (%)	Carbon balance (%)
Entry	Catalyst	Conv. (%)	2	3	4	5	Total	Sel. of 2 (%)	Carbon balance (%)
1	No catalyst	<1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
2		87.7	112.2	27.8	17.3	3.9	161.2	69.6	92.7
3		20.2	—	—	—	18.6	18.6	—	—
4		13.5	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
5		46.7	44.0	10.7	13.7	1.9	70.3	62.6	75.2
6		81.6	97.6	22.5	15.5	3.3	138.9	70.3	85.8
7		94.4	109.9	29.3	12.2	3.7	155.1	70.9	83.2
8		92.7	130.6	18.5	26.5	2.5	168.1	71.7	95.4
9		100	127.2	28.9	16.7	2.1	174.9	72.7	87.3
10		88.5	129.9	14.3	21.3	2.5	168.0	77.3	94.6
11		71.2	98.4	12.4	21.0	2.9	134.7	73.1	94.5
12		93.8	130.4	17.7	34.5	1.9	184.5	70.7	96.7
13		<1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
14		<1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
15		15.3	7.6	3.5	—	—	—	—	36.3
16		9.2	1.2	—	—	—	1.2	100	6.5
17^b		<1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Fig. 2. (A) Correlation between catalyst dipole moments and yield of product 2. (B) Effects of solvents on catalytic performance (conditions: 0.1 mmol substrate 1, 10 mol% EAQ, hv, open air, 25 °C, 2 h). (C) Catalytic reaction under air or Ar over EAQ (conditions: 0.1 mmol substrate 1, hv, 20 mol% EAQ, 25 °C, 2 h). (D) Different wavelengths. UV-vis spectra (E) of substrate 1, EAQ and reaction liquid at various reaction times and magnification UV-vis spectra (F) of reaction solution at various reaction times.

Fig. 3. (A) LUMO (top) and HOMO (bottom) of AQ, AO, EAQ, AC, and EAC in the electronic ground state and triplet excited state. (B) Minimum energy structures of EAQ in the electronic ground state (left) and triplet excited state (right). (C) Relationship between HOMO energy level of the donor and the conversion of 1. HOMO energy levels of the donor were calculated at the B3LYP/6-31 + G* level.

Fig. 4. (A) Scatter plot of products 2, 3, 4 and 5 at each time point in the degradation of substrate 1. Control experiments (B) and Kinetic isotope effects (C) with deuterium labelled compounds. Standard conditions: substrate (0.1 mmol), EAQ (20 mol%), CH3CN (2 mL), hv, open air, 25 °C, 2 h.

Table 2 Photocatalytic conversion of substrate 1, 1-D and 1’-D in CH3CN and CD3CN.

Entry	Substrate	Solvent	Conv. (%)	Yield (mol%)
Entry	Substrate	Solvent	Conv. (%)	2 + (2-D)	3 + (3-D)	4 + (4-D)	5 + (5-D)	Total
1		CH₃CN	100	146.6	33.2	16.0	1.6	197.4
2		CD₃CN	100	121.2	26.1	13.1	—	160.4
3		CH₃CN	100	137.6	22.1	23.2	—	182.9
4		CD₃CN	100	132.1	21.6	20.0	—	173.7
5		CH₃CN	100	120.0	16.8	15.4	—	152.2
6		CD₃CN	100	118.0	17.9	12.3	—	148.2

Fig. 5. (A) Effect of radical scavenger on the photocatalytic performance of substrate 1. EPR spin trap spectra to detect the reaction intermediates during photoconversion using the trapping agents DMPO to trap O2-•, R• and RO• radicals in CH3OH (B), DMPO to trap •OH in H2O (C), and TEMP to trap 1O2 in H2O (D), under simulated environmental conditions.

Fig. 6. (A) Free energy profile of EAQ-promoted photocatalytic Cα-Cβ bond cleavage of lignin. (B) Reactions with a hydroxyl radical. (C) Proposed reaction pathway.

Fig. 7. 2D HSQC NMR spectra of original bagasse lignin (A,B), recovered bagasse lignin (C,D), original kraft lignin (E,F) and recovered kraft lignin (G,H). Reaction conditions: 50 mg lignin, 2.3 mg mL-1 EAQ, 10 mL CH3CN, 25 °C, open air, 10 h.

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三重态烷基蒽醌在模拟自然条件下实现木质素O-H键的位点选择性光活化

Light-driven site-selective O-H activation in lignin by triplet excited alkylanthraquinone at simulated natural conditions

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[1]	曹家铭, 刘玉庭, 刘慧芳, 刘春光, 时君友, 李宁. 多金属氧酸盐/乙酸协同氧化强化木质素高效解聚[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 74(7): 352-364.
[2]	王鑫颖, 田庆, 陈耀, 李爱朋, 张连兵, 张明明, 李昌志, 费强. 天然酶-纳米酶仿生杂合体系促进木质素高效解聚[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 72(5): 84-94.
[3]	郭芷若, 刘晓晖, 郭勇, 王艳芹. 多功能Pt-Nb/MOR催化剂上C-C裂解促进木质素转化为单体环烷烃[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 71(4): 285-296.
[4]	王毅同, 张超锋, 蔡诚, 黄曹兴, 沈晓骏, 楼宏铭, 胡常伟, 潘学军, 王峰, 谢君. 胡敏素形成机理、抑制策略和增值应用方面的研究进展[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 71(4): 25-53.
[5]	董琳, 方志强, 袁乾博, 樊勇, 杨勇, 王平, 盛时雄, 王艳芹, 陈祖鹏. 利用甲醛稳定剂和木质素中甲氧基从木质素选择性制备高碳数芳烃[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 68(1): 356-365.
[6]	李洋, 王雄, 胡星盛, 胡彪, 田昇, 王丙昊, 陈浪, 陈广辉, 彭超, 申升, 尹双凤. 可循环Pd/TiO₂构筑及其紫外光催化苯甲醛与碘苯偶联合成二苯甲酮[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 59(4): 159-168.
[7]	杨艳玲, 韩沛杰, 张元宝, 林敬东, 万绍隆, 王勇, 刘海超, 王帅. 用于间甲酚高效加氢脱氧制芳烃的负载型W₂C纳米催化剂的活性位研究[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 67(12): 91-101.
[8]	邓长顺, 葛冰青, 姚均, 赵涛涛, 沈辰阳, 张哲玮, 王涛, 郭向可, 薛念华, 郭学锋, 彭路明, 祝艳, 丁维平. TeO_x改性MoVTeNbO表面工程促进甲苯同系物氧化为醛[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 66(11): 268-281.
[9]	Muhammad Tayyab, 刘玉洁, 敏世雄, Rana Muhammad Irfan, 朱乔虹, 周亮, 雷菊英, 张金龙. 无贵金属光催化剂VC/CdS纳米线将苯甲醇选择性氧化为苯甲醛并产氢[J]. 催化学报, 2022, 43(4): 1165-1175.
[10]	范亿薇, 李赫龙, 苏世浩, 陈金磊, 刘春泉, 王水众, 徐向亚, 宋国勇. 钌碳耦合碱还原催化降解三倍体毛白杨[J]. 催化学报, 2022, 43(3): 802-810.
[11]	邓长顺, 崔韵, 陈俊超, 陈腾, 郭学锋, 季伟捷, 彭路明, 丁维平. 烷基膦酸键合的纳米氧化物上甲苯选择氧化制苯甲醛的类酶机理[J]. 催化学报, 2021, 42(9): 1509-1518.
[12]	杨辰昕, 陈鹤南, 彭焘, 梁柏耀, 张云, 赵伟. 电催化木质素升级转化成高附加值化学品和燃料的研究进展[J]. 催化学报, 2021, 42(11): 1831-1842.
[13]	邓长顺, 许孟霞, 董珍, 李磊, 杨金月, 郭学峰, 彭路明, 薛念华, 祝艳, 丁维平. 十六烷基膦酸配合的复合氧化物纳米催化剂稳定的O/W乳液中甲苯单一氧化为苯甲醛[J]. 催化学报, 2020, 41(2): 341-349.
[14]	马迪, 陆圣璐, 刘晓晖, 郭勇, 王艳芹. 木质素在不同Ru/Nb基催化剂上解聚和脱氧加氢制芳烃化合物[J]. 催化学报, 2019, 40(4): 609-617.
[15]	张佳光, Loris Lombardoa, Gökalp Gözaydın, Paul J. Dyson, 颜宁. 催化一步转化木质素单体为苯酚:建立木质素到高附加值化学品的通道[J]. 催化学报, 2018, 39(9): 1445-1452.