Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2021, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (1): 3-14.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63630-0
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Kaining Lia, Sushu Zhanga, Yuhan Lib,#(
), Jiajie Fanc, Kangle Lva,*()
Received:2020-03-27
Accepted:2020-05-02
Online:2021-01-18
Published:2021-01-18
Contact:
Yuhan Li,Kangle Lv
About author:#Tel: +86-23-62768317; E-mail: lyhctbu@126.comSupported by:Kaining Li, Sushu Zhang, Yuhan Li, Jiajie Fan, Kangle Lv. MXenes as noble-metal-alternative co-catalysts in photocatalysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2021, 42(1): 3-14.
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URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63630-0
Fig. 1. Typical structures of MXenes (M2XTx, M3X2Tx, and M4X3Tx) and compositions (mono-M MXenes and double-M MXenes), where M is an early transition metal and X is C and/or N (with the C element as an example) [21].
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram illustrating the synthesis of MXenes [51].
Fig. 3. Scheme illustrating the photocatalytic mechanism of MXene-based photocatalysts [73].
Fig. 4. HRTEM (A) and SEM (B) images of CdS/Ti3C2 composite (CT2.5). Comparison of the photocatalytic H2 production rate (C) [81], the band structure (D), and the proposed photocatalytic mechanism of CdS/Ti3C2Tx (E) [82].
Fig. 5. Effect of Ti3C2Tx loading amount on photocatalytic H2 production over TiO2/Ti3C2Tx composites (A), the formation of Schottky barrier at the MXene/TiO2 interface (B) [13], schematic illustration of the preparation of Ti3C2@TiO2@MoS2 composites (C), effect of MoS2 loading amount on the photocatalytic H2 production of Ti3C2@TiO2@MoS2 hybridized photocatalyst (D), and the recyclability of the Ti3C2@TiO2@MoS2-15% photocatalyst (E) [84].
Fig. 6. The mechanism of photocatalytic H2 evolution on Ti2C/g-C3N4, Ef and Ef’ refer to the Fermi levels of g-C3N4 before and after attaining equilibrium, severally (A) [85], the photocatalytic H2 production curves (B), and the corresponding H2 evolution rate (C) [86].
| Catalyst | Weight (mg) | MXene | Light Source | System | Production | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TiO2/Ti3C2 | 50 | Ti3C2 | Xe lamp (300 W) | CO2 in-situ generated by NaHCO3 and HCl (200 ml Pyrex reactor) | 4.4 μmol/g/h (CH4) | [ |
| Bi2WO6/Ti3C2 | 100 | 2 wt% Ti3C2 | Xe lamp | CO2 in-situ generated by NaHCO3 and H2SO4 (200 ml Pyrex reactor) | 1.78 μmol/g/h (CH4) 0.44 μmol/g/h (CH3OH) | [ |
| TiO2(P25)/Ti3C2-OH | 50 | 5 wt% Ti3C2-OH | Xe lamp (300 W) | Closed circulation system (70 kPa of CO2) | 16.61 μmol/g/h (CH4) 11.74 μmol/g/h (CO) | [ |
| CeO2/Ti3C2 | 50 | 5 wt% Ti3C2 | Xe lamp | CO2 in-situ generated by NaHCO3 and HCl (200 ml Pyrex reactor) | 26.1 μmol/m2/h (CO) | [ |
| Ti3C2 QDs/Cu2O/Cu | — | Ti3C2 QDs | Xe lamp (300 W) | High purity CO2 gas (100 ml quartz bottle) | 153.38 ppm/cm2 (CH3OH) | [ |
| CsPbBr3 /MXene | — | Ti3C2 NSs | Xe-lamp (300 W, λ>420 nm) | Photocatalyst in ethyl acetate | 14.64 μmol/g/h (CH4) 32.15 μmol/g/h (CO) | [ |
Table 1 Summary of the photocatalytic CO2 reduction over MXene-based photocatalysts.
| Catalyst | Weight (mg) | MXene | Light Source | System | Production | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TiO2/Ti3C2 | 50 | Ti3C2 | Xe lamp (300 W) | CO2 in-situ generated by NaHCO3 and HCl (200 ml Pyrex reactor) | 4.4 μmol/g/h (CH4) | [ |
| Bi2WO6/Ti3C2 | 100 | 2 wt% Ti3C2 | Xe lamp | CO2 in-situ generated by NaHCO3 and H2SO4 (200 ml Pyrex reactor) | 1.78 μmol/g/h (CH4) 0.44 μmol/g/h (CH3OH) | [ |
| TiO2(P25)/Ti3C2-OH | 50 | 5 wt% Ti3C2-OH | Xe lamp (300 W) | Closed circulation system (70 kPa of CO2) | 16.61 μmol/g/h (CH4) 11.74 μmol/g/h (CO) | [ |
| CeO2/Ti3C2 | 50 | 5 wt% Ti3C2 | Xe lamp | CO2 in-situ generated by NaHCO3 and HCl (200 ml Pyrex reactor) | 26.1 μmol/m2/h (CO) | [ |
| Ti3C2 QDs/Cu2O/Cu | — | Ti3C2 QDs | Xe lamp (300 W) | High purity CO2 gas (100 ml quartz bottle) | 153.38 ppm/cm2 (CH3OH) | [ |
| CsPbBr3 /MXene | — | Ti3C2 NSs | Xe-lamp (300 W, λ>420 nm) | Photocatalyst in ethyl acetate | 14.64 μmol/g/h (CH4) 32.15 μmol/g/h (CO) | [ |
Fig. 7. Comparison of the gas evolution rates of CO and CH4 over P25, 5Pt/P25, 5 wt% Ti3C2-OH/P25, and 5 wt%Ti3C2@OH/P25 under Xe lamp irradiation (A); side view of the adsorption models of CO2 on 2*2*1 Ti3C2-F and 2*2*1 Ti3C2-OH supercells (B) [61]; FESEM (C); AFM (D) images and height cutaway view (E) of ultrathin Ti3C2 MXene/Bi2WO6 [43]; evolution rate of methanol as a function of irradiation time (F); and the proposed energy level diagram of Ti3C2 QDs/Cu2O NWs/Cu and Ti3C2 sheets/Cu2O NWs/Cu photocatalysts (G) [42].
Fig. 8. Three models for the adsorption of N2 molecules on Ti3C2 (001) surface (A-C). The charge density difference of the N2-adsorbed Ti3C2 (001) surface: side view (D) and top view (E). The red and yellow isosurfaces represent the charge accumulation and depletion in the space, respectively [95].
| Catalyst | Weight (mg) | MXene | Light source | Pollutant | Degradation rate or rate constant | Effect of MXene | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BiOBr/Ti3C2 MXene | 50 | Ti3C2 | 300-W Xe lamp (420 nm filter) | 100 mL RhB aqueous solution (20 mg/L) | 89.3% (TOC) | Improved light absorption range and accelerated the separation of photo-induced carriers. | [ |
| (001)TiO2/Ti3C2 | 10 | Ti3C2 | 300-W mercury lamp | 200 mL MO aqueous solution (20 mg/L) | 97.4% (50 min) | Acting as a reservoir of holes. | [ |
| In2S3/TiO2 @Ti3C2Tx | 60 | Ti3C2Tx | 300-W Xenon lamp (420 nm filter) | 100 mL MO solution (20 mg/L) | 92.1% (1 h) | Type-II heterojunction and Schottky junction prolonging electron lifetime. | [ |
| TiO2/ Ti3C2 | 100 | Ti3C2 | 175-W mercury lamp | 100 mL MO (20 mg/L) | 98% (30 min) | Efficient electron-hole separation | [ |
| TiO2@Ti3C2/g-C3N4 | 100 | Ti3C2 | 300-W Xe lamp (400 nm filters) | 100 mL aniline (20 mg/L); 100 mL RhB (10 mg/L) | 74.6% (aniline) 99.9% (RhB) | Excellent supporter of migrating electrons. | [ |
| α-Fe2O3/Ti3C2 | 20 | Ti3C2 | 500 W Xe lamp (420 nm filter) | 100 mL RhB (10 mg/L) | 98% (2 h) | Anchoring α-Fe2O3 and enhancing light absorption. | [ |
| Ceria/ Ti3C2 | 50 | Ti3C2 | 500-W Hg lamp | 50 ml RhB solution (20 mg/L) | 75% (1.5 h) | Improving the utilization of optical energy. | [ |
| Bi2WO6/Ti3C2 | 20 | Ti3C2 | 300-W xenon lamp (400 nm filter) | 5 μL HCHO 5 μL CH3COCH3 was injected into the reactor and vaporized | CO2 production: 72.8 μmol/g/h (HCHO) 85.3 μmol/g/h (CH3COCH3) | Increasing VOC adsorption and trapping photo-induced electrons. | [ |
| TiO2/Ti3C2Tx | 10 | Ti3C2Tx | UV or | 10 ml Carbamazepine (5 mg/L) | 98.67% (UV) 55.83% (Solar light) | Affecting the degradation mechanism and reaction route. | [ |
| Solar light simulator | |||||||
| Ag3PO4/Ti3C2 | 20 | Ti3C2 | 300 W Xe lamp (420 nm filter) | MO dye 2,4-dinitrophenol, tetracycline hydrochloride, Thiamphenicol chloramphenicol | 0.094 min-1 0.005 min-1 0.32 min-1 0.0042 min-1 0.025 min-1 | Electron sink to facilitate the separation of carriers, and a built-in electric field to inhibit the photo-corrosion of Ag3PO4. | [ |
Table 2 Summary of photocatalytic oxidation of organic pollutants on MXene-based photocatalysts.
| Catalyst | Weight (mg) | MXene | Light source | Pollutant | Degradation rate or rate constant | Effect of MXene | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BiOBr/Ti3C2 MXene | 50 | Ti3C2 | 300-W Xe lamp (420 nm filter) | 100 mL RhB aqueous solution (20 mg/L) | 89.3% (TOC) | Improved light absorption range and accelerated the separation of photo-induced carriers. | [ |
| (001)TiO2/Ti3C2 | 10 | Ti3C2 | 300-W mercury lamp | 200 mL MO aqueous solution (20 mg/L) | 97.4% (50 min) | Acting as a reservoir of holes. | [ |
| In2S3/TiO2 @Ti3C2Tx | 60 | Ti3C2Tx | 300-W Xenon lamp (420 nm filter) | 100 mL MO solution (20 mg/L) | 92.1% (1 h) | Type-II heterojunction and Schottky junction prolonging electron lifetime. | [ |
| TiO2/ Ti3C2 | 100 | Ti3C2 | 175-W mercury lamp | 100 mL MO (20 mg/L) | 98% (30 min) | Efficient electron-hole separation | [ |
| TiO2@Ti3C2/g-C3N4 | 100 | Ti3C2 | 300-W Xe lamp (400 nm filters) | 100 mL aniline (20 mg/L); 100 mL RhB (10 mg/L) | 74.6% (aniline) 99.9% (RhB) | Excellent supporter of migrating electrons. | [ |
| α-Fe2O3/Ti3C2 | 20 | Ti3C2 | 500 W Xe lamp (420 nm filter) | 100 mL RhB (10 mg/L) | 98% (2 h) | Anchoring α-Fe2O3 and enhancing light absorption. | [ |
| Ceria/ Ti3C2 | 50 | Ti3C2 | 500-W Hg lamp | 50 ml RhB solution (20 mg/L) | 75% (1.5 h) | Improving the utilization of optical energy. | [ |
| Bi2WO6/Ti3C2 | 20 | Ti3C2 | 300-W xenon lamp (400 nm filter) | 5 μL HCHO 5 μL CH3COCH3 was injected into the reactor and vaporized | CO2 production: 72.8 μmol/g/h (HCHO) 85.3 μmol/g/h (CH3COCH3) | Increasing VOC adsorption and trapping photo-induced electrons. | [ |
| TiO2/Ti3C2Tx | 10 | Ti3C2Tx | UV or | 10 ml Carbamazepine (5 mg/L) | 98.67% (UV) 55.83% (Solar light) | Affecting the degradation mechanism and reaction route. | [ |
| Solar light simulator | |||||||
| Ag3PO4/Ti3C2 | 20 | Ti3C2 | 300 W Xe lamp (420 nm filter) | MO dye 2,4-dinitrophenol, tetracycline hydrochloride, Thiamphenicol chloramphenicol | 0.094 min-1 0.005 min-1 0.32 min-1 0.0042 min-1 0.025 min-1 | Electron sink to facilitate the separation of carriers, and a built-in electric field to inhibit the photo-corrosion of Ag3PO4. | [ |
Fig. 9. SEM image of exposing {001} TiO2/T3C2 MXene (A), charge-transfer path of {001} TiO2/T3C2 MXene (B), schematic band alignments and charge flows at {001} TiO2/T3C2 MXene interface (C), effects of scavengers on the degradation of MO with {001}TiO2/Ti3C2 under UV light irradiation (D), stability test for {001} TiO2/Ti3C2 toward MO degradation (E) [64], and histogram of CO2 production rate in photocatalytic oxidation of HCHO and CH3COCH3 over Bi2WO6 under the irradiation of visible light (F) [99].
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