Enhanced photocatalytic H2 production performance of CdS hollow spheres using C and Pt as bi-cocatalysts

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63695-6

Abstract

Abstract:

Photocatalytic H₂ production from water splitting is an effective method to solve energy crisis and environmental pollution simultaneously. Herein, carbon@CdS composite hollow spheres (C@CdS-HS) are fabricated via a facile hydrothermal method using porous carbon hollow spheres (C-HS) as the template. The C@CdS-HS shows an excellent photocatalytic H₂-generation rate of 20.9 mmol h^-1 g^-1 (apparent quantum efficiency of 15.3% at 420 nm), with 1.0 wt% Pt as a cocatalyst under simulated sunlight irradiation; this rate is 69.7, 13.9, and 3.9 times higher than that obtained with pure CdS hollow spheres (CdS-HS), C@CdS-HS, and CdS-HS/Pt, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic H₂-evolution activity of C@CdS-HS/Pt is due to the synergistic effect of C and Pt as the bi-cocatalyst. The C-HS serves not only as an active site provider but also as an electron transporter and reservoir. Moreover, C-HS has a strong photothermal effect that is induced by near infrared light, which kinetically accelerates the H₂-production reaction. Additionally, the underlying charge transfer pathway and process from CdS to C-HS is revealed. This work highlights the potential application of C-HS-based nanocomposites in solar-to-chemical energy conversion.

Key words: CdS hollow sphere, Carbon, Platinum, Bi-cocatalyst, Synergistic effect, Photocatalytic hydrogen production

Shipeng Tang, Yang Xia, Jiajie Fan, Bei Cheng, Jiaguo Yu, Wingkei Ho. Enhanced photocatalytic H₂ production performance of CdS hollow spheres using C and Pt as bi-cocatalysts[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2021, 42(5): 743-752.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig. 1. Schematic of C@CdS-HS synthesis.

Fig. 2. (a) Zeta potential of SiO2@C before and after treatment with an ultraviolet ozone cleaner; (b) XRD patterns of C-HS, CdS-HS, and C@CdS-HS.

Fig. 3. FESEM images of SiO2@PDA (a), C-HS (b), C@CdS-HS (c), and CdS-HS (d). The inset of (c) and (d) shows corresponding high-magnification images.

Fig. 4. (a,b) TEM and HRTEM images of C@CdS-HS. (c,d) TEM and HRTEM images of CdS-HS. (e) EDX mapping images of C@CdS-HS. The inset in (b) and (d) shows the corresponding SAED patterns.

Fig. 5. (a) Raman spectra (inset is the enlarged spectra) and (b) nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms (inset shows the pore size distribution) of C-HS, CdS-HS, and C@CdS-HS.

Table 1 SBET and pore parameters of C-HS, CdS-HS, and C@CdS-HS.

Samples	S_BET (m² g^-1)	Average pore diameter (nm)	Total pore volume (cm³ g^-1)
C-HS	252	5.8	0.37
CdS-HS	37	9.9	0.09
C@CdS-HS	166	5.6	0.23

Fig. 6. (a) Photocatalytic H2-generation rates of the samples with 10 vol% lactic acid aqueous solution as a sacrificial reagent under simulated sunlight irradiation; (b) Cyclic photocatalytic H2-generation curves of C@CdS-HS/Pt.

Fig. 7. (a) UV-Vis-NIR DRS of C-HS, CdS-HS, and C@CdS-HS. (b) Band gap obtained from the Kubelka-Munk function of CdS-HS. (c-e) Infrared thermograms of CdS-HS, C@CdS-HS, and C-HS after illumination by a 760 nm LED for 1 min at RT.

Fig. 8. PL spectra (a) and TRPL decay curves (b) of CdS-HS and C@CdS-HS; TPR (c) and Nyquist plots (d) of C-HS, CdS-HS, CdS-HS/Pt, C@CdS-HS, and C@CdS-HS/Pt.

Fig. 9. (a) Contact potential differences (CPDs) of the samples; (b) Mott-Schottky plots of CdS-HS at frequencies of 3000, 2000, and 1000 Hz.

Table 2 CPD, W, and Ef of the samples before and after illumination.

Samples	CPD_dark (mV)	CPD_light (mV)	W_dark (eV)	W_light (eV)	E_f(dark) (eV)	E_f(light) (eV)
CdS-HS	195	62	4.445	4.312	-4.445	-4.312
C@CdS-HS	329	205	4.579	4.455	-4.579	-4.455
C@CdS-HS/Pt	363	249	4.613	4.499	-4.613	-4.499
C-HS	406	406	4.656	4.656	-4.656	-4.656
Pt	627	627	4.877	4.877	-4.877	-4.877

Fig. 10. Energy band structure and the photogenerated charge transfer pathway.

Fig. 11. High-resolution ISI-XPS spectra of Cd 3d (a), S 2p (b), and Pt 4f (c) of the samples in the dark and under UV irradiation (C@CdS-HS/Pt UV).

Fig. 12. Photocatalytic H2-generation mechanism over C@CdS-HS/Pt.

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Enhanced photocatalytic H₂ production performance of CdS hollow spheres using C and Pt as bi-cocatalysts

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