Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2025, Vol. 70: 115-141.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60238-X
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Chao-an Lianga, Bo Zenga, Baolin Fengb, Huibing Shib, Fengqi Zhangb, Jianhua Liua, Lin Hea,*(), Yuxiao Dinga,*(
), Chungu Xiaa
Received:
2024-10-22
Accepted:
2024-12-29
Online:
2025-03-18
Published:
2025-03-20
Contact:
* E-mail: About author:
Lin He (Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science) received her B.S degree in Chemistry at Lanzhou University in 2005. She earned her PhD at Fudan University under the supervision of Yong Cao in 2013. Then, she joined Matthias Beller’s group at LIKAT as a postdoctoral fellow. Since autumn 2016, she went back to Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and started her independent research. Her current research is focused on applied catalysis for carbonylation. She has published more than 60 papers in Science, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. and etc.Supported by:
Chao-an Liang, Bo Zeng, Baolin Feng, Huibing Shi, Fengqi Zhang, Jianhua Liu, Lin He, Yuxiao Ding, Chungu Xia. Heterogeneous Co-based catalytic systems for alkene hydroformylation[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 70: 115-141.
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URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60238-X
Catalyst | Substrate | T (°C) | P (MPa) | t (h) | Conversion (%) | Selectivity (%) | Cobalt leaching (%) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aldehyde | Alcohol | ||||||||
Fibrous Co3O4 | 1-octene | 150 | 5.5 | 12 | 92 | 93 | 0.23 | [ | |
Octahedron Co3O4 | 1-octene | 170 | 4 | 12 | 88.06 | 75.26 | 10.35 | 0.91 | [ |
Co@CoO | 1-octene | 130 | 4 | 8 | 99 | 97 | [ | ||
2Fe2Cu-Co3O4 | 1-octene | 150 | 7 | 4 | 99.82 | 50.80 | [ | ||
Co-B | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 2.5 | 71.1 | 98.7 | [ | ||
Co-P-B | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 2.5 | 97.2 | 99.0 | [ | ||
Co-Ni-P-B | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 4 | 99.6 | 96.3 | [ | ||
Ultrafine Co | 1-hexene | 100 | 2.5 | 1 | 95 | 38 | [ | ||
Co/SiO2 (Q-6) | 1-hexene | 130 | 5 | 2 | 37.1 | 88.4 | 1.0 | [ | |
Co-Pd/SiO2 | 1-hexene | 130 | 5 | 2 | 89.7 | 77.9 | [ | ||
Co-Ru/SiO2 (EG) | 1-hexene | 130 | 5 | 1 | 93.01 | 79.66 | [ | ||
CoGa IMC/SiO2 | 1-hexene | 130 | 6 | 5 | >99 | 57.3 | 1.6 | [ | |
K-Co/SiO2 | 1-Hexene | 150 | 4 | 6 | 99.9 | 74.6 | 6.4 | [ | |
CoZrP-2.0 (P/Zr = 2) | 1-octene | 160 | 4 | 6 | 86.5 | 91.8 | 1.7 | [ | |
CoRh-HT | 1-octene | 100 | 5 | 6 | 98 | 96 | [ | ||
Rh-Co-Pi/ZnO | 1-decene | 100 | 4 | 4 | >95 | >85 | [ | ||
Co-Rh/Fe3O4 | dicyclopentadiene | 140 | 7 | 4 | 100 | 6.2 | 90.6 | [ | |
Co-B/ZrO2 | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 2.5 | 86.9 | 86.4 | 89.0 | [ | |
Co-B/SBA-15 | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 2.5 | 85.6 | 98.7 | 20.0 | [ | |
Co-Ni-B/SBA-15 | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 4 | 100 | 91.24 | [ | ||
Co (1%)/β-Mo2C | propylene | 160 | 4 | 10 | >99 | 95 | 5 | [ | |
Co-PPh3@POPs | 1-hexene | 150 | 3 | 5 | 97.6% | 45.7% | [ | ||
SBA-15-RCo | 1-octene | 100 | 6.5 | 8 | 97.4 | 91.2 | [ | ||
Co-B/TiO2 | cyclohexene | 100 | 6 | 1 | 99.15 | 65.28 | 34.72 | [ | |
Co/phen@TiO2 | n-butyl acrylate | 100 | 4 | 18 | >99 | 82 | [ | ||
CoFe/NC-800 | diisobutylene | 130 | 4 | 12 | 92 | 79.6 | [ | ||
Pd-Co/AC | 1-hexene | 130 | 5 | 2 | 34.5 | 47.2 | [ | ||
Co/CNTs | 1-octene | 130 | 5 | 6 | 25.9 | 52.4 | [ | ||
Co-B/CNTs | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 2.5 | 92.2 | 96.2 | 13.0 | [ | |
Co-Ru/CNTs | 1-octene | 130 | 5 | 6 | 70.9 | 65.75 | [ | ||
CoNx@NC | 1-hexene | 120 | 4 | 7.5 | 94 | 80 | 1.9 | [ | |
Co/N-C-800 | 1-hexene | 160 | 4 | 6 | 47.2 | 66.3 | [ | ||
Rh-Co/g-CN | styrene | 170 | 6 | 7 | 99.9 | 7.4 | 87.8 | [ | |
Co3O4-g-C3N4 | 1-octene | 150 | 7 | 8 | 99.9 | 77.8 | [ | ||
Co/C600 | 1-octene | 140 | 4 | 18 | 90 | 76 | 0.7 | [ | |
Co/phen@C | n-butyl acrylate | 100 | 4 | 18 | >99 | 83 | [ | ||
Co-Ph3PO/PDMS/SiO2 | mixed octenes | 160 | 5 | 2.5 | 24.6 | 93.7 | 0.001 | [ | |
Co/POL-POPh3 | 2-octene | 150 | 3 | 4 | 94.6 | 51.1 | 4.2 | [ |
Table 1 List of different heterogeneous cobalt-based hydroformylation catalysts.
Catalyst | Substrate | T (°C) | P (MPa) | t (h) | Conversion (%) | Selectivity (%) | Cobalt leaching (%) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aldehyde | Alcohol | ||||||||
Fibrous Co3O4 | 1-octene | 150 | 5.5 | 12 | 92 | 93 | 0.23 | [ | |
Octahedron Co3O4 | 1-octene | 170 | 4 | 12 | 88.06 | 75.26 | 10.35 | 0.91 | [ |
Co@CoO | 1-octene | 130 | 4 | 8 | 99 | 97 | [ | ||
2Fe2Cu-Co3O4 | 1-octene | 150 | 7 | 4 | 99.82 | 50.80 | [ | ||
Co-B | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 2.5 | 71.1 | 98.7 | [ | ||
Co-P-B | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 2.5 | 97.2 | 99.0 | [ | ||
Co-Ni-P-B | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 4 | 99.6 | 96.3 | [ | ||
Ultrafine Co | 1-hexene | 100 | 2.5 | 1 | 95 | 38 | [ | ||
Co/SiO2 (Q-6) | 1-hexene | 130 | 5 | 2 | 37.1 | 88.4 | 1.0 | [ | |
Co-Pd/SiO2 | 1-hexene | 130 | 5 | 2 | 89.7 | 77.9 | [ | ||
Co-Ru/SiO2 (EG) | 1-hexene | 130 | 5 | 1 | 93.01 | 79.66 | [ | ||
CoGa IMC/SiO2 | 1-hexene | 130 | 6 | 5 | >99 | 57.3 | 1.6 | [ | |
K-Co/SiO2 | 1-Hexene | 150 | 4 | 6 | 99.9 | 74.6 | 6.4 | [ | |
CoZrP-2.0 (P/Zr = 2) | 1-octene | 160 | 4 | 6 | 86.5 | 91.8 | 1.7 | [ | |
CoRh-HT | 1-octene | 100 | 5 | 6 | 98 | 96 | [ | ||
Rh-Co-Pi/ZnO | 1-decene | 100 | 4 | 4 | >95 | >85 | [ | ||
Co-Rh/Fe3O4 | dicyclopentadiene | 140 | 7 | 4 | 100 | 6.2 | 90.6 | [ | |
Co-B/ZrO2 | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 2.5 | 86.9 | 86.4 | 89.0 | [ | |
Co-B/SBA-15 | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 2.5 | 85.6 | 98.7 | 20.0 | [ | |
Co-Ni-B/SBA-15 | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 4 | 100 | 91.24 | [ | ||
Co (1%)/β-Mo2C | propylene | 160 | 4 | 10 | >99 | 95 | 5 | [ | |
Co-PPh3@POPs | 1-hexene | 150 | 3 | 5 | 97.6% | 45.7% | [ | ||
SBA-15-RCo | 1-octene | 100 | 6.5 | 8 | 97.4 | 91.2 | [ | ||
Co-B/TiO2 | cyclohexene | 100 | 6 | 1 | 99.15 | 65.28 | 34.72 | [ | |
Co/phen@TiO2 | n-butyl acrylate | 100 | 4 | 18 | >99 | 82 | [ | ||
CoFe/NC-800 | diisobutylene | 130 | 4 | 12 | 92 | 79.6 | [ | ||
Pd-Co/AC | 1-hexene | 130 | 5 | 2 | 34.5 | 47.2 | [ | ||
Co/CNTs | 1-octene | 130 | 5 | 6 | 25.9 | 52.4 | [ | ||
Co-B/CNTs | 1-octene | 120 | 5 | 2.5 | 92.2 | 96.2 | 13.0 | [ | |
Co-Ru/CNTs | 1-octene | 130 | 5 | 6 | 70.9 | 65.75 | [ | ||
CoNx@NC | 1-hexene | 120 | 4 | 7.5 | 94 | 80 | 1.9 | [ | |
Co/N-C-800 | 1-hexene | 160 | 4 | 6 | 47.2 | 66.3 | [ | ||
Rh-Co/g-CN | styrene | 170 | 6 | 7 | 99.9 | 7.4 | 87.8 | [ | |
Co3O4-g-C3N4 | 1-octene | 150 | 7 | 8 | 99.9 | 77.8 | [ | ||
Co/C600 | 1-octene | 140 | 4 | 18 | 90 | 76 | 0.7 | [ | |
Co/phen@C | n-butyl acrylate | 100 | 4 | 18 | >99 | 83 | [ | ||
Co-Ph3PO/PDMS/SiO2 | mixed octenes | 160 | 5 | 2.5 | 24.6 | 93.7 | 0.001 | [ | |
Co/POL-POPh3 | 2-octene | 150 | 3 | 4 | 94.6 | 51.1 | 4.2 | [ |
Fig. 2. (a) SEM images of fibrous Co3O4 nanocatalyst. (b) Recycle study of nano-Co3O4 catalyst. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [47], Copyright 2017, Elsevier, Amsterdam. (c) Catalytic performance of 1-heptene hydroformylation reaction. (d) Catalytic reaction diagram of Co3O4 1-hexene with different morphologies Reprinted with permission from Ref. [48], Copyright 2020, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Fig. 3. (a) DESs used for the synthesis of Co catalysts. (b) Schematic representation of the hydroformylation reaction catalysed by Co@CoO core-shell nanoparticle. (c) In situ FTIR spectra of CO adsorption on Co@CoO-PEG, the spectra were recorded after CO adsorption for 3 (a), 8 (b), 14 (c), 19 (d), 24 (e), 30 (f) min and Ar purging for 7 min (g) [50]. (d) H2-TPR profiles of monometal doped (left) and bimetal co-doped Co3O4 (right). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [49], Copyright 2023, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Fig. 4. (a) XRD patterns of fresh and thermal-treated Co-B samples. (a) Fresh Co-B; (b) Co-B-N2-300; (c) Co-B-N2-500, (d) Co-B-H2-300, e metal Co [58]. (b) TEM images of cobalt nanoparticles of the catalyst with diameter distribution. Pressure-time plots and curve for mercury poisoning tests of hydroformylation of 1-hexene catalyzed by the cobalt nanoparticle catalyst (c) and RhCl(PPh3)3 (d) [54].
Fig. 5. (a) Schematic representation of the elution of active metal in the presence of a protective agent for active metals. (b) In situ FTIR transmission spectroscopy recorded desorption in the vacuum condition for 15 min over “a” SiO2 and the “b” Co/SiO2 catalyst at 100 °C. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [38], Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. (c) In situ FTIR transmission spectroscopy recorded over “A” Co/SiO2 and “B” CoGa IMC/SiO2 catalysts by introducing 5 MPa syngas as the reaction gas after the adsorption of 1-hexene in vacuum at 423 K. From the bottom to top in each panel: 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 20, 25, and 30 min. (d) The amount of cobalt leaching of Co/SiO2 and CoGa IMC/SiO2 catalysts under different reaction pressures. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [74], Copyright 2022, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Fig. 6. (a) Electronic and chemical properties of catalysts. electron localization function contour maps. (b) Charge difference maps. (c) Catalytic performance of catalysts in the alkene hydroformylation. (d) In situ reaction cycling test. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [76], Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
Fig. 7. (a) Schematic representation of the Rh-Co-Pi/ZnO catalysed hydroformylation reaction. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [78], Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. (b) Schematic diagram of ZrP-catalyzed olefin hydroformylation reaction. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [84], Copyright 2022, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Fig. 8. (a) Schematic representation of hydroformylation over Co-Co2C/AC catalysts. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [100], Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. (b) Mechanistic catalysts for the hydroformylation reaction of 1-hexene on silica zeolite-1/Pd-Co/AC with synthesis gas [103].
Fig. 9. (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation processes of CoFe/NC catalysts. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [108], Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. (b) Co contents of samples, measured by ICP-AES [55]. (c) Schematic preparation of CoNx@NC catalysts. (d) Reaction profiles for experiments performed with CoNx@NC as catalyst (red line) and after hot filtration (grey dotted line) [109].
Fig. 10. (a) Illustrations of the formation process of the Rh Co/g-CN catalyst. (b) Plausible mechanism for tandem hydroformylation-hydrogenation of styrene catalyzed by Rh Co/g-CN [110]. (c) In situ DRIFTS spectra on 5 %Co3O4-g-C3N4 [111]. (d) Schematic representation of metal-support interactions of Co1/β-Mo2C catalysts in optimising charge density and stabilising active sites [112].
Fig. 11. (a) Illustrations of the formation process of cobalt-based materials. (b) 1-octene hydroformylation with pyrolyzed and steam pyrolyzed catalysts. (c) Cobalt leaching determined by ICP-OES. (d) image of the final solutions at 120 °C. Conditions: 1-octene (2 mmol), catalyst (25 mg), toluene (5 mL), CO/H2 (40 bar), 18 h, (e) Recycling of Co@C600 catalyst in the 1-octene hydroformylation [113].
Fig. 12. (a) Synthesis routes of Co-PPh3@POPs catalysts [121]. (b) Construction of POL-POPh3 polymer and Co/POL-POPh3 catalyst, (c) Recycling tests of the Co/POL-POPh3 catalyst [123]. (d) Schematic representation of cobalt carbonyl grafting on SBA-15 surface through organosilane ligand. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [124], Copyright 2016, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Fig. 13. Structures and molecular formulas of the MOFs used in hydroformylation. (a) MixUMCM-1-NH2; (b) MOF-74(Zn). Here, bdc represents 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate; abdc represents 2-amino-1, 4-benzenedicarboxylate, btb represents 4,4′,4′′-benzene-1,3, 5-triyl-trisbenzoate and dobdc represents 2,5-dioxido-1, 4-benzenedicarboxylate. Hydrogen and nitrogen atoms are omitted for clarity [133].
Fig. 15. (a) Structure of trisodium salt of tris (m-sulfophenyl) phosphine (TPPTS). (b) Trisodium salt of trisulfonated tris (biphenyl) phosphine (BiphTS). (c) Structure of CTAB surfactant. (d) Structure of Marlipal O13/18 surfactant.
Fig. 16. (a) Process scheme (1-Reaction, 2-Cobalt recovery in the ionic liquid, 3-Separation). (b) Recycling experiments with or without pyridine [148]. (c) Structure of the pre-catalyst Co2(CO)6[P(3-FC6H4)3]2 and HCo(CO)3[P(3-FC6H4)3] [150].
Fig. 17. (a) Homogeneous catalytic mechanism of hydroformylation. (b,c) Proposed reaction pathways for hydroformylation of 1-heptene on Co3O4 octahedron. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [48], Copyright 2020, Elsevier, Amsterdam. (d) Mechanism of hydroformylation catalyzed by different metals doped with Co3O4. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [49], Copyright 2023, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Fig. 18. (a) Proposed hydroformylation mechanism involving ZrP-supporting single-atom Co(II) catalyst. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [84]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier, Inc. (b) The reaction pathway of 2-octene hydroformylation to linear aldehydes on Co/POL-POPh3 [123].
Fig. 20. (a) Elution and protection strategies for active metal cobalt during hydroformylation. (b) Stabilization of the active metal on the support by means of a protective agent. (c) Stabilization of the active metal on the carrier by introduction of a heteroatomic nitrogen species. (d) Introduction of active metals on non-precious metal stabilized supports.
Fig. 21. (a) Common biphasic reaction. (b) Addition of surfactant to increase reaction contact area. (c) Formation of stable ligand-modified cobalt catalysts. (d) Introduction of amphiphilic materials to enhance interfacial mass transfer ('S' stands for substrate, 'P' for product, 'L' for ligand).
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