Recent advances in oxygen-centered organic radicals: Characterization, synthesis, and applications

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65144-3

Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2026, Vol. 88: 183-206.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65144-3

• Reviews • Previous Articles Next Articles

Recent advances in oxygen-centered organic radicals: Characterization, synthesis, and applications

Shufang Liu^a^,¹, Fengyu Chen^a^,¹, Siyuan Li^a, Yu-Xin Ye^a^,^*(), Gangfeng Ouyang^a^,^b^,^*()

^a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
^b Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, LIFM, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China

Received:2025-12-20 Accepted:2026-02-22 Online:2026-09-18 Published:2026-09-05
About author:Yu-Xin Ye (School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University) received her B.S. degree from Sun Yat-sen University in 2011 and Ph.D. degree in 2017. From 2018 to 2023, she conducted postdoctoral research under the supervision of Professor Ouyang Gangfeng. She joined the School of Chemical Engineering and Technology at Sun Yat-sen University in 2023. She is Excellent Young Scientists of National Natural Science Foundation of China (2024). She has published over 20 papers as the first or corresponding author in prestigious journals such as Nat. Water., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., Adv. Mater., Chin. J. Catal., Nat. Commun., and Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Her research focuses on the design of novel organic photocatalysts, the characterization and regulation of photophysical and photochemical processes, photocatalytic synthesis and application of hydrogen peroxide, and photocatalytic degradation of environmental pollutants.
Gangfeng Ouyang (School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University) received his B.S. degree from Sichuan University in 1992 and his M.S. degree from the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University in 1995. He subsequently joined the faculty of the same school at Sun Yat-sen University, first as a Teaching Assistant and then as a Lecturer. He earned his Ph.D. degree from the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University in 2003. He then pursued postdoctoral research in Professor Pawliszyn Janusz's group at the University of Waterloo, Canada. He is Distinguished Young Scholars Recipients of National Natural Science Foundation of China (2012). Professor Ouyang has authored/co-authored over 320 SCI-indexed publications in prestigious journals such as Chem. Rev., PNAS, Chem., Nat. Commun., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., Chem. Sci., Anal. Chem., and Environ. Sci. Technol., with over 8,000 citations. His research primarily focuses on environmental analytical chemistry and microextraction techniques, with applications in water analysis, in vivo analysis in plants and animals, and medical diagnostics. His research interests include environmental analytical chemistry, environmental pollution control, and bioanalysis.
First author contact:1 共同第一作者.
1 Contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(22336007);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(22422611);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(22206209);The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)(SML2024SP003);The Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering Project(31000-42080002)

Abstract

Abstract:

In recent years, oxygen-centered organic radicals (OCORs) have garnered significant attention for their pivotal roles across diverse chemical and material science platforms. As a unique class of open-shell molecules, OCORs exhibit remarkable stability and highly tunable reactivity, enabling innovative possibilities for organic transformations and the design of advanced functional materials. Unlike conventional short-lived radicals, OCORs can maintain their stability for several months in complex environmental conditions while showcasing exceptional efficiency in catalytic processes. Their versatility extends to a range of applications, including environmental remediation, redox-active materials, and next-generation energy systems. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancements in OCORs research, focusing on their characterization techniques, synthesis methods, and applications in electronic structure modulation and functional material design. Additionally, it highlights key challenges such as enhancing stability, selectivity, and scalability while proposing future research directions. These insights aim to foster deeper understanding and innovation, propelling the development of OCORs for broader scientific and industrial applications.

Key words: Oxygen-centered organic radicals, Photocatalysis, Hydrogen peroxide, Carbon dioxide reduction, Pollutant degradation

Shufang Liu, Fengyu Chen, Siyuan Li, Yu-Xin Ye, Gangfeng Ouyang. Recent advances in oxygen-centered organic radicals: Characterization, synthesis, and applications[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 88: 183-206.

×
share this article

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65144-3

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2026/V88/I9/183

Figures/Tables 24

Fig. 1. (a) Chemical structures of CZAQ-1, CZAQ-2 and CZAQ-3. (b,c) EPR spectra of CzAQ-1 under Ar atmosphere before and after light irradiation, and the corresponding signal intensity variations. (d-f) EPR spectra of CzAQ-1 and CzAQ-2 under oxygen atmosphere with light irradiation. (g) Corresponding signal intensity variations. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [50]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier.

Fig. 2. (a) Mechanism diagram of competing electron transfer pathways in quinonoid structures. (b) The degradation efficiency of phenol using CZAQ-1 with different sacrificial agents under visible light of 10 mW·cm-2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [50]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier.

Fig. 3. (a) The chemical structure of quinoid compounds. (b) O2 consumption and radical formation during reaction of 9,10-PQ with sulfur compounds. Dissolved oxygen was monitored by a meter in solutions of 5 μmol·L-1 9,10-PQ mixed with a series of reductants: Glutathione (GSH), Dithiothreitol (DTT), Na2S, Na2S2, Na2S3, and Na2S4. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [53]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 4. (a) A Schematic depicts the formation process and resultant structure of GH-PDANSs. (b) Illustration of the initial dopamine autoxidation steps. (c) CV profiles of sample film-coated GCE obtained in a solution of 0.1 mol·L-1 Bu4NPF6 in acetonitrile as the supporting electrolyte at a scan rate of 0.1 V s-1. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.

Fig. 5. (a) Initial steps of anthraquinone oxidation. (b) The structures and synthesis of TPC-3D, PYR-2D, and TPL-2D. (c) In-situ DRIFTS of light in argon and dark in oxygen process of TPC-3D. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [59]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature.

Fig. 6. (a) The structures and synthesis of TPE-AQ and TPE-AC. (b) The odd-electron density in a single D-A unit of TPE-AQ through DFT calculation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [27]. Copyright 2021, National Academy of Sciences.

Fig. 7. (a) Structure of aryl OCORs. (b) The composition of D-A type CPs, which have the potential to generate OCORs.

Fig. 8. (a) Synthesis of p-semiquinone-radical-bridged RE complexes 1 and 2. (b) Molecular structure of complex 1. All of the hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [68]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 9. (a) The preparation of ECUT-AC and ECUT-AQ through Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling polycondensation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [71]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (b) Synthetic routes of AQ-PAFs. (c) Photocatalytic H2O2 production by PAFs, building blocks, and photocatalytic H2O2 production by PAF-379 (d) using real water samples. Conditions: 50 mL water, photocatalyst (1 mg), air, λ > 420 nm, 300 W Xe lamp, 100 mW·cm-2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [72]. Copyright 2025, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 10. (a) Synthetic routes of PQ-AB and FR-AB. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [78]. Copyright 2025, John Wiley and Sons. (b) Synthetic routes of P-PTAQ and O-PTAQ. (c) Temperature-dependent PL intensity of O-PTAQ (100-200 K). (d) Interconversion of charge-separated state (CS) and the lowest singlet excited state (S1) in common materials with positive exciton binding energy (Eb) and the required activation energy Ea (S1 → CS). (e) In O-PTAQ, the mutual transitions between CS and S1 involves a negative (Eb), with the activation energy (Ear) from CS to S1. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [79]. Copyright 2025, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 11. Illustration of the synthetic approach carried out for the synthesis of the tetratopic ligand via Buchwald-Hartwig amination reaction. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [81]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.

Table 1 Comparison of photocatalytic H2O2 production performance between non-OCORs and OCORs-based photocatalysts a.

Catalyst	H₂O₂ yield (µmol·h^-1·g^-1)	AQY ^b	SCC ^c (%)	Conditions	Stability	Ref.
Nv-C≡N-CN	137	36.2% at 400 nm	0.23	O₂	5 cycles for 5 h	[94]
COF-N32	605	6.2 % at 469 nm	0.31	O₂	5 cycles for 60 h	[95]
COF-TfBpy	1042	8.1% at 420 nm	0.57	O₂	5 cycles for 40 h	[96]
CNW03	1889	8.53% at 420 nm	0.31	O₂	4 cycles for 4 h	[97]
2D-CTF	2412	16.8% at 420 nm	0.91	O₂	5 cycles for 10 h	[98]
DE7-M	2444	8.7% at 420 nm	0.28	O₂	5 cycles for 10 h	[99]
TTP	3132	7.61% at 420 nm	0.35	O₂	6 cycles for 6 h	[100]
CHF-DPDA	3450	16% at 420 nm	0.78	O₂	3 cycles for 18 h	[101]
SO₃H-COF	4971	15% at 400 nm	0.40	O₂	5 cycles for 4.17 h	[102]
TPB-COF-OH	6608	9.61% at 420 nm	0.84	O₂	12 h	[103]
TPT-alkynyl-AQ ^d	2368	25% at 365 nm	0.35	Air	5 cycles for 5 h	[28]
PAQ-TABPB	3351	6.36% at 400 nm	0.36	O₂	8 cycles for 32 h	[104]
PQ-AB	3400	5.2% at 400 nm	0.20	Air	5 cycles for 5 h	[78]
Sulfonyl-AQ	3849	25.9% at 420 nm	1.29	Air	5 cycles for 5 h	[105]
PAF-363	3930	5.32% at 420 nm	0.57	Air	10 cycles for 10 h	[106]
BCz-AQ	4007	25.9% at 470 nm	0.51	Air	10 cycles for 10 h	[107]
BTT-AQ	4218	8.60% at 420 nm	—	Air	46 h	[108]
Cz-AQ	4401	28.7% at 420 nm	1.25	Air	6 cycles for 10 h	[93]
TPC-3D	5940	30.9% at 420 nm	3.60	Air	5 cycles for 5 h	[59]
TPM-DADK	7210	46.2% at 405 nm	3.07	Air	5 cycles for 10 h	[109]

Fig. 13. (a) Synthesis of TPT-alkynyl-AQ, TPT-AQ, and TPT-imine-AQ. (b) Ambient H2O2 photosynthesis was conducted under natural sunlight, with water samples collected from diverse locations under recorded weather and temperature conditions. (c) Comparative H2O2 generation rates in various water matrices under ambient conditions. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [28]. Copyright 2022, National Academy of Sciences.

Table 2 Activity comparison between OCORs-based photocatalysts and other reported photocatalysts for photoredox methanation using H2O as the electron donor. a

Catalyst	Light conditions	CH₄ yield (µmol·h^-1·g^-1)	CH₄ selectivity (%)	Ref.
PeTt-POP	100 W Xe lamp	0.034	100	[113]
Ru@TiMOF-10-NH₂(I)	300 W Xe lamp full spectrum	2.5	10.8	[114]
Pt/TiO₂-SiO₂	300 W Xe lamp (420-780 nm)	9.7	39.8	[115]
Bi₂MoO₆	300 W Xe lamp full spectrum	12.4	44.6	[116]
KBH-C₃N₄	300 W Xe lamp full spectrum	5.93	88.2	[117]
Ni₅-CN	300 W Xe lamp full spectrum	0.5	18.9	[118]
Au/Cd_1-xS	600 mW·cm^-2 (200-800 nm)	11.3	22	[119]
TPA-DPA PPK	100 W Xe lamp with an AM 1.5G filter	0.043	98	[120]
Cu-SA-CO	300 W Xe lamp (400-750 nm)	58.5	100	[121]
TPA-PQ ^b	300 W Xe lamp (400-750 nm)	2150	97	[122]
TPE-PT	300 W Xe lamp full spectrum	10.6	90	[29]

Fig. 14. (a) Molecular structures of TPE-PT, TPE-AQ, and TPT-AQ, along with (b) the photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance evaluated in a gas-solid reactor under CO2 and water vapor at room temperature for 4 h, without adding any photosensitizer or sacrificial agent. (c) Cycling stability of TPE-PT for photocatalytic CO2 reduction over five consecutive runs. (d) Schematic illustrating the high electronic selectivity of TPE-PT for CH4 using only CO2 and H2O. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2023, John Wiley and Sons.

Table 3 Photocatalytic activity and light intensity between OCORs-based photocatalysts and other reported photocatalysts for micropollutants degradation. a

Catalyst	Condition	Light conditions (mW·cm^-2)	Adsorption time (min)	Reaction time (min)	Degradation rate (%)	Ref.
WUCN-500	0.2 g·L^-1 Cat, 0.28 mmol·L^-1 (OA)	350 (320 < λ < 800 nm)	30	30	43	[127]
ACN0.5	0.5 g·L^-1 Cat, 0.01 mmol·L^-1 (MB)	38 (λ > 400 nm)	60	300	100	[128]
LZS	0.2 g·L^-1 Cat, 0.15 mmol·L^-1 (4-CP)	326 (320 < λ < 780 nm)	30	10	100	[129]
Cs₂AgBiBr₆	2.0 g·L^-1 Cat, 0.20 mmol·L^-1 (RhB)	33 (λ > 420 nm)	60	120	20	[130]
G_THS	0.125 g·L^-1 Cat, 0.02 mmol·L^-1 (CIP)	135 (AM 1.5G)	60	360	82	[131]
g-C₃N₄	0.5 g·L^-1 Cat, 0.09 mmol·L^-1 (BPA)	180 (300 W Xenon lamp)	30	60	35	[132]
COF-TD1	0.3 g·L^-1 Cat, 0.02 mmol·L^-1 (BPA)	125 (λ > 420 nm)	30	120	97	[133]
TPE-AQ	0.05 g·L^-1 Cat, 0.002 mmol·L^-1 (BPA)	2.0 (λ > 400 nm)	60	60	92	[134]

Fig. 15. Comparison of traditional transient ROS (a) and long-lived OCORs (b). (c) Synthetic routes to TPE-AQ and TPE-FN. (d) Photocatalytic activity of TPE-AQ across varying light intensities. (e) Degradation of BPA by TPE-AQ in diverse natural water matrices. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [134]. Copyright 2025, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Table 4 Comparison of mineralization for organic pollutants between OCORs-based photocatalysts and other reported photocatalysts. a

Photocatalyst	Light condition	Organic pollutant	Dosage (g·L^-1)	H₂O₂ activation	TOC removal ^b	Ref.
OPCN	λ > 400 nm 100 mW·cm^-2	5 mg·L^-1 phenol	0.5	O₂; FeCl₃·6H₂O (0.4 g·L^-1)	26.09% (60 min)	[138]
Fe/RF	λ > 420 nm 35.2 mW·cm^-2	50 mg·L^-1 phenol	0.4	—	68% (150 min)	[139]
Coral-B-CN	AM 1.5G	20 mg·L^-1 4-chlorophenol	0.4	O₂; FeSO₄·7H₂O (0.02 g·L^-1)	70.30% (50 min)	[140]
C≡N-CN/IS/Ppy	λ > 420 nm 140 mW·cm^-2	10 mg·L^-1 metronidazole	1	O₂; FeSO₄·7H₂O (0.08 g·L^-1)	59.10% (120 min)	[141]
CdS/rGO	λ > 420 nm; ULI ^c	10 mg·L^-1 phenol	1	O₂; FeSO₄·7H₂O (0.5 g·L^-1)	43.66% (60 min)	[142]
BCz-AQ	λ > 400 nm 100 mW·cm^-2	10 mg·L^-1 phenol	0.1	Air; K-FeOCl (Heteroogeneous); 0.1 g·L^-1)	94% (90 min)	[107]

Fig. 16. (a) The molecular structure of building blocks, BCZ-AQ, and CZ-AQ. (b) Comparison of TOC removal between BCZ-AQ and CZ-AQ. (c) Degradation performance under low light intensity (inset: TOC removal efficiency). (d) Reaction mechanism illustrating simultaneous micropollutant mineralization and H2O2 generation in UHSFP. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [107]. Copyright 2024, John Wiley and Sons.

Table 5 Activity comparison for disinfection between OCORs-based photocatalysts and other reported photocatalysts a.

Photocatalyst	Light condition	Initial concentration of bacterial	Reaction time for complete disinfection	Ref.
Cu-MoS₂	100 mW·cm^-2 (Xeon lamp, AM 1.5G)	5 log	20 min (E. coli ^b)	[161]
CeO₂/PCN	100 mW·cm^-2 (λ ≥ 420 nm)	5 log	120 min (S. aureus ^c)	[162]
FeSO₄/H₂O₂	120 mW·cm^-2 (Xeon lamp)	6 log	4 h (E. coli)	[163]
PEI/C₃N₄	150 mW·cm^-2 (AM 1.5G)	6.2 log	45 min (E. coli)	[164]
SA-SADF-H⁺	100 mW·cm^-2 (λ > 420 nm)	8 log	98.6% in 1.5 h (E. coli)	[165]
C₃N₄/PDINH	100 mW·cm^-2 (AM 1.5G)	4 log	40 min (S. aureus)	[166]
Cz-AQ	100 mW·cm^-2 (Xeon lamp, λ > 420 nm)	5 log	10 min (E. coli)	[60]
PF-Cz-AQ	100 mW·cm^-2 (Xeon lamp, λ > 420 nm)	5 log	15 min (E. coli)	[60]

Fig. 17. (a) Structures and synthesis of Cz-AQ, Cz-ANT and Cz-PHE. The PF-Cz-AQ film was prepared by electrospinning the mixed solution of Cz-AQ and PS. (b) Photograph of the on-site experimental setup. (c,d) Plate count agar results of water samples before and after 40 min treatment. (e) Schematic comparison of action modes between conventional short-lived ROS and OCORs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [60]. Copyright 2025, Springer Nature.

Fig. 18. (a) Photocatalytic selective oxidation of C(sp3)-H bonds in hydrocarbons. (b) The BAL yields and selectivity of C(sp3)-H photooxidation reaction were evaluated using different halogen acids in CH3CN. (c) The formation rate of BAL and selectivity toward aldehydes were measured at different concentration of HBr in CH3CN. (d) Proposed reaction mechanism for the photoinduced aerobic oxidation of toluene in CH3CN. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [188]. Copyright 2026, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 19. Schematic illustration for the applications of OCORs in photocatalysis.

References

[1]	M. Gomberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1900, 22, 757-771.
[2]	Z. X. Chen, Y. Li, F. Huang, Chem, 2021, 7, 288-332.
[3]	P. Stathi, D. Gournis, Y. Deligiannakis, P. Rudolf, Langmuir, 2015, 31, 10508-10516.
[4]	J. P. Da Silva, S. Jockusch, J. M. G. Martinho, M. F. Ottaviani, N. J. Turro, Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 3062-3065.
[5]	E. Giannakopoulos, P. Stathi, K. Dimos, D. Gournis, Y. Sanakis, Y. Deligiannakis, Langmuir, 2006, 22, 6863-6873.
[6]	S. Choe, C. Lim, S. Kang, E. Lee, Chem, 2025, 11, 102714.
[7]	Y.-Z. Cheng, W. Ji, X. Wu, X. Ding, X.-F. Liu, B.-H. Han, Appl. Catal. B, 2022, 306, 121110.
[8]	Z. Wang, X. Gou, G. Wang, X. Chang, K. Liu, T. Liu, G. He, Y. Fang, Chem. Commun., 2022, 58, 7082-7085.
[9]	X. Lang, J. Zhao, Chem. Asian J., 2018, 13, 599-613.
[10]	C. Dol, G. Gerbaud, B. Guigliarelli, E. Bloch, S. Gastaldi, E. Besson, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2019, 21, 16337-16344.
[11]	R. G. Hicks, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2006, 5, 1321-1338.
[12]	K. Kato, A. Osuka, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2019, 58, 8978-8986.
[13]	S. Gu, S. Wu, L. Cao, M. Li, N. Qin, J. Zhu, Z. Wang, Y. Li, Z. Li, J. Chen, Z. Lu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2019, 141, 9623-9628.
[14]	D. Leifert, A. Studer, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 74-108.
[15]	T. Wu, B. Liu, C. Liu, J. Wan, A. Yang, K. Liu, F. Shi, J. Zhao, Z. Lu, G. Chen, A. Pei, H. Y. Hwang, Y. Cui, Nat. Water, 2023, 1, 462-470.
[16]	C.-H. Gu, S. Wang, A.-Y. Zhang, C. Liu, J. Jiang, H.-Q. Yu, Nat. Commun., 2024, 15, 5771.
[17]	C. Zhong, H. Cao, Q. Huang, Y. Xie, H. Zhao, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2023, 57, 13625-13634.
[18]	G. Steinberg-Yfrach, J.-L. Rigaud, E. N. Durantini, A. L. Moore, D. Gust, T. A. Moore, Nature, 1998, 392, 479-482.
[19]	N. Monni, M. S. Angotzi, M. Oggianu, S. A. Sahadevan, M. L. Mercuri, J. Mater. Chem. C, 2022, 10, 1548-1572.
[20]	I. Klopčič, M. S. Dolenc, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2019, 32, 1-34.
[21]	T. Monks, D. Jones, Curr. Drug Metab., 2002, 3, 425-438.
[22]	J. Zhang, X. Wang, C. Li, Acc. Chem. Res., 2025, 58, 787-798.
[23]	Q. Chen, Chem. Eng. Process. Process. Intensif., 2008, 47, 787-792.
[24]	S. Yang, A. Verdaguer-Casadevall, L. Arnarson, L. Silvioli, V. Čolić, R. Frydendal, J. Rossmeisl, I. Chorkendorff, I. E. L. Stephens, ACS Catal., 2018, 8, 4064-4081.
[25]	J. M. Campos-Martin, G. Blanco-Brieva, J. L. G. Fierro, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2006, 45, 6962-6984.
[26]	H. Li, B. Zheng, Z. Pan, B. Zong, M. Qiao, Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12, 124-131.
[27]	Y.-X. Ye, J. Pan, Y. Shen, M. Shen, H. Yan, J. He, X. Yang, F. Zhu, J. Xu, J. He, G. Ouyang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2021, 118, e2115666118.
[28]	H. Yan, M. Shen, Y. Shen, X.-D. Wang, W. Lin, J. Pan, J. He, Y.-X. Ye, X. Yang, F. Zhu, J. Xu, J. He, G. Ouyang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2022, 119, e2202913119.
[29]	W. Zou, Y. Cheng, Y.-X. Ye, X. Wei, Q. Tong, L. Dong, G. Ouyang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202313392.
[30]	Y.-X. Ye, C. Wen, J. Pan, J.-W. Wang, Y.-J. Tong, S. Wei, Z. Ke, L. Jiang, F. Zhu, N. Zhou, M. Zhou, J. Xu, G. Ouyang, Appl. Catal. B, 2021, 285, 119726.
[31]	S. Garg, A. L. Rose, T. D. Waite, Photochem. Photobiol., 2007, 83, 904-913.
[32]	D. Li, R. Wei, D. Zhang, C. Ni, H. Yin, L. Zhang, F. Fan, X. Wang, C. Li, Nat. Commun., 2025, 16, 7875.
[33]	H. Görner, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2006, 5, 1052-1058.
[34]	J. Li, S. Hao, M. Li, Y. Chen, H. Li, S. Wu, S. Yang, L. Dang, S.-J. Su, M.-D. Li, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64, e202417426.
[35]	Y. Xu, P. Cai, K. Chen, Q. Chen, Z. Wen, L. Chen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202215584.
[36]	C. Guo, M. Liu, G.-K. Gao, X. Tian, J. Zhou, L.-Z. Dong, Q. Li, Y. Chen, S.-L. Li, Y.-Q. Lan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, 61, e202113315.
[37]	X. Yang, L. Gong, X. Liu, P. Zhang, B. Li, D. Qi, K. Wang, F. He, J. Jiang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, 61, e202207043.
[38]	R. M. Wightman, J. R. Cockrell, R. W. Murray, J. N. Burnett, S. B. Jones, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1976, 98, 2562-2570.
[39]	N. Gupta, H. Linschitz, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 6384-6391.
[40]	J. Garza, R. Vargas, M. Gómez, I. Gonzalez, F. J. Gonz lez, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2003, 107, 11161-11168.
[41]	X.-Q. Zhu, C.-H. Wang, J. Org. Chem., 2010, 75, 5037-5047.
[42]	Y. Misaki, S. Noda, M. Kato, T. Yamauchi, T. Oshima, A. Yoshimura, T. Shirahata, M. Yao, ChemSusChem, 2020, 13, 2312-2320.
[43]	D. Meisel, G. Czapski, J. Phys. Chem., 1975, 79, 1503-1509.
[44]	D. Meisel, R. W. Fessenden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1976, 98, 7505-7510.
[45]	D. Meisel, P. Neta, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 5198-5203.
[46]	L. Wang, R. Xiao, J. Mo, Sustain. Cities Soc., 2019, 49, 101614.
[47]	C. F. Chignell, S.-K. Han, A. Mouithys-Mickalad, R. H. Sik, K. Stadler, M. B. Kadiiska, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2008, 230, 17-22.
[48]	R. V. Barbehenn, U. Poopat, B. Spencer, Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2003, 33, 125-130.
[49]	Y. Fu, Y. Qian, A. Zhang, H. Lou, X. Ouyang, D. Yang, X. Qiu, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2022, 10, 5421-5429.
[50]	Y. Cheng, Y.-X. Ye, Y. Huang, H. Yan, L. Zhang, F. Zhu, G. Ouyang, Appl. Catal. B, 2024, 355, 124166.
[51]	Y. Zhou, Y. Wu, Y. Lei, Y. Pan, S. Cheng, G. Ouyang, X. Yang, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2021, 55, 14844-14853.
[52]	G. Fang, J. Gao, D. D. Dionysiou, C. Liu, D. Zhou, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2013, 47, 4605-4611.
[53]	Y. Abiko, Y. Nakai, N. C. Luong, C. L. Bianco, J. M. Fukuto, Y. Kumagai, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2019, 32, 551-556.
[54]	C. R. Benson, E. M. Fatila, S. Lee, M. G. Marzo, M. Pink, M. B. Mills, K. E. Preuss, A. H. Flood, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2016, 138, 15057-15065.
[55]	Z. Wang, R. Jia, Y. Chen, X. Xie, S. Wang, J. Huang, M. Zhou, K. Cai, J. Zhang, Nano Today, 2022, 43, 101402.
[56]	M. E. Ziebel, L. E. Darago, J. R. Long, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018, 140, 3040-3051.
[57]	I.-R. Jeon, B. Negru, R. P. Van Duyne, T. D. Harris, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137, 15699-15702.
[58]	J. A. DeGayner, I.-R. Jeon, L. Sun, M. Dincă, T. D. Harris, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, 139, 4175-4184.
[59]	Y. Huang, M. Shen, H. Yan, Y. He, J. Xu, F. Zhu, X. Yang, Y.-X. Ye, G. Ouyang, Nat. Commun., 2024, 15, 5406.
[60]	Y. Huang, X. Li, H. Yan, J. Xu, F. Zhu, Y.-X. Ye, G. Ouyang, Nat. Water, 2025, 3, 1003-1016.
[61]	L. Wang, L. Liu, Y. Li, Y. Xu, W. Nie, Z. Cheng, Q. Zhou, L. Wang, Z. Fan, Adv. Energy Mater., 2024, 14, 2303346.
[62]	A. E. Wendlandt, S. S. Stahl, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2015, 54, 14638-14658.
[63]	S. Kitagawa, S. Kawata, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2002, 224, 11-34.
[64]	E. J. Son, J. H. Kim, K. Kim, C. B. Park, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4, 11179-11202.
[65]	L. Mao, H.-Y. Gao, B. Shao, C.-H. Huang, B.-Z. Zhu, Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 2020, 6, 2259-2274.
[66]	P. Zhang, M. Perfetti, M. Kern, P. P. Hallmen, L. Ungur, S. Lenz, M. R. Ringenberg, W. Frey, H. Stoll, G. Rauhut, J. van Slageren, Chem. Sci., 2018, 9, 1221-1230.
[67]	S. Demir, I.-R. Jeon, J. R. Long, T. D. Harris, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2015, 289-290, 149-176.
[68]	T. Han, J. B. Petersen, Z.-H. Li, Y.-Q. Zhai, A. Kostopoulos, F. Ortu, E. J. L. McInnes, R. E. P. Winpenny, Y.-Z. Zheng, Inorg. Chem., 2020, 59, 7371-7375.
[69]	J. Jin, S. Zhang, B. Wu, Z. Chen, G. Zhang, P. G. Tratnyek, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2019, 53, 11232-11239.
[70]	Z. Zhang, J. Jia, Y. Zhi, S. Ma, X. Liu, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2022, 51, 2444-2490.
[71]	F. Yu, Z. Zhu, C. Li, W. Li, R. Liang, S. Yu, Z. Xu, F. Song, Q. Ren, Z. Zhang, Appl. Catal. B, 2022, 314, 121467.
[72]	H. Wang, L. Cao, X. Tao, G. Zhu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64, e202502943.
[73]	J. M. Lee, A. I. Cooper, Chem. Rev., 2020, 120, 2171-2214.
[74]	C. X. Zhao, Z. P. Chen, R. Shi, X. F. Yang, T. R. Zhang, Adv. Mater., 2020, 32, 1907296.
[75]	C. Dai, B. Liu, Energy Environ. Sci., 2020, 13, 24-52.
[76]	X.-X. Guo, J. Jiang, Q. Han, X.-H. Liu, X.-T. Zhou, H.-B. Ji, Appl. Catal. A, 2020, 590, 117352.
[77]	F. Yu, S. Yu, C. Li, Z. Li, F. Song, Z. Xu, Y. Zhu, C. Dai, X. Cao, Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, J. Qiu, Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 466, 143285.
[78]	X. Sun, T. Yang, Y. Dong, R. Ji, H. Zhao, J. Zhang, Y. Zhu, Adv. Energy Mater., 2025, 15, 2405687.
[79]	P. Jiang, Y. Huang, X. Jiang, H. Yan, S. Liu, Z. Chen, X. Wu, X. Zhou, Y.-X. Ye, G. Ouyang, Adv. Sci., 2025, 12, e03929.
[80]	X. Wang, C. Wang, H.-Q. Tan, T.-Y. Qiu, Y.-M. Xing, Q.-K. Shang, Y.-N. Zhao, X.-Y. Zhao, Y.-G. Li, Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 431, 134051.
[81]	J. G. M. de Carvalho, K. Geißer, S. J. Weishäupl, R. A. Fischer, A. Pöthig, Inorg. Chem., 2022, 61, 15831-15840.
[82]	J. Liu, S.-Z. Qiao, H. Liu, J. Chen, A. Orpe, D. Zhao, G. Q. M. Lu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2011, 50, 5947-5951.
[83]	Y. Shiraishi, T. Takii, T. Hagi, S. Mori, Y. Kofuji, Y. Kitagawa, S. Tanaka, S. Ichikawa, T. Hirai, Nat. Mater., 2019, 18, 985-993.
[84]	C. Zhao, X. Wang, Y. Yin, W. Tian, G. Zeng, H. Li, S. Ye, L. Wu, J. Liu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202218318.
[85]	Z. Yu, S. Li, Y. Wu, C. Ma, J. Li, L. Duan, Z. Liu, H. Sun, G. Zhao, Y. Lu, Q. Liu, Q. Meng, J. Zhao, Green Chem., 2024, 26, 9310-9319.
[86]	B. Cao, Y. Liu, Y. Zhao, J. Qu, Q. Zhou, F. Xiao, C. Li, L. Wang, R. Li, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64, e202422495.
[87]	H. J. van Ramesdonk, B. H. Bakker, M. M. Groeneveld, J. W. Verhoeven, B. D. Allen, J. P. Rostron, A. Harriman, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2006, 110, 13145-13150.
[88]	C. Shu, X. Yang, P. Xie, X. Yang, B. Tan, X. Wang, Chin. J. Catal., 2025, 73, 300-310.
[89]	S. Fukuzumi, Y.-M. Lee, W. Nam, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 1241-1252.
[90]	Z. J. Yong, T. Y. Ma, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202308980.
[91]	H. Hou, X. Zeng, X. Zhang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 17356-17376.
[92]	Y. Luo, B. Zhang, C. Liu, D. Xia, X. Ou, Y. Cai, Y. Zhou, J. Jiang, B. Han, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202305355.
[93]	H. Yan, J. Jiang, Y. Huang, M. Shen, J. Xu, Y.-X. Ye, G. Ouyang, Adv. Mater., 2026, 38, e07961.
[94]	X. Zhang, P. Ma, C. Wang, L. Gan, X. Chen, P. Zhang, Y. Wang, H. Li, L. Wang, X. Zhou, K. Zheng, Energy Environ. Sci., 2022, 15, 830-842.
[95]	F. Liu, P. Zhou, Y. Hou, H. Tan, Y. Liang, J. Liang, Q. Zhang, S. Guo, M. Tong, J. Ni, Nat. Commun., 2023, 14, 4344.
[96]	M. Kou, Y. Wang, Y. Xu, L. Ye, Y. Huang, B. Jia, H. Li, J. Ren, Y. Deng, J. Chen, Y. Zhou, K. Lei, L. Wang, W. Liu, H. Huang, T. Ma, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, 61, e202200413.
[97]	C. Feng, J. Luo, C. Chen, S. Zuo, Y. Ren, Z.-P. Wu, M. Hu, S. Ould-Chikh, J. Ruiz-Martínez, Y. Han, H. Zhang, Energy Environ. Sci., 2024, 17, 1520-1530.
[98]	L. Zhang, C. Wang, Q. Jiang, P. Lyu, Y. Xu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2024, 146, 29943-29954.
[99]	L. Liu, M.-Y. Gao, H. Yang, X. Wang, X. Li, A. I. Cooper, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 143, 19287-19293.
[100]	C. Chu, Z. Chen, D. Yao, X. Liu, M. Cai, S. Mao, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202317214.
[101]	H. Cheng, H. F. Lv, J. Cheng, L. Wang, X. J. Wu, H. X. Xu, Adv. Mater., 2022, 34, 2107480.
[102]	L. Li, X. Lv, Y. Xue, H. Shao, G. Zheng, Q. Han, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202320218.
[103]	S. Feng, H. Cheng, F. Chen, X. Liu, Z. Wang, H. Xu, J. Hua, ACS Catal., 2024, 14, 7736-7745.
[104]	W. Chi, J. Wu, Y. Dong, J. Wu, Y. Zhu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64, e202508690.
[105]	P. Jiang, Z. Chen, H. Yan, S. Liu, Y. Huang, X. Jiang, X. Wu, X. Zhou, Y.-X. Ye, G. Ouyang, Sci. China Chem., 2025, 68, 5312-5321.
[106]	L. Cao, C. Wang, H. Wang, X. Xu, X. Tao, H. Tan, G. Zhu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202402095.
[107]	L. Zhang, Y. Huang, H. Yan, Y. Cheng, Y.-X. Ye, F. Zhu, G. Ouyang, Adv. Mater., 2024, 36, 2401162.
[108]	B. Y. Lin, D.-H. Si, J.-J. Li, S.-Y. Gao, X. Yang, R. Cao, Adv. Mater., 2026, 38, e20022.
[109]	B. Han, H. He, J. Liu, Y. Jia, S. Wang, J. Xu, M. Qiao, W. Li, W. Yuan, Y. Zhai, L. Ding, Y. Zhu, X. Zhu, Nat. Commun., 2025, 16, 11046.
[110]	Y. Tachibana, L. Vayssieres, J. R. Durrant, Nat. Photonics, 2012, 6, 511-518.
[111]	U. Ulmer, T. Dingle, P. N. Duchesne, R. H. Morris, A. Tavasoli, T. Wood, G. A. Ozin, Nat. Commun., 2019, 10, 3169.
[112]	W. Su, S. Tian, H. Yang, C. Li, T. Zhang, Chin. J. Catal., 2025, 78, 25-46.
[113]	S. C. Shit, N. S. Powar, P. Kalita, R. Paul, S. Xu, J.-W. Jung, C.-H. Cho, S.-I. In, J. Mondal, Chem. Commun., 2022, 58, 13716-13719.
[114]	X. Chen, C. Peng, W. Dan, L. Yu, Y. Wu, H. Fei, Nat. Commun., 2022, 13, 4592.
[115]	C. Dong, C. Lian, S. Hu, Z. Deng, J. Gong, M. Li, H. Liu, M. Xing, J. Zhang, Nat. Commun., 2018, 9, 1252.
[116]	Y. Zhang, X. Zhi, J. R. Harmer, H. Xu, K. Davey, J. Ran, S.-Z. Qiao, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, 61, e202212355.
[117]	K. Wang, J. Fu, Y. Zheng, Appl. Catal. B, 2019, 254, 270-282.
[118]	L. Cheng, H. Yin, C. Cai, J. Fan, Q. Xiang, Small, 2020, 16, 2002411.
[119]	Y. Cao, L. Guo, M. Dan, D. E. Doronkin, C. Han, Z. Rao, Y. Liu, J. Meng, Z. Huang, K. Zheng, P. Chen, F. Dong, Y. Zhou, Nat. Commun., 2021, 12, 1675.
[120]	S. Mondal, N. S. Powar, R. Paul, H. Kwon, N. Das, B. M. Wong, S.-I. In, J. Mondal, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, 14, 771-783.
[121]	W. Y. Zhang, C. Y. Deng, W. Wang, H. Sheng, J. C. Zhao, Adv. Mater., 2024, 36, 2405825.
[122]	S. Barman, A. Singh, F. A. Rahimi, T. K. Maji, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 143, 16284-16292.
[123]	J. Ran, M. Jaroniec, S.-Z. Qiao, Adv. Mater., 2018, 30, 1704649.
[124]	Y. Zhu, Z. Xu, Q. Lang, W. Jiang, Q. Yin, S. Zhong, S. Bai, Appl. Catal. B, 2017, 206, 282-292.
[125]	S. Ma, Z. Li, J. Jia, Z. Zhang, H. Xia, H. Li, X. Chen, Y. Xu, X. Liu, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 2010-2019.
[126]	C. Chu, D. Yao, Z. Chen, X. Liu, Q. Huang, Q. Li, S. Mao, Small, 2023, 19, 2303796.
[127]	Y. Wang, X. Li, S. Liu, Y. Liu, T. Kong, H. Zhang, X. Duan, C. Chen, S. Wang, ACS Catal., 2022, 12, 2770-2780.
[128]	X. Bai, R. Zong, C. Li, D. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Zhu, Appl. Catal. B, 2014, 147, 82-91.
[129]	L. Wang, D. W. Bahnemann, L. Bian, G. Dong, J. Zhao, C. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2019, 58, 8103-8108.
[130]	Z. Zhang, Y. Liang, H. Huang, X. Liu, Q. Li, L. Chen, D. Xu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2019, 58, 7263-7267.
[131]	L. Liccardo, M. Bordin, P. M. Sheverdyaeva, M. Belli, P. Moras, A. Vomiero, E. Moretti, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2023, 33, 2212486.
[132]	S. Zhang, H. Lan, Y. Cui, X. An, H. Liu, J. Qu, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2022, 56, 3552-3563.
[133]	Y. Hou, F. Liu, B. Zhang, M. Tong, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2022, 56, 16303-16314.
[134]	Y. He, Y. Huang, Y.-X. Ye, Y. Deng, X. Yang, G. Ouyang, Chem. Sci., 2025, 16, 3964-3977.
[135]	L. Su, P. Wang, X. Ma, J. Wang, S. Zhan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2021, 60, 21261-21266.
[136]	X. Zhang, J. Wang, B. Xiao, Y. Pu, Y. Yang, J. Geng, D. Wang, X. Chen, Y. Wei, K. Xiong, Y. Zhu, Appl. Catal. B, 2022, 315, 121525.
[137]	C. Dong, Y. Yang, X. Hu, Y. Cho, G. Jang, Y. Ao, L. Wang, J. Shen, J. H. Park, K. Zhang, Nat. Commun., 2022, 13, 4982.
[138]	F. Wang, J. Xu, Z. Wang, Y. Lou, C. Pan, Y. Zhu, Appl. Catal. B, 2022, 312, 121438.
[139]	L. Zhang, P. Su, Y. Wang, R. Djellabi, J. Zhao, Chemosphere, 2024, 347, 140620.
[140]	M. Jing, H. Zhao, L. Jian, C. Pan, Y. Dong, Y. Zhu, J. Hazard. Mater., 2023, 449, 131017.
[141]	R. J. Li, K. K. Ba, D. Zhang, Y. Shi, C. X. Li, Y. L. Yu, M. Yang, Small, 2024, 20, 2308568.
[142]	Z. Y. Jiang, L. Z. Wang, J. Y. Lei, Y. D. Liu, J. L. Zhang, Appl. Catal. B, 2019, 241, 367-374.
[143]	Y. Zhang, S. Liu, D. Chen, X. Xu, Chin. Chem. Lett., 2024, 35, 108666.
[144]	X. Lei, H. Zhao, C. Bai, L. Geng, X. Xu, Chin. Chem. Lett., 2025, 36, 111550.
[145]	K. Yin, J. Yang, Y. Li, Q. Li, X. Xu, Chin. Chem. Lett., 2024, 35, 109847.
[146]	Q. Tian, X. Xu, X. Duan, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2025, 59, 16823-16826.
[147]	Q. Tian, J. Chang, X. Peng, L. Geng, B. Gao, Q. Li, Y. Gao, X. Xu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64, e202503995.
[148]	Q. B. Tian, Q. Li, T. R. Zhang, W. X. Huang, C. L. Zhao, B. Hu, X. Xu, Adv. Mater., 2025, 37, e09280.
[149]	H. Zhao, X. Xu, W. Cui, L. Geng, X. Peng, J. Yang, X. Shao, Y. Liu, Adv. Mater., 2025, 37, 2503217.
[150]	G.-H. Moon, M. Fujitsuka, S. Kim, T. Majima, X. Wang, W. Choi, ACS Catal., 2017, 7, 2886-2895.
[151]	Y. Zhang, C. Pan, J. Li, Y. Zhu, Acc. Mater. Res., 2024, 5, 76-88.
[152]	T. Liu, Z. Pan, J. J. M. Vequizo, K. Kato, B. Wu, A. Yamakata, K. Katayama, B. Chen, C. Chu, K. Domen, Nat. Commun., 2022, 13, 1034.
[153]	P. Chen, X.-A. Dong, M. Huang, K. Li, L. Xiao, J. Sheng, S. Chen, Y. Zhou, F. Dong, ACS Catal., 2022, 12, 4560-4570.
[154]	H. Xie, X. Xie, G. Hu, V. Prabhakaran, S. Saha, L. Gonzalez-Lopez, A. H. Phakatkar, M. Hong, M. Wu, R. Shahbazian-Yassar, V. Ramani, M. I. Al-Sheikhly, D.-E. Jiang, Y. Shao, L. Hu, Nat. Energy, 2022, 7, 281-289.
[155]	E. E. Greenwood, T. Lauber, J. van den Hoogen, A. Donmez, R. E. S. Bain, R. Johnston, T. W. Crowther, T. R. Julian, Science, 2024, 385, 784-790.
[156]	A. R. Harris, S. W. Daly, A. J. Pickering, M. Mrisho, M. Harris, J. Davis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2023, 57, 17481-17489.
[157]	C. Chu, E. C. Ryberg, S. K. Loeb, M.-J. Suh, J.-H. Kim, Acc. Chem. Res., 2019, 52, 1187-1195.
[158]	J. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Xia, H. Yang, J.-H. Kim, W. Zhang, Nat. Commun., 2025, 16, 981.
[159]	J. L. Fairey, J. R. Laszakovits, H. T. Pham, T. D. Do, S. D. Hodges, K. McNeill, D. G. Wahman, Science, 2024, 386, 882-887.
[160]	I. Jeon, E. C. Ryberg, P. J. J. Alvarez, J.-H. Kim, Nat. Sustain., 2022, 5, 801-808.
[161]	C. Liu, D. Kong, P.-C. Hsu, H. Yuan, H.-W. Lee, Y. Liu, H. Wang, S. Wang, K. Yan, D. Lin, P. A. Maraccini, K. M. Parker, A. B. Boehm, Y. Cui, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2016, 11, 1098-1104.
[162]	P. Xia, S. Cao, B. Zhu, M. Liu, M. Shi, J. Yu, Y. Zhang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 5218-5225.
[163]	S. Giannakis, S. Papoutsakis, E. Darakas, A. Escalas-Cañellas, C. Pétrier, C. Pulgarin, Ultrason. Sonochem., 2015, 22, 515-526.
[164]	X. Zeng, Y. Liu, Y. Xia, M. H. Uddin, D. Xia, D. T. McCarthy, A. Deletic, J. Yu, X. Zhang, Appl. Catal. B, 2020, 274, 119095.
[165]	W. Li, B. Han, Y. Liu, J. Xu, H. He, G. Wang, J. Li, Y. Zhai, X. Zhu, Y. Zhu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2025, 64, e202421356.
[166]	L. W. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Yu, F. Gao, Z. Y. Shen, X. L. Zhang, S. G. Ge, J. Liu, Z. J. Gu, C. Y. Chen, Adv. Mater., 2019, 31, 1901965.
[167]	B. Ran, L. Ran, Z. Wang, J. Liao, D. Li, K. Chen, W. Cai, J. Hou, X. Peng, Chem. Rev., 2023, 123, 12371-12430.
[168]	S. K. Loeb, P. J. J. Alvarez, J. A. Brame, E. L. Cates, W. Choi, J. Crittenden, D. D. Dionysiou, Q. Li, G. Li-Puma, X. Quan, D. L. Sedlak, T. D. Waite, P. Westerhoff, J.-H. Kim, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2019, 53, 2937-2947.
[169]	J. Ma, C. Peng, X. Peng, S. Liang, Z. Zhou, K. Wu, R. Chen, S. Liu, Y. Shen, H. Ma, Y. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2024, 146, 21147-21159.
[170]	J. Tian, Y. Xi, J. Cheng, J. Zhang, H. Wang, F. Ren, J. Yuan, C. He, H. Yang, C. Liu, Z. Li, C. Li, Nat. Commun., 2026, 17, 967.
[171]	B. Chang, Q.-N. Wang, C. Cheng, S. Chen, X. Qu, S. Ye, C. Li, ACS Electrochem., 2026, 2, 188-196.
[172]	Q. Ma, J. Cheng, X. Wu, J. Xie, R. Zhang, Z. Mao, H. Yang, W. Fan, J. Zeng, J. H. Bitter, G. Li, Z. Li, C. Li, Nat. Commun., 2025, 16, 140.
[173]	G. Qi, T. E. Davies, A. Nasrallah, M. A. Sainna, A. G. R. Howe, R. J. Lewis, M. Quesne, C. R. A. Catlow, D. J. Willock, Q. He, D. Bethell, M. J. Howard, B. A. Murrer, B. Harrison, C. J. Kiely, X. Zhao, F. Deng, J. Xu, G. J. Hutchings, Nat. Catal., 2022, 5, 45-54.
[174]	H. Sterckx, B. Morel, B. U. W. Maes, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2019, 58, 7946-7970.
[175]	N. J. Walton, M. J. Mayer, A. Narbad, Phytochemistry, 2003, 63, 505-515.
[176]	L. Kesavan, R. Tiruvalam, M. H. A. Rahim, M. I. bin Saiman, D. I. Enache, R. L. Jenkins, N. Dimitratos, J. A. Lopez-Sanchez, S. H. Taylor, D. W. Knight, C. J. Kiely, G. J. Hutchings, Science, 2011, 331, 195-199.
[177]	X.-S. Xue, P. Ji, B. Zhou, J.-P. Cheng, Chem. Rev., 2017, 117, 8622-8648.
[178]	K. Khamaru, U. Pal, S. Shee, R. Lo, K. Seal, P. Ghosh, N. C. Maiti, B. Banerji, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2024, 146, 6912-6925.
[179]	W. T. Borden, R. Hoffmann, T. Stuyver, B. Chen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, 139, 9010-9018.
[180]	M. Bregnhøj, F. Thorning, P. R. Ogilby, Chem. Rev., 2024, 124, 9949-10051.
[181]	S. E. Bromberg, H. Yang, M. C. Asplund, T. Lian, B. K. McNamara, K. T. Kotz, J. S. Yeston, M. Wilkens, H. Frei, R. G. Bergman, C. B. Harris, Science, 1997, 278, 260-263.
[182]	A. E. Shilov, G. B. Shul’pin, Chem. Rev., 1997, 97, 2879-2932.
[183]	D. Balcells, E. Clot, O. Eisenstein, Chem. Rev., 2010, 110, 749-823.
[184]	S. E. Davis, M. S. Ide, R. J. Davis, Green Chem., 2013, 15, 17-45.
[185]	W. Guo, D. Liu, J. Liao, F. Ji, W. Wu, H. Jiang, Org. Chem. Front., 2017, 4, 1107-1111.
[186]	X. Cao, A. Huang, C. Liang, H.-C. Chen, T. Han, R. Lin, Q. Peng, Z. Zhuang, R. Shen, H.-M. Chen, Y. Yu, C. Chen, Y. Li, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144, 3386-3397.
[187]	X. Cao, Z. Chen, R. Lin, W.-C. Cheong, S. Liu, J. Zhang, Q. Peng, C. Chen, T. Han, X. Tong, Y. Wang, R. Shen, W. Zhu, D. Wang, Y. Li, Nat. Catal., 2018, 1, 704-710.
[188]	W. Lei, R. Liu, R. Li, Y. Liu, C. Li, ACS Catal., 2026, 16, 966-971.

Recent advances in oxygen-centered organic radicals: Characterization, synthesis, and applications

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 24

References

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

[1]	Wenmin Lei, Yan Zhang, Dalin Sun, Lin Ban, Heng Zhou, Song Yang, Liquan Jing, Jinguang Hu, Heng Zhang. Transition-metals photocatalysts for lignin valorization toward sustainable biofuel production [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 88(9): 35-85.
[2]	Vladimir I. Kurganskii, Dmitry P. Lubov, Alexander G. Medvedev, Ruihu Wang, Konstantin P. Bryliakov. Bioinspired asymmetric syn-hydroxyazidation of electron-deficient olefins in the presence of nonheme Mn complexes [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 88(9): 468-477.
[3]	Jiayu Zhang, Kun Wang, Jinglu Yu, Kaiyang Xu, Lu Yang, Jiali Rao, Shuqin Song, Yi Wang. Modulating active sites via Mn-doping in NiCo LDH for energy-saving paired electrosynthesis of H₂O₂ and formate [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 88(9): 307-321.
[4]	Songling Wang, Anhua Huang, Fengxing Yin, Ruixiang Lu, Wengang Liu, Yun Zhang, Botao Qiao. In-situ synthesis of hydrogen peroxide for highly selective oxidation of methane to methanol over noble-metal-free catalyst [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 88(9): 347-355.
[5]	Xiangfeng Chen, Siyu Huang, Yuhang Yang, Jiahao Ni, Cheng Fang, Yang-Fan Xu, Dai-Bin Kuang. Hybrid photocatalysis with halide perovskite materials [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 88(9): 9-34.
[6]	Hua Gao, Yong Zhu, Zhibing Wen, Ran Zhao, Zhi Chen, Siyao Wang, Shuanglin He, Kuang Peng, Yiwen Tang, Licheng Sun, Fei Li. Efficient and selective photocatalytic CO₂ conversion enabled by FePc nanosheets in a dye-sensitized system [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 86(7): 350-362.
[7]	Jintao Dong, Rui Zhang, Zhishuai Wang, Shengqun Cao, Lina Li, Gaopeng Liu, Bin Wang, Yixuan Gao, Jiexiang Xia. Construction of S-scheme MnO₂/BiOCl heterojunction boosting photocatalytic low-concentration peroxymonosulfate activation for contaminants removal [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 85(6): 310-321.
[8]	Qianqian Xu, Haihong Zhong, Chunli Li, Rong Jiang, Yongjun Feng, Luis Alberto Estudillo-Wong. O-bridged NiSe₂/CQDs composite synergistically triggers interfacial electrons transfer to promote H₂O₂ electrosynthesis [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 85(6): 258-271.
[9]	Jia Ruan, Wenjing Chen, Ziqian Li, Peng Hu, Cheng-Yong Su. Intermolecular asymmetric dearomative photocycloaddition of (benzo)furans with excited alkenes via cage-confined catalysis [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 85(6): 346-355.
[10]	Jing-Yu Li, Yi-Jun Xu. Regioselective ring-opening of epoxides triggered by light [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 85(6): 34-46.
[11]	Wei Zhong, Yiyao Gan, Jingtao Wang, Peiyi Yang, Aiyun Meng, Yaorong Su. Achieving near-equilibrium H_ad adsorption/desorption by introducing asymmetric S-Re-Se modules in a-ReS_xSe_2-_x cocatalysts for enhanced photocatalytic H₂ evolution [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 85(6): 322-332.
[12]	Yi-Wen Han, Run-Yu Liu, Yu-Xin Zhang, Lei Ye, Phuc T. T. Nguyen, Tian-Jun Gong, Xue-Bin Lu, Yao Fu, Ning Yan. Establishing built-in electric field within single-atom-anchored hollow architectures for efficient solar-thermal regulation in plastic photoreforming [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 84(5): 301-313.
[13]	Ran Sun, Yuqi Zhang, Kunge Hou, Yujie Tan, Xingang Liu, Jianyuan Hou, Weixuan Zhao, Andrew E. H. Wheatley, Renxi Zhang. Designing hydrogen-bonds in covalent organic frameworks: accelerating proton-coupled electron transfer for enhanced photocatalytic H₂O₂ synthesis [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 84(5): 274-287.
[14]	Jingyao Wu, Yujing Lv, Qiang Zhao, Shuo Wang, Ying Wang, Na Wen, Zhengxin Ding, Zizhong Zhang, Jinlin Long. Electron-proton duet in covalent organic frameworks for efficient direct oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 84(5): 288-300.
[15]	Ke-Hui Xie, Cong-Xue Liu, Yan Geng, Jing-Lan Kan, Guang-Bo Wang, Yu-Bin Dong. Efficient H₂O₂ photosynthesis through linker engineering of benzotrithiophene-based covalent organic frameworks [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 83(4): 271-281.