Ti3C2 MXene co-catalyst assembled with mesoporous TiO2 for boosting photocatalytic activity of methyl orange degradation and hydrogen production

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63915-3

Abstract

Abstract:

Photocatalytic degradation and hydrogen production using solar energy through semiconductor photocatalysts are deemed to be a powerful approach for solving environmental and energy crisis. However, the biggest challenge in photocatalysis is the efficient separation of photo-induced carriers. To this end, we report that the mesoporous TiO₂ nanoparticles are anchored on highly conductive Ti₃C₂ MXene co-catalyst by electrostatic self-assembly strategy. The constructed mesoporous TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ composites display that the mesoporous TiO₂ nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on the surface of layer structured Ti₃C₂ nanosheets. More importantly, the as-obtained mesoporous TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ composites reveal the significantly enhanced light absorption performance, photo-induced carriers separation and transfer ability, thus boosting the photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic methyl orange degradation efficiency of mesoporous TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ composite with an optimized Ti₃C₂ content (3 wt%) can reach 99.6% within 40 min. The capture experiments of active species confirm that the ·O₂ ^- and ·OH play major role in photocatalytic degradation process. Furthermore, the optimized mesoporous TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ composite also shows an excellent photocatalytic H₂ production rate of 218.85 μmol g ^-1 h ^-1, resulting in a 5.6 times activity as compared with the pristine mesoporous TiO₂ nanoparticles. This study demonstrates that the MXene family materials can be applied as highly efficient noble-metal-free co-catalysts in the field of photocatalysis.

Key words: Mesoporous TiO₂, Electrostatic self-assembly, Ti₃C₂ MXene, Co-catalyst, Photocatalytic degradation, Photocatalytic hydrogen production

Huapeng Li, Bin Sun, Tingting Gao, Huan Li, Yongqiang Ren, Guowei Zhou. Ti₃C₂ MXene co-catalyst assembled with mesoporous TiO₂ for boosting photocatalytic activity of methyl orange degradation and hydrogen production[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(2): 461-471.

×
share this article

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63915-3

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2022/V43/I2/461

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustration for the synthesis process of mesoporous TiO2/Ti3C2 composites; (b) Zeta potential of Ti3C2 MXene and mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles; (c) Digital photographs of mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles, Ti3C2 MXene, and T/M-3% in the aqueous solution.

Fig. 2. (a) XRD patterns of Ti3AlC2 and Ti3C2; (b) XRD patterns of TiO2 and composites with different Ti3C2 contents; (c) Raman spectra of Ti3AlC2, Ti3C2, TiO2, and T/M-3%; (d) The enlarged curves in the range of 100-700 cm-1 in (c).

Fig. 3. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and corresponding pore size distribution curves (inset) of TiO2 (a), Ti3C2 (b), T/M-1% (c), T/M-3% (d), T/M-5% (e), and T/M-7% (f).

Fig. 4. TEM images of TiO2 (a), Ti3C2 (b), and T/M-3% (c); (d) HRTEM image of T/M-3%.

Fig. 5. (a) XPS survey spectra of TiO2, Ti3C2, and T/M-3%; high-resolution XPS spectra of Ti 2p (b), C 1s (c), O 1s (d) for Ti3C2 and T/M-3%.

Fig. 6. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (a), band gap plots (b), PL spectra (c), TRPL spectra (d), transient photocurrent (e), and EIS Nyquist plots (f) of the as-prepared samples.

Fig. 7. (a) Photocatalytic degradation of MO; (b) Kinetic linear simulation curves for the photocatalytic degradation of MO; (c) Rate constant of as-synthesized photocatalysts; (d) UV-vis spectra and the solution color (inset) of MO at different photocatalytic degradation time intervals, cycling stability (e), and photocatalytic degradation (f) of MO in the presence of different scavengers over T/M-3%.

Fig. 8. ESR spectra of T/M-3% before and after UV light illumination for DMPO-·O2- (a) and DMPO-·OH (b).

Fig. 9. Photocatalytic H2 production (a) and H2 production rate (b) of as-synthesized photocatalysts.

Fig. 10. Schematic photocatalytic mechanism for photocatalytic MO degradation and H2 production over mesoporous TiO2/Ti3C2 composites.

References

[1]	C. C. Dong, J. Lu, B. C. Qiu, B. Shen, M. Y. Xing, J. L. Zhang , Appl. Catal. B, 2018,222, 146-156.
[2]	F. Y. Xu, K. Meng, B. Cheng, S. Y. Wang, J. S. Xu, J. G. Yu , Nat. Commun., 2020,11, 4613.
[3]	D. B. Zeng, C. L. Yu, Q. Z. Fan, J. L. Zeng, L. F. Wei, Z. S. Li, K. Yang, H. B. Ji , Chem. Eng. J., 2020,391, 123607.
[4]	Z. Z. Liang, R. C. Shen, Y. H. Ng, P. Zhang, Q. J. Xiang, X. Li , J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020,56, 89-121.
[5]	D. D. Ren, R. C. Shen, Z. M. Jiang, X. Y. Lu, X. Li , Chin. J. Catal., 2020,41, 31-40.
[6]	C. B. Bie, H. G. Yu, B. Cheng, W. K. Ho, J. J. Fan, J. G. Yu , Adv. Mater., 2021,33, 2003521.
[7]	Z. L. Wang, J. J. Fan, B. Cheng, J. G. Yu, J. S. Xu , Mater. Today Phys., 2020,15, 100279.
[8]	X. T. Liu, S. N. Gu, Y. J. Zhao, G. W. Zhou, W. J. Li , J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020,56, 45-68.
[9]	W. Zhang, H. L. He, Y. Tian, K. Lan, Q. Liu, C. Y. Wang, Y. Liu, A. Elzatahry, R. C. Che, W. Li, D. Y. Zhao , Chem. Sci., 2019,10, 1664-1670.
[10]	G. C. Huang, X. Y. Liu, S. R. Shi, S. T. Li, Z. T. Xiao, W. Q. Zhen, S. W. Liu, P. K. Wong , Chin. J. Catal., 2020,41, 50-61.
[11]	F. Y. Chen, C. L. Yu, L. F. Wei, Q. Z. Fan, F. Ma, J. L. Zeng, J. H. Yi, K. Yang, H. B. Ji , Sci. Total Environ., 2020,706, 136026.
[12]	X. H. Zhang, Z. W. Chen, Y. Luo, X. L. Han, Q. Q. Jiang, T. F. Zhou, H. J. Yang, J. C. Hu , J. Hazard. Mater., 2021,405, 124128.
[13]	T. M. Di, L. Y. Zhang, B. Cheng, J. G. Yu, J. J. Fan , J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020,56, 170-178.
[14]	Y. Li, D. N. Zhang, J. J. Fan, Q. J. Xiang , Chin. J. Catal., 2021,42, 627-636.
[15]	C. B. Bie, B. Cheng, J. J. Fan, W. K. Ho, J. G. Yu , Energy Chem., 2021,3, 100051.
[16]	K. Lan, L. Liu, W. Zhang, Y. Liu, A. Elzatahry, R. C. Wang, Y. Y. Xia, D. A. Dhayan, N. F. Zheng, D. Y. Zhao , J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018,140, 4135-4143.
[17]	M. Miodyńska, A. Mikolajczyka, B. Bajorowicz, J. Zwara, T. Klimczuk, W. Lisowski, G. Trykowski, H. P. Pinto, A. Z. Medynsk , Appl. Catal. B, 2020,272, 118962.
[18]	Q. Q. Liu, J. X. Huang, H. Tang, X. H. Yu, J. Shen , J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020,56, 196-205.
[19]	Q. Guo, C. Y. Zhou, Z. B. Ma, X. M. Yang , Adv. Mater., 2019,31, 1901997.
[20]	Y. Chen, G. B. Mao, Y. W. Tang, H. Wu, G. Wang, L. Zhang, Q. Liu , Chin. J. Catal., 2021,42, 225-234.
[21]	M. Xiao, L. Zhang, B. Luo, M. Q. Lyu, Z. L. Wang, H. M. Huang, S. C. Wang, A. J. Du, L. Z. Wang , Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020,59, 7230-7234.
[22]	X. Li, J. G. Yu, M. Jaroniec, X. B. Chen , Chem. Rev., 2019,119, 3962-4179.
[23]	J. Liu, G. Hodes, J. Q. Yan, S. Z. Liu , Chin. J. Catal., 2021,42, 205-216.
[24]	F. He, B. C. Zhu, B. Cheng, J. G. Yu, W. K. Ho, W. Macyk , Appl. Catal. B, 2020,272, 119006.
[25]	S. Q. Wu, X. J. Tan, J. Y. Lei, H. J. Chen, L. Z. Wang, J. L. Zhang , J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2019,141, 6592-6600.
[26]	Z. Cao, C. Liu, D. W. Chen, J. Q. Liu , Sci. Total. Environ., 2019,692, 572-581.
[27]	L. Y. Lu, G. H. Wang, Z. W. Xiong, Z. F. Hu, Y. W. Liao, J. Wang, J. Li , Ceram. Int., 2020,46, 10667-10677.
[28]	T. Wojciechowski, A. R. Wojciechowska, G. Matyszczak, M. Wrzecionek, A. Olszyna, A. Peter, A. M. Cozmuta, C. Nicula, L. M. Cozmuta, S. Podsiadło, D. Basiak, W. Ziemkowska, A. Jastrzębska , Inorg. Chem., 2019,58, 7602-7614.
[29]	M. Naguib, M. Kurtoglu, V. Presser, J. Lu, J. Niu, M. Heon, L. Hultman, Y. Gogotsi, M. W. Barsoum , Adv. Mater., 2011,23, 4248-4253.
[30]	M. Naguib, V. N. Mochalin, M. W. Barsoum, Y. Gogotsi , Adv. Mater., 2014,26, 992-1005.
[31]	R. Z. Zhao, M. Q. Wang, D. Y. Zhao, H. Li, C. X. Wang, L. W. Yin , ACS Energy Lett., 2018,3, 132-140.
[32]	P. Y. Kuang, M. He, B. C. Zhu, J. G. Yu, K. Fan, M. Jaroniec , J. Catal., 2019,375, 8-20.
[33]	S. J. Kim, H. J. Koh, C. E. Ren, O. Kwon, K. Maleski, S. Y. Cho, B. Anasori, C. K. Kim, Y. K. Choi, J. H. Kim, Y. Gogotsi, H. T. Jung , ACS Nano, 2018,12, 986-993.
[34]	X. F. Feng, Z. X. Yu, R. X. Long, X. H. Li, L. Y. Shao, H. J. Zeng, G. Y. Zeng, Y. H. Zuo , Sep. Purif. Technol., 2020,253, 117525.
[35]	C. Cai, R. Wang, S. F. Liu, X. Y. Yan, L. X. Zhang, M. L. Wang, Q. Tong, T. F. Jiao , Colloids Surf. A, 2020,589, 124468.
[36]	T. Cai, L. L. Wang, Y. T. Liu, S. Q. Zhang, W. Y. Dong, H. Chen, X. Y. Yi, J. L. Yuan, X. N. Xia, C. B. Liu, S. L. Luo , Appl. Catal. B, 2018,239, 545-554.
[37]	K. N. Li, S. S. Zhang, Y. H. Li, J. J. Fan, K. L. Lv , Chin. J. Catal., 2021,42, 3-14.
[38]	P. Y. Kuang, J. X. Low, B. Cheng, J. G. Yu, J. J. Fan , J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020,56, 18-44.
[39]	C. Peng, X. F. Yang, Y. H. Li, H. Yu, H. J. Wang, F. Peng , ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016,8, 6051-6060.
[40]	J. X. Low, L. Y. Zhang, T. Tong, B. J. Shen, J. G. Yu , J. Catal., 2018,361, 255-266.
[41]	H. Wang, R. Peng, Z. D. Hood, M. Naguib, S. P. Adhikari, Z. L. Wu , Chem Sus Chem, 2016,9, 1490-1497.
[42]	Y. T. Liu, P. Zhang, N. Sun, B. Anasori, Q. Z. Zhu, H. Liu, Y. Gogotsi, B. Xu , Adv. Mater., 2018,30, 1707334.
[43]	S. Chen, Y. F. Xiang, W. J. Xu, C. Peng , Inorg. Chem. Front., 2019,6, 199-208.
[44]	H. Wang, Y. Wu, T. Xiao, X. Z. Yuan, G. M. Zeng, W. G. Tu, S. Y. Wu, H. Y. Lee, Y. Z. Tan, J. W. Chew , Appl. Catal. B, 2018,233, 213-225.
[45]	S. Y. Lu, G. Meng, C. Wang, H. Chen , Chem. Eng. J., 2021,404, 126526.
[46]	Y. Xie, M. M. Rahman, S. Kareem, H. Dong, F. Qiao, W. Xiong, X. Q. Liu, N. Li, X. J. Zhao , Cryst Eng Comm, 2020,22, 2060-2066.
[47]	N. My Tran, Q. Thanh Hoai Ta, J. S. Noh , Appl. Surf. Sci., 2021,538, 148023.
[48]	Y. F. Dong, Z. S. Wu, S. H. Zheng, X. Wang, J. Qin, S. Wang, X. Shi, X. Bao , ACS Nano, 2017,11, 4792-4800.
[49]	Z. H. Liu, Y. J. Zheng, T. T. Gao, J. Zhang, X. F. Sun, G. W. Zhou , Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2017,42, 21775-21785.
[50]	R. Z. Zhao, H. X. Di, X. B. Hui, D. Y. Zhao, R. T. Wang, C. X. Wang, L. W. Yin , Energy Environ. Sci., 2020,13, 246-257.
[51]	S. W. Cao, B. J. Shen, T. Tong, J. W. Fu, J. G. Yu , Adv. Funct. Mater., 2018,28, 1800136.
[52]	H. C. Dai, Y. J. Sun, P. J. Ni, W. D. Lu, S. Jiang, Y. L. Wang, Z. Li, Z. Li, , Sens. Actuators. B, 2017,242, 260-268.
[53]	Y. Q. Sheng, Z. Wei, H. Miao, W. Q. Yao, H. Q. Li, Y. F. Zhu , Chem. Eng. J., 2019,370, 287-294.
[54]	H. H. Wang, H. Z. Cui, X. J. Song, R. Q. Xu, N. Wei, J. Tian, H. S. Niu , J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2020,561, 46-57.
[55]	Y. A. Zhu, Z. Y. Zhang, N. Lu, R. N. Hua, B. Dong , Chin. J. Catal., 2019,40, 413-423.
[56]	B. Sun, F. R. Tao, Z. X. Huang, W. Yan, Y. X. Zhang, X. S. Dong, Y. Wu, G. W. Zhou , Appl. Surf. Sci., 2021,535, 147354.
[57]	C. Wang, X. D. Zhu, Y. C. Mao, F. Wang, X. T. Gao, S. Y. Qiu, S. R. Le, K. N. Sun , Chem. Commun., 2019,55, 1237-1240.
[58]	H. Q. Wang, Q. H. Gong, H. Huang, T. T. Gao, Z. W. Yuan, G. W. Zhou , Mater. Res. Bull., 2018,107, 397-406.
[59]	W. Zheng, P. Zhang, J. Chen, W. B. Tian, Y. M. Zhang, Z. M. Sun , J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018,6, 3543-3551.
[60]	Y. Zhuang, Y. F. Liu, X. F. Meng , Appl. Surf. Sci., 2019,496, 143647.
[61]	F. Y. Xu, K. Meng, B. Zhu, H. B. Liu, J. S. Xu, J. G. Yu , Adv. Funct. Mater., 2019,29, 1904256.
[62]	Z. M. Jiang, Q. Chen, Q. Q. Zheng, R. C. Shen, P. Zhang, X. Li , Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2021,37, 2010059.
[63]	W. Z. Liu, M. X. Sun, Z. P. Ding, B. W. Gao, W. Ding , J. Alloys Compd., 2021,877, 160223.
[64]	C. Sun, Z. Q. Chen, J. Cui, K. Li, H. X. Qu, H. F. Xie, Q. Zhong , Catal. Sci. Technol., 2021,11, 1027-1038.
[65]	J. Y. Shen, J. Shen, W. J. Zhang, X. H. Yu, H. Tang, M. Y. Zhang, Zulfiqar, Q. Q. Liu , Ceram. Int., 2019,45, 24146-24153.
[66]	Y. J. Li, Z. H. Yin, G. R. Ji, Z. Q. Liang, Y. J. Xue, Y. C. Guo, J. Tian, X. Z. Wang, H. Z. Cui , Appl. Catal. B, 2019,246, 12-20.
[67]	B. Sun, G. W. Zhou, T. T. Gao, H. J. Zhang, H. H. Yu , Appl. Surf. Sci., 2016,364, 322-331.
[68]	J. Ren, T. T. Hu, Q. H. Gong, Q. Wang, B. Sun, T. T. Gao, P. Cao, G. W. Zhou , Nanomaterials, 2020,10, 1813.
[69]	J. R. Ran, G. P. Gao, F. T. Li, T. Y. Ma, A. J. Du, S. Z. Qiao , Nat. Commun., 2017,8, 13907.
[70]	Y. J. Li, L. Ding, S. J. Yin, Z. Q. Liang, Y. J. Xue, X. Z. Wang, H. Z. Cui, J. Tian , Nano-Micro Lett., 2020,12, 6.
[71]	S. Q. Wu, H. Y. Hu, Y. Lin, J. L. Zhang, Y. H. Hu , Chem. Eng. J., 2020,382, 122842.

Ti₃C₂ MXene co-catalyst assembled with mesoporous TiO₂ for boosting photocatalytic activity of methyl orange degradation and hydrogen production

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Supporting Information

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 10

References

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

[1]	Sikai Wang, Xiang-Ting Min, Botao Qiao, Ning Yan, Tao Zhang. Single-atom catalysts: In search of the holy grails in catalysis [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 52(9): 1-13.
[2]	Bowen Liu, Jiajie Cai, Jianjun Zhang, Haiyan Tan, Bei Cheng, Jingsan Xu. Simultaneous benzyl alcohol oxidation and H₂ generation over MOF/CdS S-scheme photocatalysts and mechanism study [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 51(8): 204-215.
[3]	Defa Liu, Bin Sun, Shuojie Bai, Tingting Gao, Guowei Zhou. Dual co-catalysts Ag/Ti₃C₂/TiO₂ hierarchical flower-like microspheres with enhanced photocatalytic H₂-production activity [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 50(7): 273-283.
[4]	Ning Li, Xueyun Gao, Junhui Su, Yangqin Gao, Lei Ge. Metallic WO₂-decorated g-C₃N₄ nanosheets as noble-metal-free photocatalysts for efficient photocatalysis [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 47(4): 161-170.
[5]	Chao Wu, Kangle Lv, Xin Li, Qin Li. Dual cocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution: Categories, synthesis, and design considerations [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 54(11): 137-160.
[6]	Ke Wang, Miao Cheng, Nan Wang, Qianyi Zhang, Yi Liu, Junwei Liang, Jie Guan, Maochang Liu, Jiancheng Zhou, Naixu Li. Inter-plane 2D/2D ultrathin La₂Ti₂O₇/Ti₃C₂ MXene Schottky heterojunctions toward high-efficiency photocatalytic CO₂ reduction [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 44(1): 146-159.
[7]	Wei Zhong, Jiachao Xu, Ping Wang, Bicheng Zhu, Jiajie Fan, Huogen Yu. Novel core-shell Ag@AgSe_x nanoparticle co-catalyst: In situ surface selenization for efficient photocatalytic H₂ production of TiO₂ [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(4): 1074-1083.
[8]	Yingnan Zhao, Xing Qin, Xinyu Zhao, Xin Wang, Huaqiao Tan, Huiying Sun, Gang Yan, Haiwei Li, Wingkei Ho, Shun-cheng Lee. Polyoxometalates-doped Bi₂O_3-_x/Bi photocatalyst for highly efficient visible-light photodegradation of tetrabromobisphenol A and removal of NO [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(3): 771-781.
[9]	Ting Huang, Jiaqi Chen, Lili Zhang, Alireza Khataee, Qiaofeng Han, Xiaoheng Liu, Jingwen Sun, Junwu Zhu, Shugang Pan, Xin Wang, Yongsheng Fu. Precursor-modified strategy to synthesize thin porous amino-rich graphitic carbon nitride with enhanced photocatalytic degradation of RhB and hydrogen evolution performances [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(2): 497-506.
[10]	Junxian Bai, Rongchen Shen, Zhimin Jiang, Peng Zhang, Youji Li, Xin Li. Integration of 2D layered CdS/WO₃ S-scheme heterojunctions and metallic Ti₃C₂ MXene-based Ohmic junctions for effective photocatalytic H₂ generation [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(2): 359-369.
[11]	Yukun Zhu, Yan Zhuang, Lele Wang, Hua Tang, Xianfeng Meng, Xilin She. Constructing 0D/1D Ag₃PO₄/TiO₂ S-scheme heterojunction for efficient photodegradation and oxygen evolution [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(10): 2558-2568.
[12]	Fahim A. Qaraah, Samah A. Mahyoub, Abdo Hezam, Amjad Qaraah, Qasem A. Drmosh, Guangli Xiu. Construction of 3D flowers-like O-doped g-C₃N₄-[N-doped Nb₂O₅/C] heterostructure with direct S-scheme charge transport and highly improved visible-light-driven photocatalytic efficiency [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(10): 2637-2651.
[13]	Xiaomeng Gu, Taijie Chen, Jian Lei, Yang Yang, Xiuzhen Zheng, Sujuan Zhang, Qiushi Zhu, Xianliang Fu, Sugang Meng, Shifu Chen. Self-assembly synthesis of S-scheme g-C₃N₄/Bi₈(CrO₄)O₁₁ for photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin and bisphenol A [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(10): 2569-2580.
[14]	Lele Wang, Tao Yang, Lijie Peng, Qiqi Zhang, Xilin She, Hua Tang, Qinqin Liu. Dual transfer channels of photo-carriers in 2D/2D/2D sandwich-like ZnIn₂S₄/g-C₃N₄/Ti₃C₂ MXene S-scheme/Schottky heterojunction for boosting photocatalytic H₂ evolution [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(10): 2720-2731.
[15]	Shipeng Tang, Yang Xia, Jiajie Fan, Bei Cheng, Jiaguo Yu, Wingkei Ho. Enhanced photocatalytic H₂ production performance of CdS hollow spheres using C and Pt as bi-cocatalysts [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2021, 42(5): 743-752.