Recent progress in electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen to ammonia

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64640-6

Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2024, Vol. 60: 107-127.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64640-6

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Recent progress in electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen to ammonia

Guangtong Hai^a^,^b^,^*(), Zhongheng Fu^c, Xin Liu^d^,^*(), Xiubing Huang^e^,^*()

^aInstitute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang University, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang, China
^bBeijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
^cBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
^dCentre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
^eBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Function Materials for Molecule & Structure Construction, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

Received:2024-01-24 Accepted:2024-02-29 Online:2024-05-18 Published:2024-05-20
Contact: *E-mail: hgt@tsinghua.edu.cn (G. Hai), xin.liu@inrs.ca (X. Liu), xiubinghuang@ustb.edu.cn (X. Huang).
About author:Guangtong Hai (Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Zhejiang University) received his Ph.D. from the University of Science and Technology Beijing in 2021. From 2021 to 2023, he worked as a post-doctoral researcher at Tsinghua University. In November 2023, he joined the Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou as an associate researcher. His research interests include high-throughput theoretical screening, precise controlled synthesis and gas separation applications of nanoporous materials. So far, he has published more than 30 papers in academic journals such as Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Nano Energy, Small Methods, Advanced Function Materials, ACS Catalysis, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Chemical Science, Chemical Engineering Journal, iScience, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, AIP Advances, and has been cited more than 1200 times with the H-index of 19. He has applied for 2 national invention patents as the first inventor and 4 software Copyrights have been applied (authorized) as the first author or corresponding author.
Xin Liu (Institut national de la recherche scientifique) received her PhD degree from Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications (EMT) at Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) in 2023. Her expertise lies in the synthesis of low dimensional nanomaterials and their utilization in harnessing solar energy for electricity generation and water splitting. Currently, she is a visiting postdoctoral scholar in EMT-INRS. Her current research direction involves the study of nanostructured materials for electrolysis to produce high-valued chemicals and fuels.
Xiubing Huang (University of Science and Technology Beijing) received his BE (2008) and ME (2011) from the University of Science and Technology Beijing, and his Ph.D. from the University of St Andrews (UK) in 2015. He spent one year working at the Research Centre for Materials Science of Nagoya University (Japan) as a postdoctoral fellow. He spent nine months (2019‒2020) as a visiting scholar at the research group of Prof. Martin Muhler at Ruhr-University Bochum (Germany). Currently, he is a professor at the School of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Science and Technology Beijing. His current research focuses on rational design and controllable synthesis of nanostructured catalysts.
Supported by:
Research Funds of Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou(IZQ2023RCZX032);Postdoctoral basic research funds at Tsinghua University(100415017)

Abstract

Abstract:

Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) plays a vital role in the nitrogen cycling within ecosystems, agricultural systems, and industrial applications. Suffering from the low solubility of nitrogen (N₂), high stability of N≡N triple bond and severe competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), electrochemical NRR currently faces several problems such as sluggish yield rate and low Faraday efficiency (FE). So far, dedicated endeavors have led to significant advancements in NRR, but it is still far from satisfactory now. In this comprehensive review, we systematically consolidate recent advancements in electrochemical NRR, including high-performance NRR catalysts, innovative NRR reaction equipment, and the regulation and optimization of NRR reaction pathways. More importantly, from the reported researches, we proposed that the improvement of NRR performance required coordinated regulation from many aspects, and the unitary aspect of optimization is difficult to break through the existing bottleneck. Therefore, unlike other recent reviews, we didn’t discuss in chronological order here, but with three subsections according to these aspects. In the outlook section, we highlighted the existing challenges within the NRR field. This review would serve as a guiding framework for the strategic design of catalysts and devices in NRR, while also contributing to the refinement and optimization of NRR mechanisms.

Key words: Nitrogen reduction reaction, Electrocatalysis, Catalyst, Reaction equipment, Reaction pathway

Guangtong Hai, Zhongheng Fu, Xin Liu, Xiubing Huang. Recent progress in electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen to ammonia[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2024, 60: 107-127.

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Figures/Tables 14

Scheme 1. Schematic diagram of different strategies for NRR, including high-performance catalysts (materials aspect), novel reactor (device aspect) and mechanism tunning (reaction aspect).

Fig. 2. The percentage of occurrence frequency of different transition metal-based NRR catalysts reported in the past five years from text mining statistic results.

Fig. 3. Various kinds of Mo-based catalysts for NRR. (a) Single-atom Au isolated onto bicontinous nanoporous MoSe2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [17]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons. (b) Molybdenum carbide nanodots embedded in ultrathin carbon nanosheets. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [18]. Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Chevrel phase chalcogenide Fe2Mo6S8. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [20]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (d) Mo2C-MoO2 heterostructure QDs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [24]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (e) Metallic 1T phase of MoS2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [26]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 4. Various kinds of Cu-based catalysts for NRR. (a) Cu-phthalocyanine-based 2D conjugated COF. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [34]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (b) Ordered vacancies decorated PdCu crystal would significantly enhance the NRR performance. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [35]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic of the structure and fabrication of Ru-Cu nanoparticles on the cellulose/carbon nanotube sponge. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [36]. Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons. (d) Mass transfer of protons (produced from water) and nitrogen molecules on the FePS (left) and Cu modified FeSx (FeCuSx, right) surface in alkaline electrolytes. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [37]. Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons. (e) Ti3C2Tx-MXene QDs/porous Cu nanosheets would deliver excellent NRR performance. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [38]. Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 5. Various kinds of Ru-based and Bi-based catalysts for NRR. (a) Atomic models with electron transfer of N2 adsorption on Ru-Co3O4-x (001) surface. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (b) NRR performance of the Ru-S-C catalyst tested in N2-saturated 0.10 mol L-1 KOH at -0.15 V vs. RHE and the schematic diagram of the Ru/S dual-site collaborative catalytic mechanism. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (c) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of Bi@C electrocatalyst. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons. (d) Synthetic process of the NC/Bi SAs/TiN/CC. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [45]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons. (e) High NRR performance was achieved by BiOx ADCs catalyst. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [46]. Copyright 2023, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 6. Various kinds of Fe-based catalysts for NRR. (a) The structure of the bionic inspired designed FeWSx catalyst. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [48]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons. (b) C18@Fe3P/CP could effectively suppress competing HER. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature. (c) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of FeSC by the strategy of sulfur tethering. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [50]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (d) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of Fe1Sx@TiO2 catalyst. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [51]. Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons. (e) PdFe1 could effectively enrich and activate N2 molecules. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [52]. Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 7. Recently reported other transition metal atom-based catalysts for NRR. (a) Exfoliated NiPS3 nanosheets. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [57]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (b) Schematic representation of the synthesis of the IVR-FO/GDY iron vacancy-rich catalyst. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [62]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Physical characterizations of Ru SAs/GDY/G. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [63]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. (d) Gibbs energy profiles and selected structural information for the NRR processes taking place at the Ta-O6-a, and the Ta-N6-a sites, respectively. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [64]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.

Fig. 8. Recently reported non-metallic-based catalysts for NRR. (a) Representation of black phosphorus and the SEM image. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [81]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons. (b) Cross-sectional SEM image of an individual CN coated C fiber and its atomic model. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [82]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of 3D nanoporous B13C2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [83]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons. (d) Mechanism of capture and activation of N2 through the pulling effect of frustrated Lewis pairs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [84]. Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons. (e) The Gibbs free energy diagrams for NRR on different sites (Site 1, Site 2, and Site 6) of PBDT-TT. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons.

Table 1 Comparison of different types of catalysts.

Items	Strength	Weakness
Mo-based catalysts	optimized adsorption; improved activation	severe competitive HER
Cu-based catalysts	regulate the local electronic configuration; optimized adsorption	high cost
Ru-based catalysts	optimized adsorption; improved activation	high cost; severe competitive HER
Bi-based catalysts	tunable adsorption; tunable activity	poor stability
Fe-based catalysts	high selectivity; high yield	poor stability
Other metal-based catalysts	improved activity	low selectivity
Nonmetallic-based catalyst	high selectivity; low cost	low yield

Fig. 9. (a) Comparison of recently reported catalysts for NRR. (b) Enlarged image of the part in the box in (a).

Fig. 10. Some recently reported novel reactor for NRR. (a) The proposed stand-alone sustainable farm with the PV-EC system. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (b) Schematic illustration of the N2-microextractor. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [92]. Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons. (c) The proposed CO2-tolerant proton-conducting La5.5WO11.25-δ membrane reactor. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (d) Schematic and configuration of the continuous-flow reactor [96].

Fig. 11. Some recent reports about the regulation and optimization of NRR mechanism. (a) The proposed strategy of ZIF-induced electron-deficient sites and then lower d-band to weaken catalyst-H interactions. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [99]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons. (b) Mechanism of catalytic recycling of lithium intermediates. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons. (c) Integrated/cascade plasma-enabled N2 oxidation and electrocatalytic NOx- (where x = 2, 3) reduction reaction. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [105]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (d) Schematic diagram of NOR and NRR process at the anode and cathode chamber by pulsed electrocatalysis. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [106]. Copyright 2023, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 12. Visual comparison of various strategies or approaches for promoting NRR performance, illustrating that enhancement of NRR performance requires the collaborative improvement of multiple aspects.

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Recent progress in electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen to ammonia

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