Porousizing catalysts for boosting CO2 electroreduction

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60147-6

Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2024, Vol. 67: 4-20.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60147-6

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Porousizing catalysts for boosting CO₂ electroreduction

Xiaoyu You^a^,^b, Caoyu Yang^b^,^c, Xinwei Li^b^,^c(), Zhiyong Tang^a^,^b^,^c()

^aHenan institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China.
^bCAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
^cUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Received:2024-09-07 Accepted:2024-09-16 Online:2024-11-30 Published:2024-11-30
Contact: Xinwei Li, Zhiyong Tang
About author:Xinwei Li (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology) received his Bachelor’s degree in 2016 from Luoyang Normal University, Master’s degree in 2019 from Jiangxi Normal University, and PhD degree in 2024 from Zhengzhou University. He carried out postdoctoral research at National Center for Nanoscience and Technology from 2024. His research interests currently focus on new materials and energy electrocatalysis with emphasis on design of new catalysts and reaction mechanism for small molecule conversion.
Zhiyong Tang (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology) obtained his PhD degree in 1999 from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Following that, he went to Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland, and to the University of Michigan, USA, for his postdoctoral research. In November of 2006, he joined the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology in China and took up a full professor position. His current research interests focus on assembly, optical properties of functional nanomaterials, as well as their applications in energy, catalysis, separation, and sensing.
Supported by:
Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB36000000);National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA1200302);National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1205400);National Natural Science Foundation of China(92356304);National Natural Science Foundation of China(92056204)

Abstract

Abstract:

Facing soaring global energy demand and intensifying environmental problems, the search for sustainable energy alternatives has become imperative. The efficient conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂), one of the primary greenhouse gases, plays the crucial role in mitigating global climate change. The electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (eCO₂RR) provides an effective solution for its conversion into high-value-added chemicals, promoting the development of the carbon cycle and green chemistry. Porous materials of distinctive physicochemical properties have demonstrated substantial potential in eCO₂RR. In this review, various strategies of porousizing catalysts for boosted eCO₂RR are briefly summarized. Subsequently, the functionalities of porous materials including enrichment effect, modulating microenvironmental pH, stabilizing key species, facilitating mass transfer and tuning the nature of active sites to improve the efficiency and selectivity of eCO₂RR are categorized. Furthermore, we discuss the principal challenges confronting current electrocatalytic systems and propose future research directions. Insights from this review are expected to benefit broad communities of chemical and material research for rationalizing porous electrocatalysts and optimizing eCO₂RR performances.

Key words: Porous nanomaterials, Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction, Enrichment, Local pH, Mass transfer

Xiaoyu You, Caoyu Yang, Xinwei Li, Zhiyong Tang. Porousizing catalysts for boosting CO₂ electroreduction[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2024, 67: 4-20.

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Figures/Tables 15

Fig. 1. Scheme of sustainable production of chemicals in eCO2RR by porous catalysts.

Fig. 2. Scheme of research strategies and products of porous catalysts in eCO2RR.

Fig. 4. (a) Scheme of preparation process of mesoporous films with the aid of PS-b-PEO templates. (b) FE of the generated products and total current density from CO2 reduction on MP-Cu20 in an MEA configuration at full cell potential ranging from −2.6 to −3.1 V. (c,d) In situ Raman spectra of MP-Cu20 in CO2 saturated 0.1 mol L−1 KHCO3 aqueous solution at potential ranging from −0.19 to −0.99 V. (e) FEM-simulated CO concentration distribution in the interior of S-Cu20. (f) FEM-simulated C2H4. Concentration distribution in the interior of S-Cu20. (g) Reaction diagram for two *CO dimerization to form OCCO*. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2024, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 5. (a) Computed concentration of C1 products and flux distribution (arrows) at the catalyst surface with a single-shell, three-shells and five-shells. (b) Computed concentration of C2+ products and flux distribution (arrows) at the catalyst surface with a single shell, three shells and five shells. Color scale, in mmol L−1. (c) Ratio of the selectivity of C2+/C1 as a function of the number of shells. (d) In situ ATR-SEIRAS of 4.4-shell Cu under different applied potentials. (e) In situ ATR-SEIRAS of commercial Cu powder under different applied potentials. (f) Normalized *CO peak area against the applied potential of 4.4-shell Cu and commercial Cu powder. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [75]. Copyright 2024, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 6. (a) Optimal FEethanol and corresponding ethanol to ethylene ratio for p-CuO-(7.0 nm), p-CuO-(12.5 nm) and p-CuO-(19.4 nm) catalysts. (b) Electron density difference plots for *CHCOH adsorbed on Cu(110) surface with (bottom) or without (top) additional *OH coverage. (c) Average surface OH− concentration over those CuO-based catalysts under eCO2RR condition. (d) Computational modeling of OH− species distribution under eCO2RR condition. Insets show the top view of OH− species distribution inside the nanocavity. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2023, National Academy of Sciences.

Fig. 7. (a) Atomic-resolved high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy image of ER-CuNS. The inset is the size distribution of pores. (b) K+ concentration-dependent FE and C2+ current density of ER-CuNS at −1.45 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). K+ distribution on ER-CuNS (c) and F-CuNS (d). Models obtained from FEM simulation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature.

Fig. 8. (a) Scheme of fabrication of La-Cu HS. From left to right are the pH distribution in electrolytes near the surface of the solid sphere, hollow sphere, and within channels of the hollow sphere at −700 mA (b) and −900 mA (c). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [86]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature.

Fig. 9. (a) Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a PS:PFSA adlayer on silicon substrate. Modelled pH profile for 5 µm PFSA layer (b) and 5 µm insulating polymer nanoparticles (IPN):PFSA adlayer (c) over a 200-nm-thick catalyst. (d) SEM image of CuO-IO catalyst. (e) Potential-dependent FE for products over CuO-IO catalyst. (f) Comparison of CO FE. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [62]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [87]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 10. (a) Scheme of carbon intermediates confined in nanocavities, which locally protect Cu oxidation state during eCO2RR. White: hydrogen; gray: carbon; red: oxygen; violet: copper. Operando Raman spectra of multi-hollow (b), fragmental (c) and solid (d) Cu2O as a function of reaction time. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [48]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 11. (a) Scheme of the preparation process of porous Cu catalytic layer. (b) Product selectivity. SEM images of Cu2O-IOs in low-magnification (c) and high-magnification (d). (e) Steady-state total current densities at various potentials for Cu-IOs and Cu particles. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [51]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [93]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier.

Fig. 12. Schemes and SEM images of P-Cu2O-140 (a), P-Cu2O-240 (b) and P-Cu2O-340 (c). (d) CO2 transport process diagram of porous Cu2O/gas diffusion electrode (GDE) and nonporous Cu2O/GDE. (e) FE for C2+ products under different applied current densities over porous Cu2O and nonporous Cu2O samples. (f) Water contact angle of P-Cu2O-140, P-Cu2O-240 and P-Cu2O-340. (g) Scheme of “lotus” micro-nanostructure on a SnOx nanoporous film and its superhydrophobic behavior. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [97]. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 13. (a) Scheme of preparation process for Ag1-N3/PCNC. (b) Design and synthesis of metalloporphyrin-derived 2D COFs. (c) Illustration of synthesis of NU-1000 and NU-1000-Sn. (d) SEM and elemental mapping of NU-1000-Sn. (e) Sn K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectra of NU-1000-Sn, Sn foil, and SnO2. (f) Extended X-ray absorption fine structure fitting curve of the ditin sites in NU-1000-Sn. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [58]. Copyright 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [102]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 14. (a) Scheme of the synthetic process of CuSn-HAB. (b) Scheme of synthetic process of Cu2−xSe-T. SEM (c) and TEM (d) images of Cu2−xSe-450. (e) Operando Raman spectra taken after different eCO2RR times over the Cu2−xSe-450 at −0.74 V vs. RHE. (f) In situ attenuated total reflection infrared spectra taken after different eCO2RR times over Cu2−xSe-450 in 0.5 mol L−1 KHCO3 solution. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [106]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [60]. Copyright 2023, John Wiley and Sons.

Table 1 Representative electrocatalyst of the eCO2RR and some related information.

Catalyst	Product	Current density (mA cm^‒2)	FE (%)	Function	Ref.
S-Cu20	C₂H₄	368	85.6	enrichment effect	[74]
4,4-shell Cu	C₂H₄	528.3	58.7	enrichment effect	[75]
p-CuO-12.5	C₂H₅OH	500	44	enrichment effect	[49]
Cu₂O@CS	CH₃COOH	328	38.5	enrichment effect	[77]
ER-CuNS	C²⁺	560	83.7	enrichment effect	[85]
La-Cu HS	C²⁺	775.8	86.2	modulating microenvironmental pH	[86]
COF-PSFA	C²⁺	200	75	modulating microenvironmental pH	[62]
CuO-IO	CO	—	72.5	modulating microenvironmental pH	[87]
multi-hollow Cu₂O	C²⁺	267	75.2	stabilizing key species	[48]
p-CuSiO₃/CuO	C²⁺	400	91.7	stabilizing key species	[91]
porous Cu	C₂H₄	420	52.5	facilitating mass transfer and diffusion	[51]
p-Cu₂O-240	C₂H₄	753	53.3	facilitating mass transfer and diffusion	[42]
SnO_x nanoporous	CO and HCOOH	—	90	facilitating mass transfer and diffusion	[97]
Ag₁-N₃/PCNC	CO	7.6	95	tuning the nature of active sites	[100]
COF-Co	CO	5	90	tuning the nature of active sites	[58]
NU-1000-Sn	CO	260	100	tuning the nature of active sites	[102]
CuSn-HAB	C₂H₅OH	68	56.2	tuning the nature of active sites	[106]

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Porousizing catalysts for boosting CO₂ electroreduction

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