Linkage engineering in covalent organic frameworks for overall photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis from water and air

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60195-6

Abstract

Abstract:

Artificial photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) using covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as photocatalysts holds promise for future applications. However, the influence of linkage chemistry on the photoelectrochemical properties and photocatalytic performance of COFs remains a significant challenge. Herein, we designed and synthesized a model system with different linkages, including imine-, amine-, azo-linked COFs, then investigated their photocatalytic activity of overall H₂O₂ production. The photocatalytic results revealed varying activities for H₂O₂ synthesis among these COFs, with the azo-linked TTA-Azo-COF (COF synthesized by 4,4',4''-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)-trianiline and terephthalaldehyde) demonstrating the highest overall H₂O₂ photosynthesis activity of 2516 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ in an O₂ atmosphere without any sacrificial agents, which is 6.72 and 2.85 times higher than that of imine-linked TTA-COF and amine-linked TTA-COF-AR, respectively. Furthermore, TTA-Azo-COF maintained a high photosynthesis H₂O₂ activity of 2116 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ under an air atmosphere, outperforming most COF-based photocatalytic systems under similar reaction conditions. Further characterizations and density functional theory calculations reveal these various linkages in different COFs result in distinct visible-light absorption, charge transfer capacities and formation energy barriers of key intermediates. This work revealed the significant impact of linkages on COFs and provided comprehensive guidance for the rational design of COFs with tailored linkages to fulfill specific requirements for future applications.

Key words: Linkage engineering, Hydrogen peroxide, COFs, Photocatalytic H₂O₂ synthesis, Azo

Jian-Zhou Xiao, Zhi-Hao Zhao, Nan-Nan Zhang, Hong-Tu Che, Xiu Qiao, Guang-Ying Zhang, Xiaoyu Chu, Ya Wang, Hong Dong, Feng-Ming Zhang. Linkage engineering in covalent organic frameworks for overall photocatalytic H₂O₂ synthesis from water and air[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 69: 219-229.

×
share this article

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60195-6

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2025/V69/I2/219

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1. (a) The structure diagram of TTA-Azo-COF, TTA-COF and TTA-COF-AR. PXRD patterns and refined profiles of TTA-Azo-COF (b), TTA-COF (c) and TTA-COF-AR (d). N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution pro?les (insert) for TTA-Azo-COF (e), TTA-COF (f) and TTA-COF-AR (g).

Fig. 2. FT-IR (a), Raman (b) and 13C CP/MAS ssNMR (c) spectra of TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF. The HR-XPS N 1s spectra of TTA-COF (d), TTA-COF-AR (e) and TTA-Azo-COF (f). TEM, HR-TEM images and lattice fringes of TTA-COF (g), TTA-COF-AR (h) and TTA-Azo-COF (i).

Fig. 3. UV-vis DRS spectra (a), optical bandgap (b) and energy band structures (c) for TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF. (d) The photocatalytic performance of H2O2 production using visible light for TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF. (e) The photocatalytic performance of H2O2 production under different atmosphere conditions. (f) The comparison of H2O2 photosynthesis rate by TTA-Azo-COF with other reported photocatalysts under similar reaction conditions. (g) Comparison of H2O2 production rates by TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF under different conditions. (h) Photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis cycles stability of TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF. (i) The dependence of AQY on incident light wavelength.

Fig. 4. (a) The RRDE measurement of TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF at 1600 r min?1 in O2-saturated 0.1 mol L?1 KOH. (b) The Koutecky-Levich plots obtained by RDE measurements. The transient photocurrent response density (c), EIS Nyquist plots (d), PL spectra (e) and TRPL decay spectra (f) of TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF. (g) EPR spectra of TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) conditions. (h,i) EPR spectra of DMPO-·O2? of TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) and dark conditions.

Fig. 5. Time-dependence in-situ DRIFTS spectra of TTA-COF (a), TTA-COF-AR (b) and TTA-Azo-COF (c) under visible-light irradiation with water vapor and O2 atmosphere. (d) Possible reaction sites for ORR in TTA-Azo-COF. (e,f) Adsorption configuration of *OO and *OOH key intermediates on TTA-Azo-COF. (g) Free energy diagrams of TTA-Azo-COF for the photosynthesis of H2O2 by ORR pathway in different reaction sites. (h,i) Calculated energy profile for reduction of oxygen into H2O2 and oxidation of water into H2O2 or O2 on TTA-COF, TTA-COF-AR and TTA-Azo-COF.

References

[1]	J. X. Chen, Q. Ma, X. L. Zheng, Y. X. Fang, J. Wang, S. J. Dong, Nat. Commun., 2022, 13, 2808.
[2]	S. C. Perry, D. Pangotra, L. Vieira, L. I. Csepei, V. Sieber, L. Wang, C. P. de León, F. C. Walsh, Nat. Rev. Chem., 2019, 3, 442-458.
[3]	Z. Y. Teng, Q. T. Zhang, H. B. Yang, K. Kato, W. J. Yang, Y. R. Lu, S. X. Liu, C. Y. Wang, A. Yamakata, C. L. Su, B. Liu, T. Ohno, Nat. Catal., 2021, 4, 374-384.
[4]	Y. Y. Sun, L. Han, P. Strasser, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2020, 49, 6605-6631.
[5]	J. M. Campos-Martin, G. Blanco-Brieva, J. L. G. Fierro, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2006, 45, 6962-6984.
[6]	S. Siahrostami, S. J. Villegas, A. H. B. Mostaghimi, S. Back, A. B. Farimani, H. T. Wang, K. A. Persson, J. Montoya, ACS Catal., 2020, 10, 7495-7511.
[7]	C. B. Wu, Z. Y. Teng, C. Yang, F. S. Chen, H. Bin Yang, L. Wang, H. X. Xu, B. Liu, G. F. Zheng, Q. Han, Adv. Mater., 2022, 34, 2110266.
[8]	Y. N. Zhang, C. S. Pan, G. M. Bian, J. Xu, Y. M. Dong, Y. Zhang, Y. Lou, W. X. Liu, Y. F. Zhu, Nat. Energy, 2023, 8, 361-371.
[9]	Y. X. Ye, J. H. Pan, F. Y. Xie, L. Gong, S. M. Huang, Z. F. Ke, F. Zhu, J. Q. Xu, G. F. Ouyang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2021, 118, e2103964118.
[10]	L. Hao, R. C. Shen, C. C. Qin, N. Li, H. B. Hu, G. J. Liang, X. Li, Sci. China Mater., 2024, 67, 504-513.
[11]	R. Q. Gao, J. X. Bai, R. C. Shen, L. Hao, C. Huang, L. Wang, G. J. Liang, P. Zhang, X. Li, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 137, 223-231.
[12]	J. X. Bai, R. C. Shen, G. J. Liang, C. C. Qin, D. F. Xu, H. B. Hu, X. Li, Chin. J. Catal., 2024, 59, 225-236.
[13]	T. Liu, Z. H. Pan, J. J. M. Vequizo, K. Kato, B. B. Wu, A. Yamakata, K. Katayama, B. L. Chen, C. H. Chu, K. Domen, Nat. Commun., 2022, 13, 1034.
[14]	L. X. Wang, J. J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. G. Yu, Y. H. Qu, J. G. Yu, Small, 2022, 18, 2104561.
[15]	R. Q. Xia, Z. N. Liu, Y. Y. Tang, X. Luo, R. J. Wei, T. Wu, G. H. Ning, D. Li, Chem. Sci., 2024, 15, 14513-14520.
[16]	H. Dong, L. Fang, K.-X. Chen, J.-X. Wei, J.-X. Li, X. Qiao, Y. Wang, F.-M. Zhang, Y.-Q. Lan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, e202414287.
[17]	H. Dong, M. Lu, Y. Wang, H. L. Tang, D. Wu, X. J. Sun, F. M. Zhang, Appl. Catal. B, 2022, 303, 120897.
[18]	L. Chen, L. Wang, Y. Y. Wan, Y. Zhang, Z. M. Qi, X. J. Wu, H. X. Xu, Adv. Mater., 2020, 32, 1904433.
[19]	Y. H. Hou, P. Zhou, F. Y. Liu, Y. Y. Lu, H. Tan, Z. M. Li, M. P. Tong, J. R. Ni, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202318562.
[20]	F. Y. Liu, P. Zhou, Y. H. Hou, H. Tan, Y. Liang, J. L. Liang, Q. Zhang, S. J. Guo, M. P. Tong, J. R. Ni, Nat. Commun., 2023, 14, 4344.
[21]	X. H. Xu, Y. Sui, W. T. Chen, W. Huang, X. D. Li, Y. T. Li, D. S. Liu, S. Gao, W. X. Wu, C. W. Pan, H. Zhong, H. R. Wen, M. C. Wen, Appl. Catal. B, 2024, 341, 123271.
[22]	Q. J. Wu, D. H. Si, Q. Wu, Y. L. Dong, R. Cao, Y. B. Huang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202215687.
[23]	H. Guo, D. H. Si, H. J. Zhu, Z. A. Chen, R. Cao, Y. B. Huang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202319472.
[24]	A. Alam, B. Kumbhakar, A. Chakraborty, B. Mishra, S. Ghosh, A. Thomas, P. Pachfule, ACS Mater. Lett., 2024, 6, 2007-2049.
[25]	Z. J. Yong, T. Y. Ma, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202308980.
[26]	M. P. Kou, Y. Y. Wang, Y. X. Xu, L. Q. Ye, Y. P. Huang, B. H. Jia, H. Li, J. Q. Ren, Y. Deng, J. H. Chen, Y. Zhou, K. Lei, L. Wang, W. Liu, H. W. Huang, T. Y. Ma, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, 61, e202200413.
[27]	G. X. Liu, R. D. Chen, Z. Wu, B. Q. Xia, S. T. Liu, A. Talebian-Kiakalaieh, J. R. Ran, Chin. J. Catal., 2024, 61, 97-110.
[28]	Q. Gu, X. Lu, C. Chen, X. Wang, F. Kang, Y. Y. Li, Q. Xu, J. Lu, Y. Han, W. Qin, Q. Zhang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202409708.
[29]	Q. Gu, J. Zha, C. Chen, X. Wang, W. Yao, J. Liu, F. Kang, J. Yang, Y. Y. Li, D. Lei, Z. Tang, Y. Han, C. Tan, Q. Zhang, Adv. Mater., 2024, 36, 2306414.
[30]	Q. Gu, X. Lu, C. Chen, R. Hu, X. Wang, G. Sun, F. Kang, J. Yang, X. Wang, J. Wu, Y. Y. Li, Y.-K. Peng, W. Qin, Y. Han, X. Liu, Q. Zhang, ACS Nano, 2023, 17, 23903-23912.
[31]	J. M. Sun, H. S. Jena, C. Krishnaraj, K. S. Rawat, S. Abednatanzi, J. Chakraborty, A. Laemont, W. L. Liu, H. Chen, Y. Y. Liu, K. Leus, H. Vrielinck, V. Van Speybroeck, P. van der Voort, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202216719
[32]	F. Tan, Y. Zheng, Z. Zhou, H. Wang, X. Dong, J. Yang, Z. Ou, H. Qi, W. Liu, Z. Zheng, CCS Chem., 2022, 4, 3751-3761.
[33]	D. Chen, W. B. Chen, Y. T. Wu, L. Wang, X. J. Wu, H. X. Xu, L. Chen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202217479.
[34]	C. Y. He, S. S. Tao, R. Y. Liu, Y. F. Zhi, D. L. Jiang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202403472.
[35]	Z. Xie, X. Chen, W. Wang, X. Ke, X. Zhang, S. Wang, X. Wu, J. C. Yu, X. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202410179.
[36]	Y. Mou, X. D. Wu, C. C. Qin, J. Y. Chen, Y. L. Zhao, L. B. Jiang, C. Zhang, X. Z. Yuan, E. H. Ang, H. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202309480.
[37]	S. Dalapati, S. B. Jin, J. Gao, Y. H. Xu, A. Nagai, D. L. Jiang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135, 17310-17313.
[38]	L. Cusin, H. J. Peng, A. Ciesielski, P. Samori, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2021, 60, 14236-14250.
[39]	F. J. Uribe-Romo, C. J. Doonan, H. Furukawa, K. Oisaki, O. M. Yaghi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 11478-11481.
[40]	Y. Li, J. F. Sui, L. S. Cui, H. L. Jiang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, 145, 1359-1366.
[41]	X. Z. Zhang, K. Y. Geng, D. L. Jiang, G. D. Scholes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144, 16423-16432.
[42]	S. D. Huang, B. Y. Zhang, D. S. Wu, Y. F. Xu, H. Y. Hu, F. Duan, H. Zhu, M. L. Du, S. L. Lu, Appl. Catal. B, 2024, 340, 123216.
[43]	X. W. Li, S. Yang, M. H. Liu, X. B. Yang, Q. Xu, G. F. Zeng, Z. Jiang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202304356.
[44]	H. J. Pang, D. K. Huang, Y. G. Xiang, ChemCatChem, 2024, 16, e202400724.
[45]	C. C. Qin, X. D. Wu, L. Tang, X. H. Chen, M. Li, Y. Mou, B. Su, S. B. Wang, C. Y. Feng, J. W. Liu, X. Z. Yuan, Y. L. Zhao, H. Wang, Nat. Commun., 2023, 14, 5238.
[46]	C. Krishnaraj, H. S. Jena, L. Bourda, A. Laemont, P. Pachfule, J. Roeser, C. V. Chandran, S. Borgmans, S. M. J. Rogge, K. Leus, C. V. Stevens, J. A. Martens, V. Van Speybroeck, E. Breynaert, A. Thomas, P. Van der Voort, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020, 142, 20107-20116.
[47]	Y. Lin, J. C. Zou, X. Wu, S. H. Tong, Q. Y. Niu, S. Y. He, S. L. Luo, C. P. Yang, Nano Lett., 2024, 24, 6302-6311.
[48]	J. Y. Yue, L. P. Song, Z. X. Pan, P. Yang, Y. Ma, Q. Xu, B. Tang, ACS Catal., 2024, 14, 4728-4737.
[49]	T. Yang, D. Zhang, A. G. Kong, Y. Y. Zou, L. Yuan, C. Liu, S. J. Luo, G. F. Wei, C. Z. Yu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202404077.
[50]	P. F. Dong, X. Y. Xu, T. K. Wu, R. G. Luo, W. S. Kong, Z. Y. Xu, S. Yuan, J. Zhou, J. P. Lei, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202405313.
[51]	J. N. Chang, Q. Li, J. W. Shi, M. Zhang, L. Zhang, S. Li, Y. F. Chen, S. L. Li, Y. Q. Lan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202218868.
[52]	H. Q. Zhu, W. J. Lu, Y. Gou, Y. Li, L. G. Chen, B. W. Wang, X. L. Yan, ChemPhotoChem, 2024, 8, e202400013.
[53]	Z. B. Zhou, P. J. Tian, J. Yao, Y. Lu, Q. Y. Qi, X. Zhao, Nat. Commun., 2022, 13, 2180.
[54]	H.-H. Sun, Z.-B. Zhou, Y. Fu, Q.-Y. Qi, Z.-X. Wang, S. Xu, X. Zhao, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202409250.
[55]	A. Ishikawa, T. Takata, J. N. Kondo, M. Hara, H. Kobayashi, K. Domen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 13547-13553.
[56]	H. Dong, X. Zhang, Y. Lu, Y. Yang, Y.-P. Zhang, H.-L. Tang, F.-M. Zhang, Z.-D. Yang, X. Sun, Y. Feng, Appl. Catal. B, 2020, 276, 119173.
[57]	Z. W. Zhang, Q. Zhang, Y. X. Hou, J. L. Li, S. S. Zhu, H. Xia, H. J. Yue, X. M. Liu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202411546.
[58]	Z. D. Zhu, H. H. Pan, M. Murugananthan, J. Y. Gong, Y. R. Zhang, Appl. Catal. B, 2018, 232, 19-25.
[59]	Z. Wei, M. L. Liu, Z. J. Zhang, W. Q. Yao, H. W. Tan, Y. F. Zhu, Energy Environ. Sci., 2018, 11, 2581-2589.
[60]	H. Cheng, H. F. Lv, J. Cheng, L. Wang, X. J. Wu, H. X. Xu, Adv. Mater., 2022, 34, 2107480.
[61]	Z. M. Zhou, M. H. Sun, Y. B. Zhu, P. Z. Li, Y. R. Zhang, M. K. Wang, Y. Shen, Appl. Catal. B, 2023, 334, 122862.
[62]	S. F. Feng, H. Cheng, F. Chen, X. M. Liu, Z. Q. Wang, H. X. Xu, J. L. Hua, ACS Catal., 2024, 14, 7736-7745.
[63]	Y. Luo, B. P. Zhang, C. C. Liu, D. H. Xia, X. W. Ou, Y. P. Cai, Y. Zhou, J. Jiang, B. Han, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202305355.

Linkage engineering in covalent organic frameworks for overall photocatalytic H₂O₂ synthesis from water and air

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Supporting Information

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 5

References

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

[1]	Meiqi Zhang, Xueyuan Yan, Zheng Liu, Hongyuan Bai, Hongwei Ma, Genping Huang, Bo Zhang, Dezhu Xu, Wenjia Han, Li Han, Tenglong Guo. Pd/Cu-cocatalyzed multi-site functionalization of in-situ generated alkenes toward carbazole-based aggregation-induced emission luminogens [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 69(2): 176-184.
[2]	Yiping Jiang, Zaw Ko Latt, Zhiqi Cong. Catalytic performances of engineered and artificial heme peroxygenases [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 69(2): 35-51.
[3]	Baijing Wu, Jinrui Li, Xiaoxue Luo, Jingtian Ni, Yiting Lu, Minhua Shao, Cunpu Li, Zidong Wei. A round-trip journey of electrons: Electron catalyzed direct fixation of N₂ to azos [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 68(1): 386-393.
[4]	Yanyan Zhao, Shumin Zhang, Zhen Wu, Bicheng Zhu, Guotai Sun, Jianjun Zhang. Regulation of d-band center of TiO₂ through fluoride doping for enhancing photocatalytic H₂O₂ production activity [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2024, 60(5): 219-230.
[5]	Aiyun Meng, Xinyuan Ma, Da Wen, Wei Zhong, Shuang Zhou, Yaorong Su. Towards highly-selective H₂O₂ photosynthesis: In-plane highly ordered carbon nitride nanorods with Ba atoms implantation [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2024, 60(5): 231-241.
[6]	Ke-Xin Li, Fu-Xue Wang, Zi-Chen Zhang, Zheng-Xing Liu, Yu-Hui Ma, Chong-Chen Wang, Peng Wang. Peroxymonosulfate activation over amorphous ZIF-62(Co) glass for micropollutant degradation [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2024, 59(4): 118-125.
[7]	Tian Tian, Wanting Wang, Yiping Wang, Kexin Li, Yuanyuan Li, Wensheng Fu, Yong Ding. Mo-doping and CoO_x loading over BiVO₄ photoanode for enhancing performance of H₂O₂ synthesis and in-situ organic pollutant degradation [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2024, 67(12): 176-185.
[8]	Xiaolong Tang, Feng Li, Fang Li, Yanbin Jiang, Changlin Yu. Single-atom catalysts for the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic synthesis of hydrogen peroxide [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 52(9): 79-98.
[9]	Lu Cheng, Xuning Chen, P. Hu, Xiao-Ming Cao. Advantages and limitations of hydrogen peroxide for direct oxidation of methane to methanol at mono-copper active sites in Cu-exchanged zeolites [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 51(8): 135-144.
[10]	Feng Li, Xiaolong Tang, Zhuofeng Hu, Xiangming Li, Fang Li, Yu Xie, Yanbin Jiang, Changlin Yu. Boosting the hydrogen peroxide production over In₂S₃ crystals under visible light illumination by gallium ions doping and sulfur vacancies modulation [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 55(12): 253-264.
[11]	You Wu, Yi Yang, Miaoli Gu, Chuanbiao Bie, Haiyan Tan, Bei Cheng, Jingsan Xu. 1D/0D heterostructured ZnIn₂S₄@ZnO S-scheme photocatalysts for improved H₂O₂ preparation [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 53(10): 123-133.
[12]	Huan Xue, Jia-Run Huang, Zhi-Shuo Wang, Zhen-Hua Zhao, Wen Shi, Pei-Qin Liao, Xiao-Ming Chen. Tailoring ligand fields of metal-azolate frameworks for highly selective electroreduction of CO₂ to hydrocarbons at industrial current density [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 53(10): 102-108.
[13]	Qing-Wen Gui, Fan Teng, Peng Yu, Yi-Fan Wu, Zhi-Bin Nong, Long-Xi Yang, Xiang Chen, Tian-Bao Yang, Wei-Min He. Visible light-induced Z-scheme V₂O₅/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction catalyzed cascade reaction of unactivated alkenes [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 44(1): 111-116.
[14]	Fulin Zhang, Xia Li, Xiaoyun Dong, Huimin Hao, Xianjun Lang. Thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole-based covalent organic framework microspheres for blue light photocatalytic selective oxidation of amines with O₂ [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(9): 2395-2404.
[15]	Lili Zhang, Suyu Jiang, Wei Ma, Zhen Zhou. Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt-based electrocatalysts: Four-electron vs. two-electron pathway [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(6): 1433-1443.