热电子驱动氧化钨/石墨化氮化碳S-型异质结实现宽光谱光催化产氢活性

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63753-6

催化学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (9): 1478-1487.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63753-6

热电子驱动氧化钨/石墨化氮化碳S-型异质结实现宽光谱光催化产氢活性

刘芹芹^a, 何旭东^a, 彭进军^a, 于晓慧^a, 唐华^a^,^*(), 张军^b^,^#()

^a江苏大学材料科学与工程学院, 江苏镇江212013
^b武汉工程大学化工与制药学院, 湖北武汉430205

收稿日期:2020-10-23 接受日期:2020-12-19 出版日期:2021-09-18 发布日期:2021-05-16
通讯作者: 唐华,张军
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(21975110);国家自然科学基金(21972058);山东省泰山学者青年专家计划

Hot-electron-assisted S-scheme heterojunction of tungsten oxide/graphitic carbon nitride for broad-spectrum photocatalytic H₂ generation

Qinqin Liu^a, Xudong He^a, Jinjun Peng^a, Xiaohui Yu^a, Hua Tang^a^,^*(), Jun Zhang^b^,^#()

^aSchool of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
^bSchool of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, China

Received:2020-10-23 Accepted:2020-12-19 Online:2021-09-18 Published:2021-05-16
Contact: Hua Tang,Jun Zhang
About author:^# E-mail: zj2011@whut.edu.cn
^* Tel: +86-511-88780191; E-mail: huatang79@163.com;
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(21975110);National Natural Science Foundation of China(21972058);Taishan Youth Scholar Program of Shandong Province

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来, 等离子体材料因具有独特的局域表面等离子体共振(LSPR)效应, 可实现可见光到近红外范围内光利用, 因此引起人们的广泛关注. 利用等离子体材料(贵金属或重掺杂半导体材料)合理构建异质结构, 可以同时拓宽光催化剂的光谱响应范围, 抑制载流子的复合, 从而提高光催化活性. 在已报道的等离子体半导体中, WO_3‒_x具有无毒、价廉以及光谱响应宽等优异特性. 本文通过将一维等离子体W₁₈O₄₉纳米线负载到2D g-C₃N₄纳米片上, 构建了WO_3‒_x/HCN S型异质结光催化剂. 在可见光下光催化产氢活性测试中, 纯相质子化氮化碳(HCN)的产氢活性相对较低, 为259 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, 而W₁₈O₄₉/HCN复合材料的产氢活性显著高于HCN, 其中性能最优的W₁₈O₄₉/HCN复合材料产氢速率为892 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, 约为HCN的3.4倍. 在550 nm单色光照射下, W₁₈O₄₉/HCN复合材料的产氢速率仍有41.5 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, 纯相HCN和W₁₈O₄₉均未有H₂生成. 在420, 450, 520 nm处测得的W₁₈O₄₉/HCN复合材料的表观量子效率分别为6.21%, 1.28%和0.14%. W₁₈O₄₉纳米线起着扩展光吸附和热电子供体的双重作用, 使WO_3‒_x/g-C₃N₄具有宽光谱响应的光催化分解水活性. 等离子体W₁₈O₄₉纳米线可以产生热电子, 热电子转移到HCN的导带(CB), 参与水还原反应, 实现宽光谱的光催化产氢活性.
利用固体紫外测试确定了W₁₈O₄₉/HCN复合材料能带结构, 与传统的WO₃催化剂相比, W₁₈O₄₉在500‒1200 nm处表现出明显的尾部吸收, 这是由于W₁₈O₄₉大量的氧空位引起的LSPR效应. 而W₁₈O₄₉/HCN异质结具有比HCN更长的吸收边. 通过第一原理密度泛函理论模拟计算了W₁₈O₄₉和HCN的功函数, 分别为5.73和3.95 eV. 因此, 当HCN与W₁₈O₄₉结合形成紧密的界面时, 电子会从做功函数小的HCN向做功函数大的W₁₈O₄₉移动, 直至达到费米能级平衡, 形成内建电场. 此外, 由于电子数量的减少, HCN的能带边缘向上弯曲, 而由于电子的捕获, W₁₈O₄₉能带边缘向下弯曲, 这种向上与向下的能带弯曲是S型结构的典型特征之一, 这也与XPS测试结果相吻合.
W₁₈O₄₉/HCN异质结内建电场驱动WO_3-_x中导带(CB)的电子向g-C₃N₄的价带(VB)移动. 在该设计中, 效率低的电子和空穴被重新组合并排出, 而具有高氧化还原能力的功能电子和空穴则被保留下来. 不仅如此, S-scheme有望同时引导光生电子和热电子运动, 从而避免逆电荷传递, 有利于热电子的有效利用. W₁₈O₄₉和g-C₃N₄匹配的带隙所产生的S-scheme可以导致较强的氧化还原能力和较高的光诱导电荷迁移速率. 对HCN与W₁₈O₄₉/HCN光电性能的测试结果表明, 1D/2D W₁₈O₄₉/HCN异质结的构建可以充分改善光生电子-空穴对的分离和迁移, 进而表现出更好的光催化活性. 电子自旋共振结果也证实了W₁₈O₄₉/HCN中S型电荷转移机制.

关键词: 石墨化氮化碳, W₁₈O₄₉, S型异质结, 光催化产氢, 宽光谱

Abstract:

Extended light absorption and dynamic charge separation are vital factors that determine the effectiveness of photocatalysts. In this study, a nonmetallic plasmonic S-scheme photocatalyst was fabricated by loading 1D plasmonic W₁₈O₄₉ nanowires onto 2D g-C₃N₄ nanosheets. W₁₈O₄₉ nanowires play the dual role of a light absorption antenna—that extends light adsorption—and a hot electron donor—that assists the water reduction reaction in a wider light spectrum range. Moreover, S-scheme charge transfer resulting from the matching bandgaps of W₁₈O₄₉ and g-C₃N₄ can lead to strong redox capability and high migration speed of the photoinduced charges. Consequently, in this study, W₁₈O₄₉/g-C₃N₄ hybrids exhibited higher photocatalytic H₂ generation than that of pristine g-C₃N₄ under light irradiation of 420-550 nm. Furthermore, the H₂ production rate of the best-performing W₁₈O₄₉/g-C₃N₄ hybrid was 41.5 μmol·g^-1·h^-1 upon exposure to monochromatic light at 550 nm, whereas pure g-C₃N₄ showed negligible activity. This study promotes novel and environmentally friendly hot-electron-assisted S-scheme photocatalysts for the broad-spectrum utilization of solar light.

Key words: Graphite carbon nitride, W₁₈O₄₉, S-scheme, Photocatalytic H₂ generation, Wide spectrum

刘芹芹, 何旭东, 彭进军, 于晓慧, 唐华, 张军. 热电子驱动氧化钨/石墨化氮化碳S-型异质结实现宽光谱光催化产氢活性[J]. 催化学报, 2021, 42(9): 1478-1487.

Qinqin Liu, Xudong He, Jinjun Peng, Xiaohui Yu, Hua Tang, Jun Zhang. Hot-electron-assisted S-scheme heterojunction of tungsten oxide/graphitic carbon nitride for broad-spectrum photocatalytic H₂ generation[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2021, 42(9): 1478-1487.

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图/表 12

Fig. 1. FT-IR spectra (a), enlarged spectra in the range of 780-840 cm-1 (b), XRD patterns (c) and enlarged XRD patterns (d) of HCN, W18O49, and W18O49/HCN composites.

Fig. 2. High-resolution XPS spectra of C 1s (a), N 1s (b), W 4f (c) and O 1s (d) of HCN, W18O49 and WOCN-3.

Fig. 3. Work functions of HCN (001) surface (b) and W18O49 (001) surface (b); the band-alignments of the HCN and W18O49 before (c) and after (d) contact.

Fig. 4. SEM and TEM images of HCN (a,d), W18O49 (b,e) and WOCN-3 (c, f); HRTEM image (g) and EDX elemental mapping (h) of WOCN-3.

Fig. 5. N2 sorption isotherm (a) and pore size distribution (b) over HCN and WOCN-3.

Fig. 6. Photocatalytic H2-production activities (a) and H2-production rates (b) of HCN, W18O49, and W18O49/HCN samples.

Fig. 7. Cycle stability experiments of WOCN-3.

Fig. 8. (a) Wavelength-dependent AQY of WOCN-3; (b) H2-production performances of HCN, W18O49, and WOCN-3 under 550 nm monochromic light irradiation.

Fig. 9. UV-vis spectra of HCN, W18O49 and the W18O49/HCN composites.

Fig. 10. Transient photocurrent responses (a) and EIS plots (b) of HCN, W18O49 and WOCN-3; PL (c) and TRPL (d) of HCN and WOCN-3.

Fig. 11. Band gaps (a), Mott-Schottky plots (b,c) and band alignments (d) over HCN and W18O49; comparison of ESR spectra of DMPO-?OH (e) and TEMPO -e- (f) over HCN, W18O49 and WOCN-3 samples.

Fig. 12. Hot electron assisted S-scheme over W18O49/HCN hybrid for photocatalytic H2-production.

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热电子驱动氧化钨/石墨化氮化碳S-型异质结实现宽光谱光催化产氢活性

Hot-electron-assisted S-scheme heterojunction of tungsten oxide/graphitic carbon nitride for broad-spectrum photocatalytic H₂ generation

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热电子驱动氧化钨/石墨化氮化碳S-型异质结实现宽光谱光催化产氢活性

Hot-electron-assisted S-scheme heterojunction of tungsten oxide/graphitic carbon nitride for broad-spectrum photocatalytic H2 generation

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Hot-electron-assisted S-scheme heterojunction of tungsten oxide/graphitic carbon nitride for broad-spectrum photocatalytic H₂ generation