氧化铈催化剂表面性质对催化CO2和甲醇合成碳酸二甲酯影响的机理研究

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60091-4

催化学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 65: 138-152.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60091-4

氧化铈催化剂表面性质对催化CO₂和甲醇合成碳酸二甲酯影响的机理研究

董磊^a^,^b, 朱圣洁^a^,^b, 袁扬扬^a^,^c^,^*(), 张晓敏^a, 赵晓炜^a, 陈艳平^a, 许磊^a^,^*()

^a中国科学院大连化学物理研究所, 洁净能源国家实验室(筹), 辽宁大连116023
^b中国科学院大学, 北京100049
^c浙江师范大学, 杭州高等研究院, 浙江杭州311231

收稿日期:2024-05-14 接受日期:2024-07-04 出版日期:2024-10-18 发布日期:2024-10-15
通讯作者: *电子邮箱: yuanyangyang@dicp.ac.cn (袁扬扬), leixu@dicp.ac.cn (许磊).
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(21978282);国家自然科学基金(21902154);国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1501900)

Mechanism study on the influence of surface properties on the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from CO₂ and methanol over ceria catalysts

Lei Dong^a^,^b, Shengjie Zhu^a^,^b, Yangyang Yuan^a^,^c^,^*(), Xiaomin Zhang^a, Xiaowei Zhao^a, Yanping Chen^a, Lei Xu^a^,^*()

^aNational Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
^bUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
^cHangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, China

Received:2024-05-14 Accepted:2024-07-04 Online:2024-10-18 Published:2024-10-15
Contact: *E-mail: yuanyangyang@dicp.ac.cn (Y. Yuan), leixu@dicp.ac.cn (L. Xu).
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(21978282);National Natural Science Foundation of China(21902154);National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA1501900)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

碳酸二甲酯(DMC)是一种重要的环境友好绿色化学品, 具备低毒、无腐蚀和较好的生物降解性, 出色的物理特性和分子结构中多功能有机官能团带来的高反应活性等优点使其在工业生产中得到了广泛应用. 以CO₂和甲醇为原料直接合成DMC是一种环境友好且可替代传统路线的新型合成方法, 凭借其高的原子利用率和避免使用有毒试剂等特点, 正受到越来越多的关注. 然而, CO₂的化学惰性及反应自身严重的热力学平衡限制导致DMC产率极低, 严重制约了其工业化应用. 尽管在高效催化剂研发及表面功能化调变方面已付出巨大努力, 并广泛筛选高效脱水剂以期显著提升DMC产率, 但对于催化剂表面性质如何影响底物分子的活化途径、活性中间体的形成以及耦合反应体系中羧化与水合过程的协同匹配, 仍缺乏深入的机理研究.

本文通过一锅法制备了一系列具有不同微观结构和表面功能的CeO₂催化剂, 用于CO₂和甲醇直接合成DMC的反应评价, 详细探索了催化剂理化性质与反应性能间的关系. X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱及CO₂/NH₃程序升温脱附结果表明, 随着合成温度的降低和样品结晶度的减小, 催化剂表面酸碱性和氧空位含量均逐步增加, DMC产率却呈现先升后降的火山型变化趋势. 原位漫反射红外结果表明, CO₂的吸附与活化过程相比甲醇更易进行, 同时甲醇的活化则更易受到催化剂表面预先形成的碳酸盐, 尤其是单齿和多齿碳酸盐的影响. 尽管低温煅烧带来的酸碱性增强及缺陷位生成有助于促进底物分子的活化, 但低结晶度CeO₂上于过量强碱位点处形成的高稳定性、非活性的单齿和多齿碳酸盐物种却阻碍了甲醇的活化, 进而抑制了单齿碳酸单甲酯中间体及后续DMC的生成. 此外, 以2-氰基吡啶(2-CP)为脱水剂, 研究阐明了耦合反应体系过程中, 2-CP水合对DMC生成带来的双刃剑效应. 因催化剂表面酸性位点与水合产物2-吡啶酰胺间强烈的酸碱相互作用导致酰胺物种在催化剂表面发生强吸附, 从而阻碍了相邻活性位的后续再生与利用. 因此, 在甲醇羧化与2-CP水合构成的耦合反应体系中, DMC的生成不仅受到原位快速除水所带来的正向促进, 同时也受到因水合产物竞争吸附导致的活性位阻塞所产生的抑制作用.

综上所述, 本文指出合理调控催化剂表面酸碱位的数量和强度是实现DMC高产率合成、实现耦合反应体系中羧化与水合过程理想匹配的关键, 为后续进一步高效催化剂或催化体系的研发提供借鉴参考.

关键词: CeO₂, 碳酸二甲酯, 表面性质, 甲醇活化, 2-氰基吡啶

Abstract:

The direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from CO₂ and methanol has attracted much attention as an environmentally benign and alternative route for conventional routes. Herein, a series of cerium oxide catalysts with various textural features and surface properties were prepared by the one-pot synthesis method for the direct DMC synthesis from CO₂ and methanol, and the structure-performance relationship was investigated in detail. Characterization results revealed that both of surface acid-base properties and the oxygen vacancies contents decreased with the rising crystallinity at increasingly higher calcination temperature accompanied by an unexpectedly volcano-shaped trend of DMC yield observed on the catalysts. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) studies indicated that the adsorption rate of methanol is slower than that of CO₂ and the methanol activation state largely influences the formation of key intermediate. Although the enhanced surface acidity-basicity and oxygen vacancies brought by low-temperature calcination could facilitate the activation of CO₂, the presence of excess strongly basic sites on low-crystallinity sample was detrimental to DMC synthesis due to the preferred formation of unreactive mono/polydentate carbonates as well as the further impediment of methanol activation. Moreover, with the use of 2-cyanopyridine as a dehydration reagent, the DMC synthesis was found to be both influenced by the promotion from the rapid in situ removal of water and the inhibition from the competitive adsorption of hydration products on the same active sites.

Key words: CeO₂, Dimethyl carbonate, Surface property, Methanol activation, 2-Cyanopyridine

董磊, 朱圣洁, 袁扬扬, 张晓敏, 赵晓炜, 陈艳平, 许磊. 氧化铈催化剂表面性质对催化CO₂和甲醇合成碳酸二甲酯影响的机理研究[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 65: 138-152.

Lei Dong, Shengjie Zhu, Yangyang Yuan, Xiaomin Zhang, Xiaowei Zhao, Yanping Chen, Lei Xu. Mechanism study on the influence of surface properties on the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from CO₂ and methanol over ceria catalysts[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2024, 65: 138-152.

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图/表 14

Fig. 1. XRD patterns of CeO2-T catalysts synthesized at various calcination temperatures.

Table 1 Textural properties and surface concentrations of Ce3+ and oxygen vacancies of CeO2-T samples.

Catalyst	BET surface area ^a(m² g^-1)	Pore volume ^b(cm³ g^-1)	Crystal size ^c(nm)	Surface content of Ce^{3+ d}(%)	Surface content of O_V^e(%)
CeO₂-400	90	0.24	10.0	29.6	18.5
CeO₂-500	83	0.23	11.0	28.5	17.9
CeO₂-600	60	0.18	13.9	27.8	17.2
CeO₂-700	30	0.10	22.6	25.9	16.5
CeO₂-800	5	0.03	46.8	24.9	15.4

Fig. 2. SEM and TEM images of CeO2-400 (a,b), CeO2-500 (c,d), CeO2-600 (e,f), CeO2-700 (g,h) and CeO2-800 (i,j).

Fig. 3. Raman spectra of CeO2-T catalysts.

Fig. 4. XPS spectra of Ce 3d (a) and O 1s (b) of CeO2-T catalysts.

Fig. 5. (a) NH3- and (b) CO2-TPD profiles of CeO2-T catalysts.

Table 2 Basicity and acidity of CeO2-T catalysts determined from NH3- and CO2-TPD profiles.

Catalyst	NH₃ adsorption (μmol g^-1)				CO₂ adsorption (μmol g^-1)
	Weak	Moderate	Strong	Total	Weak	Moderate	Strong	Total
	(< 200 °C)	(200-400 °C)	(> 400 °C)	Total	(< 200 °C)	(200-400 °C)	(> 400 °C)	Total
CeO₂-400	30.1	194.9	252.6	477.6	222.7	49.2	89.9	361.8
CeO₂-500	20.7	108.9	200.9	330.5	192.3	50.6	61.6	304.5
CeO₂-600	18.6	102.6	104.1	225.3	183.9	31.4	55.2	270.5
CeO₂-700	16.6	40.7	76.0	133.3	123.6	23.1	16.2	162.9
CeO₂-800	5.7	19.9	4.1	29.7	3.0	13.1	17.2	33.3

Fig. 6. (a) Catalytic performance of CeO2-T catalysts for DMC synthesis in the absence of dehydrating agents. Reaction conditions: 0.1 g catalyst, 15 mL CH3OH, 120 °C, 3.0 MPa (initial pressure), 2 h. (b) Catalytic performance of CeO2-T catalysts for DMC synthesis in the presence of 2-CP. Reaction conditions: 0.1 g catalyst, 15 mL CH3OH, 50 mmol 2-CP, 120 °C, 3.0 MPa (initial pressure), 2 h. (c) Arrhenius plots of direct DMC synthesis in the absence and presence of 2-CP on CeO2-600. (d) Catalytic activity of CeO2-T catalysts for the hydrolysis of 2-CP. Reaction conditions: 0.01 g catalyst, 15 mL CH3OH, 30 mmol 2-CP, 30 mmol H2O, 120 °C, 3.0 MPa (initial pressure), 2 h. It should be noted that the interference of DMC synthesis reaction on the hydration process could be ignored since no trace amount of DMC was detected under above reaction conditions.

Fig. 7. (a) The relationship among the CO2 adsorption amount, surface content of OV and the space-time yield of DMC. (b) The correlation among the space-time yield, total acidity and basicity.

Fig. 8. DRIFTS spectra of CO2 (a) and methanol (b) adsorbed on CeO2-T (T = 400, 500 and 600 °C) catalysts at 120 °C. DRIFTS spectra of CeO2-T (T = 400, 500 and 600 °C) catalysts pre-adsorbed with CO2 followed by introducing methanol (c) and pre-adsorbed with methanol followed by introducing CO2 at 120 °C (d). The spectra (c) and (d) were both difference spectra referenced to the corresponding spectrum collected at 120 °C after pre-adsorption with CO2 or methanol and subsequent Ar purging.

Table 3 The proportion of various carbonates in total surface carbonates species a.

Catalyst	Bicarbonates content (%)	Bridged carbonates content (%)	Bidentate carbonates content (%)	Mono- and polydentate carbonates content (%)
CeO₂-400	31.1	14.6	30.4	23.9
CeO₂-500	31.2	15.0	33.6	20.2
CeO₂-600	26.8	14.6	41.2	17.4

Fig. 9. (a) The effect of the addition of 2-PA to ‘CeO2 + 2-CP’ reaction system on DMC synthesis. (b) The relationship among 2-PA adsorption amount, acidity/basicity ratio and activity dropping degrees. Reaction conditions: 0.1 g (0.58 mmol) catalyst, 15 mL CH3OH, 50 mmol 2-CP, 2.9 mmol 2-PA, 120 °C, 3.0 MPa (initial pressure), 2 h.

Fig. 10. Reusability of CeO2-600 for the direct DMC synthesis from CO2 and methanol with the assistance of 2-CP. Reaction conditions: 0.2 g catalyst, 30 mL methanol, 100 mmol 2-CP, 3.0 MPa (initial pressure), 120 °C, 2 h. The ‘R’ and ‘RC’ within the parenthesis represented the recycled catalyst treated without and with further calcination, respectively.

Scheme 1. Proposed reaction mechanism for the direct DMC synthesis from CO2 and methanol over CeO2-T catalysts.

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氧化铈催化剂表面性质对催化CO₂和甲醇合成碳酸二甲酯影响的机理研究

Mechanism study on the influence of surface properties on the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from CO₂ and methanol over ceria catalysts

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