面向CO2光还原的S型异质结中协同界面预调控

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65186-8

催化学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 90: 169-183.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65186-8

面向CO₂光还原的S型异质结中协同界面预调控

王晓倩^a, 赵非凡^a, 梅万田^a, 张建军^a^,^b, 别传彪^a^,^b^,^*(), 余家国^a^,^b, Garcia Hermenegildo^c^,^*(), 徐飞燕^a^,^b^,^*()

^a 中国地质大学(武汉), 材料与化学学院, 太阳燃料实验室, 湖北武汉 430078, 中国
^b 中国地质大学内蒙古研究院, 内蒙古鄂尔多斯 017010, 中国
^c 瓦伦西亚理工大学, 化学技术研究所(CSIC-UPV), 瓦伦西亚, 西班牙

收稿日期:2026-04-18 接受日期:2026-05-20 出版日期:2026-11-18 发布日期:2026-09-09
通讯作者: *电子信箱: biechuanbiao@cug.edu.cn (别传彪),
hgarcia@itq.upv.es (H. Garcia),
xufeiyan@cug.edu.cn (徐飞燕).
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22378371);国家自然科学基金(52003213);国家自然科学基金(22238009);国家自然科学基金(U24A2071);国家自然科学基金(22361142704);国家自然科学基金(W2512051);湖北省自然科学基金(2025AFD020);湖北省自然科学基金(2022CFA001)

Cooperative interfacial preconditioning in an S-scheme heterojunction for CO₂ photoreduction

Xiaoqian Wang^a, Feifan Zhao^a, Wantian Mei^a, Jianjun Zhang^a^,^b, Chuanbiao Bie^a^,^b^,^*(), Jiaguo Yu^a^,^b, Hermenegildo Garcia^c^,^*(), Feiyan Xu^a^,^b^,^*()

^a Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei, China
^b Inner Mongolia Institute of technology, China University of Geosciences, Ordos 017010, Inner Mongolia, China
^c Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química, CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain

Received:2026-04-18 Accepted:2026-05-20 Online:2026-11-18 Published:2026-09-09
Contact: *E-mail:biechuanbiao@cug.edu.cn(C. Bie),hgarcia@itq.upv.es(H. Garcia),xufeiyan@cug.edu.cn(F. Xu).
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378371);National Natural Science Foundation of China(52003213);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22238009);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24A2071);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22361142704);National Natural Science Foundation of China(W2512051);Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China(2025AFD020);Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China(2022CFA001)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

人工光合作用是一种将CO₂和H₂O转化为能源化学品的可持续途径, 但在单组分光催化剂中, 光生电子与空穴在同一区域生成, 易发生快速复合; 与此同时, 能带调控与氧化还原能力之间还存在固有权衡, 使高效载流子分离与强氧化还原能力难以兼顾. S-型异质结为解决这一矛盾提供了潜在方案, 但现有多数体系的界面驱动力仍然有限, 界面电子结构通常被视为静态特征, 缺乏可在暗态下主动调节界面能态的预调控策略. 因此, 发展能够在光照前优化界面电子结构的新型光催化体系, 对于提升光生载流子定向迁移效率和目标产物选择性具有重要意义.

本研究以“暗态界面预调控”增强S-型电荷转移为设计思路, 构建了一种分子级耦合的COF/ZnO S-型异质结. 通过界面Zn-N配位键实现三嗪-亚胺型共价有机框架(TPT-COF)与ZnO量子点的紧密耦合, 在同一界面上同时引入局域供体-受体(D-A)配位作用与整体费米能级平衡过程, 从而在光照前协同调控界面能态. 结构表征结果表明, ZnO量子点能够均匀分散于COF骨架表面, 复合后材料仍保持良好的结晶性与多孔特征; 傅里叶变换红外光谱进一步证实了界面Zn-N配位键的形成, 说明两组分之间并非简单物理复合, 而是建立了明确的电子耦合界面. 在此基础上, 紫外光电子能谱和表面电势分析表明, 复合后COF与ZnO两侧的费米能级分别发生下移与上移, 有效增大了界面费米能级差并增强了内建电场. X-射线光电子能谱和锌K-边吸收谱进一步揭示, 在暗态下, D-A诱导的局域电子重排与费米能级补偿重排同时存在, 并协同塑造了更有利于后续光生载流子定向迁移的界面电子结构. 超快瞬态吸收光谱结果表明, 这种经预调控的界面能够显著加快光照条件下的S-型电荷转移过程, 实现光生电子与空穴的高效空间分离, 同时保留较强的氧化还原能力. 得益于这种界面电子结构调控, 优化后的CZ2异质结在无外加光敏剂和牺牲剂条件下实现了CO₂向CH₄的选择性光还原, 12 h内CO和CH₄产率分别达到12.5和47 μmol g^-1, CH₄选择性约为80%. 空白对照实验进一步表明, 光照、催化剂、CO₂和H₂O均为反应不可缺少的条件. 二氧化碳程序升温脱附结果表明, COF主要提供CO₂富集所需的吸附位点, 而ZnO则提供更强的化学吸附与活化位点; 原位红外光谱检测到碳酸盐、羧基、甲酰基和甲氧基等关键中间体, 揭示了CO₂经逐步加氢最终转化为CH₄的反应路径. 上述结果说明, 局域配位化学与界面静电效应能够在暗态下协同实现S型界面能态预调控, 并进一步决定光照条件下的载流子迁移行为与产物选择性, 为设计高效自适应光催化界面提供了新的分子层面策略.

综上, 本研究提出的协同界面预调控策略, 为提升S型异质结光催化CO₂转化效率与产物选择性提供了新思路. 未来, 该策略有望拓展至更多半导体—分子复合体系, 为太阳能燃料合成与碳中和化学品制备提供新的界面设计依据.

关键词: 受体-供体配位, 费米能级平衡, 界面能量学, S型异质结, CO₂光还原

Abstract:

Efficient S-scheme photocatalysis requires not only favorable band alignment but also sufficiently strong interfacial driving forces to direct photogenerated carrier migration across the junction. Local donor-acceptor (D-A) coordination and global Fermi-level equilibration are shown to cooperate in the dark to precondition interfacial energetics and thereby promote subsequent S-scheme charge transfer. A molecularly coupled heterojunction is constructed by integrating a triazine-imine covalent organic framework (TPT-COF) with ZnO quantum dots through interfacial Zn-N coordination. Spectroscopic analyses reveal that D-A-induced local electron redistribution and Fermi-level-equilibration-driven compensating charge redistribution coexist in the dark, cooperatively enlarging the effective interfacial energy offset and reinforcing the internal electric field prior to illumination. Ultrafast spectroscopy further shows that this preconditioned interface accelerates S-scheme charge transfer under light irradiation, enabling efficient spatial charge separation while preserving strong redox potentials. As a result, the optimized COF/ZnO heterojunction achieves selective CO₂ photoreduction to CH₄ without external photosensitizers or sacrificial agents. These findings identify a cooperative mechanism by which local coordination chemistry and interfacial electrostatics jointly regulate S-scheme energetics, offering a molecular strategy for designing adaptive photocatalytic interfaces for solar fuel production.

Key words: Donor-acceptor coordination, Fermi-level equilibration, Interfacial energetics, S-scheme heterojunction, CO₂ photoreduction

王晓倩, 赵非凡, 梅万田, 张建军, 别传彪, 余家国, Garcia Hermenegildo, 徐飞燕. 面向CO₂光还原的S型异质结中协同界面预调控[J]. 催化学报, 2026, 90: 169-183.

Xiaoqian Wang, Feifan Zhao, Wantian Mei, Jianjun Zhang, Chuanbiao Bie, Jiaguo Yu, Hermenegildo Garcia, Feiyan Xu. Cooperative interfacial preconditioning in an S-scheme heterojunction for CO₂ photoreduction[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 90: 169-183.

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链接本文: https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65186-8

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Scheme 1. Cooperative dark-state interfacial preconditioning by local donor-acceptor coordination and Fermi-level equilibration in an S-scheme heterojunction.

Fig. 1. Synthesis, structural characterization, and interfacial D-A coordination in the COF/ZnO heterojunction. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis. (b) XRD pattern of TPT-COF. (c) TEM image and corresponding size distribution (inset) of ZnO QDs. (d) TEM and HRTEM images of CZ2 with the corresponding EDX spectrum (inset). (e) HAADF image and elemental mapping of C, N, Zn, and O elements in CZ2. (f) FTIR spectra of pristine COF, ZnO, and the CZ2 composite. (g) Schematic of the interfacial D-A coordination, with electron donation from the imine-N sites of the COF to the Zn sites in ZnO.

Fig. 2. Fermi-level shift and surface-potential evolution in the COF/ZnO heterojunction. UPS spectra of (a) pristine COF and (b) pure ZnO. (c) Schematic energy-level alignment of pristine COF and ZnO derived from UPS measurements. UPS spectra of COF-based composites containing 5 wt% (d) and 10 wt% (e) ZnO, respectively. (f) KPFM surface potential profiles of COF and COF/ZnO composites, showing progressively more negative potentials with increasing ZnO loading. UPS spectra of ZnO-based composites containing 5 (g) and 10 (h) wt% COF. (i) KPFM surface potential profiles of ZnO and COF/ZnO composites, revealing an upward shift of the surface potential upon COF incorporation. Schematic energy-level diagrams illustrating the enlarged ΔEF in the COF/ZnO heterojunction, arising from the downward shift of the COF Fermi level (j) and the upward shift of the ZnO Fermi level (k) upon D-A coupling.

Fig. 3. Dark-state interfacial preconditioning and subsequent S-scheme charge transfer in the COF/ZnO heterojunction. High-resolution XPS spectra of N 1s (a), Zn 2p (b), and O 1s (c). (d,e) Zn K-edge XANES spectra of ZnO and CZ2 under different atmospheres with and without light irradiation , together with Zn foil as the reference standard. (f) Fourier-transformed EXAFS spectra of ZnO and CZ2 under different atmospheres with and without light irradiation. (g) Schematic illustration of the preconditioned S-scheme charge-transfer pathway in the COF/ZnO heterojunction.

Fig. 4. Ultrafast charge-transfer dynamics and carrier relaxation in pristine COF, ZnO, and the COF/ZnO heterojunction. Pseudocolor plots and transient absorption spectra recorded at indicated delay times under 340 nm excitation of pure COF (a,b), pristine ZnO (c,d), CZ2 under Ar (e,f), and CZ2 under CO2 (g,h). (i) Kinetic decay profiles at 420 nm within 200 ps for COF under Ar and CZ2 under Ar and CO2. (j) Schematic illustration of charge-carrier relaxation pathways in pristine COF and the preconditioned S-scheme charge-transfer process in the COF/ZnO heterojunction under Ar and CO2 atmospheres. (k) Kinetic decay profiles at 360 nm within 200 ps for ZnO under Ar and CZ2 under Ar and CO2. (l) Schematic illustration of charge-carrier relaxation pathways in pristine ZnO and the preconditioned S-scheme charge-transfer mechanism in the COF/ZnO heterojunction under Ar and CO2 conditions.

Fig. 5. CO2 photoreduction performance and reaction mechanism in the COF/ZnO system. (a) CO2-TPD profiles of COF, ZnO, and CZ2. Time-dependent production rates of CO (b) and CH4 (c) during photocatalytic CO2 reduction under UV-visible light irradiation. (d) Total production yields and CH4 selectivity of CO2 photoreduction over COF, ZnO, and CZx composites. Error bars in panels b-d represent the standard deviations from three independent experiments. (e) Total ion chromatogram, and (f,g) corresponding mass spectra of 13CO and 13CH4 detected from the photocatalytic reduction of 13CO2 over CZ2. (h) Wavelength-dependent AQE and UV-vis absorption spectrum of CZ2. (i) In-situ DRIFT spectra for photocatalytic CO2 reduction over the COF/ZnO heterojunction in the dark and under light irradiation.

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面向CO₂光还原的S型异质结中协同界面预调控

Cooperative interfacial preconditioning in an S-scheme heterojunction for CO₂ photoreduction

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