铂基催化剂的氧还原反应路径调控

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63961-X

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着世界人口的不断增长及人类生活质量的提高, 人类对能源的需求逐步增加. 这将加快化石燃料的枯竭, 并导致环境和气候问题日益严峻. 各国政府积极部署能源策略改革, 逐步减弱各行业对煤炭等化石燃料的依赖. 2020年, 中国政府宣布将实施更加有效的政策和措施, 并于2030年和2060年分别实现“碳达峰”和“碳中和”目标. 开发金属-空气电池、质子交换膜燃料电池以及绿色电化学合成等储能与转换技术, 是解决环境问题、保证清洁能源被高效可持续利用的重要手段之一. 如何提高装置的储能与转换效率是商业化应用面临的挑战之一, 而加快电极反应的动力学过程是解决这问题的根源.
氧还原反应(ORR)作为可充电电池、原电池、电解池装置中的重要反应, 其缓慢的动力学过程, 限制了电池的能量密度和电合成效率. 开发高效稳定的电催化剂可以应对这一挑战. 然而, 商用Pt/C催化剂却面临着储量有限、价格高、性能不能达到实际应用需求的问题; 非Pt催化剂发展迅速, 但其替代Pt基催化剂仍面临诸多问题和挑战. 因此, 更多的研究应聚焦于解决Pt基催化剂的瓶颈问题.
近年来, 关于提高低Pt催化剂的ORR性能研究取得了一定进展, 分别采用不同的策略促进以H₂O为产物的4e-ORR和以H₂O₂为产物的2e-ORR. 本文从吸附能和空间结构角度, 系统总结和讨论了优化Pt基催化剂4e-ORR/2e-ORR性能的调控策略, 明确了ORR活性和选择性的关系及其调控策略. 具体而言, 含氧物种在Pt位点上的吸附强度对ORR的动力学过程(活性)起关键作用, 而O‒O键的解离/保留对ORR路径(选择性)有决定性影响; 暴露更多活性位或提高单个活性位点的催化能力的相关策略所引起的配体效应、电子效应、应力效应等赋予Pt位点一定的功能性质, 选择性催化氧还原以4e或2e转移途径进行. 最后, 归纳了Pt基催化剂在催化ORR的应用研究中存在的问题和面临的挑战, 并对未来的研究发展提出了展望.

关键词: 氧还原反应, 电催化剂, 铂, 选择性, 过氧化氢

Abstract:

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has attracted extensive attention as an important component for sustainable energy storage and conversion technologies. However, the sluggish kinetics has hampered the practical application. Pt-based nanomaterials have triggered much interest as the most promising electrocatalyst to facilitate the kinetics of ORR. Nonetheless, a major challenge for Pt-based electrocatalysts is to precisely control the selectivity of reaction pathways and possible products (H2O or H2O2) with a reduced loading amount of precious Pt. This review systematically summarizes the strategies to regulate the ORR performances of Pt-based electrocatalysts by accommodating the adsorption energy and spatial structure. Further discussion is implemented about the key factors to accelerate the kinetics of ORR and control the 4e-ORR and 2e-ORR pathways. Finally, we demonstrate the challenges and perspectives for further development of novel Pt-based electrocatalysts.

Key words: Oxygen reduction reaction, Electrocatalysts, Platinum, Selectivity, Hydrogen peroxide

张利利, 蒋苏毓, 马炜, 周震. 铂基催化剂的氧还原反应路径调控[J]. 催化学报, 2022, 43(6): 1433-1443.

Lili Zhang, Suyu Jiang, Wei Ma, Zhen Zhou. Oxygen reduction reaction on Pt-based electrocatalysts: Four-electron vs. two-electron pathway[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(6): 1433-1443.

×
扫码分享

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63961-X

https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/Y2022/V43/I6/1433

图/表 6

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of pathways and applications of ORR.

Fig. 2. (a) Proposed pathways for ORR, where * denotes an active site of the catalyst. (b) The black, red and white spheres represent catalyst atoms, oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms, respectively. The yellow and blue arrows indicate O?O bond cleavage and the proton/electron transfer, respectively. (b) Reproduced with permission [31]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (c) Schematic representation of the qualitative Sabatier principle. Reproduced with permission [35]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier Inc.

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the relationship between ORR activity and selectivity of Pt-based electrocatalysts.

Fig. 4. Pt-based electrocatalysts for 4e-ORR. (a?d) Schematic illustrations of Pt3Ni nanoframes, PtNi-BNCs and PtPb nanoplates, and, DFT-determined correlation of atomic O adsorption energy with d-band center of surface sites. Reproduced with permission [44]. Copyright 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science. Reproduced with permission [45]. Copyright 2019, American Association for the Advancement of Science. Reproduced with permission [46]. Copyright 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science. (e) Bond lengths for complete ORR on the Pt1-N/BP catalyst. Reproduced with permission [49]. Copyright 2017, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (f) Computational results. The average site occupancies, and the calculated binding energies for a single oxygen atom on Mo-Pt3Ni. Reproduced with permission [56]. Copyright 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science. (g) Schematic illustration of GQD-Pt NTAs. Reproduced with permission [58]. Copyright 2021, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 5. Pt-based electrocatalysts for 2e-ORR. (a) Schematic illustration for three structure types of O2 adsorption on the metal surface. Reproduced with permission [62]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (b) ORR pathways on Pt surface. Reproduced with permission [64]. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. (c) Difference between adsorption behavior of OOH* on top/bridge sites of PtP2 and Pt. Reproduced with permission [67]. Copyright 2020, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (d) Support effect in SACs. Reproduced with permission [68]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (e) Proposed atomistic structure of the Pt/HSC. (f) Calculated kinetic barriers of the second PCET steps for the 2e pathway (blue) and the 4e pathway (red) using Marcus kinetic theory. Reproduced with permission [69]. Copyright 2016, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (g) The H2O2 selectivity test of the Pt catalysts. Reproduced with permission [23]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier Inc.

Fig. 6. (a) Schematic illustration showing the comparison between the 3D electrode and the electrode built from catalyst powers. Reproduced with permission [73]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. (b) Schematic illustration of the double-layer structure during ORR. Reproduced with permission [74]. Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society. (c?e) Possible cell configurations for the electrosynthesis of H2O2. Reproduced with permission [77]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature. (f) Faradaic efficiency in different systems. Reproduced with permission [17]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.

参考文献

[1]	C. F. Shih, T. Zhang, J. Li, C. Bai, Joule, 2018, 2, 1925-1949.
[2]	X. Zhang, X.-G. Wang, Z. J. Xie, Z. Zhou, Green Energy Environ., 2016, 1, 4-17.
[3]	C. Wang, Z. Xie, Z. Zhou, APL Mater., 2019, 7, 040701.
[4]	F. Xiao, Y.-C. Wang, Z.-P. Wu, G. Chen, F. Yang, S. Zhu, K. Siddharth, Z. Kong, A. Lu, J.-C. Li, C.-J. Zhong, Z.-Y. Zhou, M. Shao, Adv. Mater., 2021, 33, 2006292.
[5]	Z. Liu, Z. Zhao, B. Peng, X. Duan, Y. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020, 142, 17812-17827.
[6]	W. Ma, H. Wan, L. Zhang, J. Y. Zheng, Z. Zhou, J. Energy Chem., 2022, 63, 170-194.
[7]	Y. Sun, L. Han, P. Strasser, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2020, 49, 6605-6631.
[8]	L. Zhang, G.-F. Chen, L.-X. Ding, H. Wang, Chem. Eur. J., 2019, 25, 12464-12485.
[9]	J. Ge, J. Y. Zheng, J. Zhang, S. Jiang, L. Zhang, H. Wan, L. Wang, W. Ma, Z. Zhou, R. Ma, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, 14432-14443.
[10]	H. Cheng, Y. Diao, Q. Liu, L. Wei, X. Li, J. Chen, F. Wang, Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 428, 131084.
[11]	H. Cheng, Q. Liu, Y. Diao, L. Wei, J. Chen, F. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2021, 31, 2103732.
[12]	K. Kodama, T. Nagai, A. Kuwaki, R. Jinnouchi, Y. Morimoto, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2021, 16, 140-147.
[13]	Y. Nie, L. Li, Z. Wei, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2015, 44, 2168-2201.
[14]	X. X. Wang, M. T. Swihart, G. Wu, Nat. Catal., 2019, 2, 578-589.
[15]	J. Zhang, H. Yang, B. Liu, Adv. Energy Mater., 2021, 11, 2002473.
[16]	Y. Jiang, P. Ni, C. Chen, Y. Lu, P. Yang, B. Kong, A. Fisher, X. Wang, Adv. Energy Mater., 2018, 8, 1801909.
[17]	S. Yang, A. Verdaguer-Casadevall, L. Arnarson, L. Silvioli, V. Čolić, R. Frydendal, J. Rossmeisl, I. Chorkendorff, I. E. L. Stephens, ACS Catal., 2018, 8, 4064-4081.
[18]	K. Jiang, J. Zhao, H. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2020, 30, 2003321.
[19]	H. Li, Y. Wen, M. Jiang, Y. Yao, H. Zhou, Z. Huang, J. Li, S. Jiao, Y. Kuang, S. Luo, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2021, 31, 2011289.
[20]	N. Zion, J. C. Douglin, D. A. Cullen, P. Zelenay, D. R. Dekel, L. Elbaz, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2021, 31, 2100963.
[21]	Y. Pang, K. Wang, H. Xie, Y. Sun, M.-M. Titirici, G.-L. Chai, ACS Catal., 2020, 10, 7434-7442.
[22]	M. Li, Z. Zhao, T. Cheng, A. Fortunelli, C.-Y. Chen, R. Yu, Q. Zhang, L. Gu, B. V. Merinov, Z. Lin, E. Zhu, T. Yu, Q. Jia, J. Guo, L. Zhang, W. A. Goddard III, Y. Huang, X. Duan, Science, 2016, 354, 1414-1419.
[23]	R. Shen, W. Chen, Q. Peng, S. Lu, L. Zheng, X. Cao, Y. Wang, W. Zhu, J. Zhang, Z. Zhuang, C. Chen, D. Wang, Y. Li, Chem, 2019, 5, 2099-2110.
[24]	Z. Ma, Z. P. Cano, A. Yu, Z. Chen, G. Jiang, X. Fu, L. Yang, T. Wu, Z. Bai, J. Lu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 18334-18348.
[25]	J. Zhang, Y. Yuan, L. Gao, G. Zeng, M. Li, H. Huang, Adv. Mater., 2021, 33, 2006494.
[26]	Z. Li, S. Ji, Y. Liu, X. Cao, S. Tian, Y. Chen, Z. Niu, Y. Li, Chem. Rev., 2020, 120, 623-682.
[27]	J. Kong, W. Cheng, Chin. J. Catal., 2017, 38, 951-969.
[28]	I. Katsounaros, W. B. Schneider, J. C. Meier, U. Benedikt, P. U. Biedermann, A. A. Auera, K. J. J. Mayrhofer, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2012, 14, 7384-7391.
[29]	I. Katsounaros, S. Cherevko, A. R. Zeradjanin, K. J. J. Mayrhofer, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 102-121.
[30]	Y. Guo, Y.-N. Chen, H. Cui, Z. Zhou, Chin. J. Catal., 2019, 40, 1298-1310.
[31]	W. Xia, A. Mahmood, Z. Liang, R. Zou, S. Guo, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2016, 55, 2650-2676.
[32]	H.-H. Li, S.-H. Yu, Adv. Mater., 2019, 31, 1803503.
[33]	P. Strasser, S. Kühl, Nano Energy, 2016, 29, 166-177.
[34]	M. Che, Catal. Today, 2013, 218-219, 162-171.
[35]	A. J. Medford, A. Vojvodic, J. S. Hummelshøj, J. Voss, F. Abild-Pedersen, F. Studt, T. Bligaard, A. Nilsson, J. K. Nørskov, J. Catal., 2015, 328, 36-42.
[36]	V. Viswanathan, H. A. Hansen, J. Rossmeisl, J. K. Nørskov, ACS Catal., 2012, 2, 1654-1660.
[37]	A. Kulkarni, S. Siahrostami, A. Patel, J. K. Nørskov, Chem. Rev., 2018, 118, 2302-2312.
[38]	C. Xie, Z. Niu, D. Kim, M. Li, P. Yang, Chem. Rev., 2020, 120, 1184-1249.
[39]	M. H. Shao, T. Huang, P. Liu, J. Zhang, K. Sasaki, M. B. Vukmirovic, R. R. Adzic, Langmuir, 2006, 22, 10409-10415.
[40]	V. Stamenkovic, T. J. Schmidt, P. N. Ross, N. M. Markovic, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2003, 554-555, 191-199.
[41]	M. Lefevre, J. P. Dodelet, Electrochim. Acta, 2003, 48, 2749-2760.
[42]	Z. Lu, G. Chen, S. Siahrostami, Z. Chen, K. Liu, J. Xie, L. Liao, T. Wu, D. Lin, Y. Liu, T. F. Jaramillo, J. K. Nørskov, Y. Cui, Nat. Catal., 2018, 1, 156-162.
[43]	Z. W. Seh, J. Kibsgaard, C. F. Dickens, I. Chorkendorff, J. K. Nørskov, T. F. Jaramillo, Science, 2017, 355, aad4998.
[44]	C. Chen, Y. Kang, Z. Huo, Z. Zhu, W. Huang, H. L. Xin, J. D. Snyder, D. Li, J. A. Herron, M. Mavrikakis, M. Chi, K. L. More, Y. Li, N. M. Markovic, G. A. Somorjai, P. Yang, V. R. Stamenkovic, Science, 2014, 343, 1339-1343.
[45]	X. Tian, X. Zhao, Y.-Q. Su, L. Wang, H. Wang, D. Dang, B. Chi, H. Liu, E. J. M. Hensen, X. W. (David) Lou, B. Y. Xia, Science, 2019, 366, 850-856.
[46]	L. Bu, N. Zhang, S. Guo, X. Zhang, J. Li, J. Yao, T. Wu, G. Lu, J.-Y. Ma, D. Su, X. Huang, Science, 2016, 354, 1410-1414.
[47]	Y. Zhao, L. Tao, W. Dang, L. Wang, M. Xia, B. Wang, M. Liu, F. Gao, J. Zhang, Y. Zhao,, Small, 2019, 15, 1900288.
[48]	L. Song, Z. Liang, K. Nagamori, H. Igarashi, M. B. Vukmirovic, R. R. Adzic, K. Sasaki, ACS Catal., 2020, 10, 4290-4298.
[49]	J. Liu, M. Jiao, L. Lu, H. M. Barkholtz, Y. Li, Y. Wang, L. Jiang, Z. Wu, D.-J. Liu, L. Zhuang, C. Ma, J. Zeng, B. Zhang, D. Su, P. Song, W. Xing, W. Xu, Y. Wang, Z. Jiang, G. Sun, Nat. Commun., 2017, 8, 15938.
[50]	J. Liu, M. Jiao, B. Mei, Y. Tong, Y. Li, M. Ruan, P. Song, G. Sun, L. Jiang, Y. Wang, Z. Jiang, L. Gu, Z. Zhou, W. Xu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2019, 58, 1163-1167.
[51]	S. Li, J. Liu, Z. Yin, P. Ren, L. Lin, Y. Gong, C. Yang, X. Zheng, R. Cao, S. Yao, Y. Deng, X. Liu, L. Gu, W. Zhou, J. Zhu, X. Wen, B. Xu, D. Ma, ACS Catal., 2020, 10, 907-913.
[52]	F. Kong, Z. Ren, M. N. Banis, L. Du, X. Zhou, G. Chen, L. Zhang, J. Li, S Wang, M. Li, K. Doyle-Davis, Y. Ma, R. Li, A. Young, L. Yang, M. Markiewicz, Y. Tong, G. Yin, C. Du, J. Luo, X. Sun, ACS Catal., 2020, 10, 4205-4214.
[53]	Y. Liao, J. Li, S. Zhang, S. Chen, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 1108-1116.
[54]	Y. Li, R. Wu, Y. Liu, Y. Wen, P. K. Shen, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 772-780.
[55]	M. Li, F. Tian, T. Lin, L. Tao, X. Guo, Y. Chao, Z. Guo, Q. Zhang, L. Gu, W. Yang, Y. Yu, S. Guo, Small Methods, 2021, 5, 2100154.
[56]	X. Huang, Z. Zhao, L. Cao, Y. Chen, E. Zhu, Z. Lin, M. Li, A. Yan, A. Zettl, Y. M. Wang, X. Duan, T. Mueller, Y. Huang, Science, 2015, 348, 1230-1234.
[57]	D. He, L. Zhang, D. He, G. Zhou, Y. Lin, Z. Deng, X. Hong, Y. Wu, C. Chen, Y. Li, Nat. Commun., 2016, 7, 12362.
[58]	L. Zhang, P. Lu, Y. Luo, J. Y. Zheng, W. Ma, L.-X. Ding, H. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, 9609-9615.
[59]	F. Zhu, L. Luo, A. Wu, C. Wang, X. Cheng, S. Shen, C. Ke, H. Yang, J. Zhang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 26076-26083.
[60]	Q. Li, L. Li, X. Yu, X. Wu, Z. Xie, X. Wang, Z. Lu, X. Zhang, Y. Huang, X. Yang, Chem. Eng. J., 2020, 399, 125827.
[61]	K. Wang, J. Huang, H. Chen, Y. Wang, S. Song, Chem. Commun., 2020, 56, 12109-12121.
[62]	J. Gao, B. Liu, ACS Mater. Lett., 2020, 2, 1008-1024.
[63]	X. Xiao, T. Wang, J. Bai, F.-M. Li, T. Ma, Y. Chen, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2018, 10, 42534-42541.
[64]	C. H. Choi, H. C. Kwon, S. Yook, H. Shin, H. Kim, M. Choi, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2014, 118, 30063-30070.
[65]	Z. Zheng, Y. H. Ng, D.-W. Wang, R. Amal, Adv. Mater., 2016, 28, 9949-9955.
[66]	R. Ferreira de Morais, A. A. Franco, P. Sautet, D. Loffreda, ACS Catal., 2016, 6, 5641-5650.
[67]	H. Li, P. Wen, D. S. Itanze, Z. D. Hood, S. Adhikari, C. Lu, X. Ma, C. Dun, L. Jiang, D. L. Carroll, Y. Qiu, S. M. Geyer, Nat. Commun., 2020, 11, 3928.
[68]	S. Yang, Y. J. Tak, J. Kim, A. Soon, H. Lee, ACS Catal., 2017, 7, 1301-1307.
[69]	C. H. Choi, M. Kim, H. C. Kwon, S. J. Cho, S. Yun, H.-T. Kim, K. J. J. Mayrhofer, H. Kim, M. Choi, Nat. Commun., 2016, 7, 10922.
[70]	S. Taylor, E. Fabbri, P. Levecque, T. J. Schmidt, O. Conrad, Electrocatalysis, 2016, 7, 287-296.
[71]	Q. Zhang, M. Zhou, G. Ren, Y. Li, Y. Li, X. Du, Nat. Commun., 2020, 11, 1731.
[72]	Q. Zhao, J. An, S. Wang, Y. Qiao, C. Liao, C. Wang, X. Wang, N. Li, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11, 35410-35419.
[73]	J. Zhang, H. Yang, J. Gao, S. Xi, W. Cai, J. Zhang, P. Cui, B. Liu, Carbon Energy, 2020, 2, 276-282.
[74]	N. Ramaswamy, S. Mukerjee, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115, 18015-18026.
[75]	Y. Pang, H. Xie, Y. Sun, M.-M. Titirici, G.-L. Chai, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2020, 8, 24996-25016.
[76]	S. R. Kelly, C. Kirk, K. Chan, J. K. Nørskov, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2020, 124, 14581-14591.
[77]	S. C. Perry, D. Pangotra, L. Vieira, L.-I. Csepei, V. Sieber, L. Wang, C. P. León, F. C. Walsh, Nat. Rev. Chem., 2019, 3, 442-458.
[78]	Y. Mo, D. A. Scherson, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2003, 150, E39-E46.
[79]	A. J. J. Jebaraj, N. S. Georgescu, D. A. Scherson, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2016, 120, 16090-16099.
[80]	I. Katsounaros, W. B. Schneider, J. C. Meier, U. Benedikt, P. U. Biedermann, A. Cuesta, A. A. Auerb, K. J. J. Mayrhofer, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, 15, 8058-8068.
[81]	K. Shinozaki, J. W. Zack, R. M. Richards, B. S. Pivovar, S. S. Kocha, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2015, 162, F1144-F1158.
[82]	G. A. Kolyagin, V. L. Kornienko, Russ. J. Appl. Chem., 2006, 79, 746-751.
[83]	J. Zhang, H. Zhang, M.-J. Cheng, Q. Lu, Small, 2020, 16, 1902845.
[84]	W. Ye, S. Chen, Y. Lin, L. Yang, S. Chen, X. Zheng, Z. Qi, C. Wang, R. Long, M. Chen, J. Zhu, P. Gao, L. Song, J. Jiang, Y. Xiong, Chem, 2019, 5, 2865-2878.
[85]	J.-C. Dong, M. Su, V. Briega-Martos, L. Li, J.-B. Le, P. Radjenovic, X.-S. Zhou, J. M. Feliu, Z.-Q. Tian, J.-F. Li, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020, 142, 715-719.
[86]	X. Zhao, Y. Liu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 143, 9423-9428.
[87]	K. A. Severson, P. M. Attia, N. Jin, N. Perkins, B. Jiang, Z. Yang, M. H. Chen, M. Aykol, P. K. Herring, D. Fraggedakis, M. Z. Bazant, S. J. Harris, W. C. Chueh, R. D. Braatz, Nat. Energy, 2019, 4, 383-391.
[88]	X. Zhang, A. Chen, L. Chen, Z. Zhou, Adv. Energy Mater., 2021, 11, 2003841.
[89]	K. Tran, Z. W. Ulissi, Nat. Catal., 2018, 1, 696-703.
[90]	K. Kamiya, R. Kamai, K. Hashimoto, S. Nakanishi, Nat. Commun., 2014, 5, 5040.
[91]	Z. Yang, N. Nakashima, Sci. Rep., 2014, 5, 12236.
[92]	G. Kyriakou, M. B. Boucher, A. D. Jewell, E. A. Lewis, T. J. Lawton, A. E. Baber, H. L. Tierney, M. Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, E. C. H. Sykes, Science, 2012, 335, 1209-1212.
[93]	G. Sun, Z.-J. Zhao, R. Mu, S. Zha, L. Li, S. Chen, K. Zang, J. Luo, Z. Li, S. C. Purdy, A. J. Kropf, J. T. Miller, L. Zeng, J. Gong, Nat. Commun., 2018, 9, 4454.
[94]	M. Ouyang, K. G. Papanikolaou, A. Boubnov, A. S. Hoffman, G. Giannakakis, S. R. Bare, M. Stamatakis, M. Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, E. C. H. Sykes, Nat. Commun., 2021, 12, 1549.