一维S型光催化剂的设计与制备

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(26)64988-1

催化学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 83: 24-53.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(26)64988-1

一维S型光催化剂的设计与制备

许凯强^a, 朱文君^b, Mahmoud Sayed^c^,^*(), 韩生^a^,^*()

^a上海应用技术大学化学与环境工程学部, 上海 201418, 中国
^b湖北理工学院先进材料与绿色化工学院, 矿山环境污染控制与修复湖北省重点实验室, 湖北黄石 435003, 中国
^c法尤姆大学理学院化学系, 法尤姆, 埃及

收稿日期:2025-09-08 接受日期:2025-10-15 出版日期:2026-04-18 发布日期:2026-03-04
通讯作者: * 电子信箱: msk07@fayoum.edu.eg (M. Sayed), hansheng654321@sina.com (韩生).
基金资助:
湖南省应用环境光催化重点实验室开放项目(2214505);人才引进启动基金(YJ2023-7);国家自然科学基金(22278269);国家自然科学基金(W2433135);教育部联合基金(8091B02052304);新疆生产建设兵团指导计划项目(2024ZD013);上海市教育委员会科研项目(2023ZKZD54);上海市工业协同创新项目(XTCX-KJ-2022-70);上海市领军人才计划(4621ZK210015-A07);山东省高端特色油脂技术创新中心

Design and preparation of 1D-based S-scheme photocatalysts

Kaiqiang Xu^a, Wenjun Zhu^b, Mahmoud Sayed^c^,^*(), Sheng Han^a^,^*()

^aSchool of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
^bSchool of Advanced Materials and Green Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control & Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, Hubei, China
^cChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt

Received:2025-09-08 Accepted:2025-10-15 Online:2026-04-18 Published:2026-03-04
Contact: * E-mail: msk07@fayoum.edu.eg (M. Sayed), hansheng654321@sina.com (S. Han).
About author:Mahmoud Sayed received his B.S. (2012), M.S. (2017) in Chemistry from Fayoum University, Egypt, and PhD (2021) from Wuhan University of Technology, China, under supervision of Prof. Jiaguo Yu. Currently, He is a postdoctoral fellow at Prof. Jiaguo Yu’ group at laboratory of solar fuel, China university of geosciences, Wuhan, China. His research interest focuses on the design and integration of photocatalytic materials in energy conversion and environmental applications.
Sheng Han received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He is a National Second-Level Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, currently serving as Dean of the Division of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology at Shanghai Institute of Technology. He has been recognized with numerous honors, including the National Hundred, Thousand, and Ten Thousand Talents Project, State Council Special Government Allowance, the “Hou Debang” Chemical Science and Technology Innovation Award, and several Shanghai municipal talent awards. Professor Han’s research focuses on fine petrochemical processes and advanced functional lubrication technologies. He has led over 90 national and industrial research projects, published more than 410 papers in top journals such as Adv. Mater., Adv. Funct. Mater., and Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., and holds over 160 invention patents, with 135 authorized. He has also received more than 20 provincial and ministerial-level research awards for his outstanding scientific achievements.
Supported by:
Open Project from Hunan Key Laboratory of Application Environmental Photocatalysis(2214505);Talent Introduction Start-up Foundation(YJ2023-7);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278269);National Natural Science Foundation of China(W2433135);Joint Fund of the Ministry of Education(8091B02052304);Guiding Plan Project of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps(2024ZD013);Scientific Research Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(2023ZKZD54);Industrial Collaborative Innovation Project of Shanghai(XTCX-KJ-2022-70);Shanghai Leading Talent Program(4621ZK210015-A07);High-end Specialty Oils Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着全球能源危机与环境污染问题的日益加剧, 开发高效、绿色、可持续的能源转化与污染治理技术成为当今科学研究的重要方向. 光催化技术因其能够直接利用太阳能驱动氧化还原反应, 在清洁能源生产与环境修复领域展现出巨大潜力. 其中, 一维(1D)纳米材料(如纳米棒、纳米线、纳米纤维、纳米管和纳米带)因具有优异的电荷定向传输通道、高比表面积以及丰富的表面活性位点, 成为光催化领域的研究热点. 然而, 单一的1D材料存在光生载流子复合快、量子效率低等问题, 限制了其实际应用. 因此, 构建具有高效电荷分离能力的异质结体系成为提高其光催化性能的关键途径, 特别是近年来提出的S型异质结在促进光生载流子定向迁移与保持强氧化还原能力方面表现突出, 为光催化性能提升提供了新的思路.
本文系统综述了1D S型异质结光催化材料的最新研究进展, 重点介绍了其设计理念、构建方法、表征技术以及应用表现. 首先, 从S型电荷转移模型的历史演变与机理出发, 明确了其在维持强氧化还原能力的同时实现高效载流子分离的本质机理. 随后, 系统总结了1D S型异质结的主要构建方法, 包括原位生长法和静电自组装法. 原位生长法通过水热、溶剂热或煅烧过程在一维骨架表面沉积第二组分, 能够形成紧密接触界面; 静电自组装法则利用组分间正负电荷的库仑作用构建复合界面, 适用于形貌复杂的多组分体系. 还介绍了S型异质结的关键表征方法, 如原位X-射线光电子能谱、开尔文探针力显微镜表面电势测定和飞秒瞬态吸收光谱, 这些技术从电子迁移、能带弯曲和载流子寿命等角度验证了S型电荷转移机制的合理性. 此外, 进一步比较了0D/1D, 1D/1D,1D/2D和1D/3D等多种异质结构体系的性能差异, 指出0D/1D与1D/2D结构在界面耦合、载流子分离与光吸收协同方面最具优势. 典型体系如TiO₂/Ce₂S₃, Cu₂O/W₁₈O₄₉和Ag₂S/Ta₂O₅等实现了CO₂光还原、产氢、H₂O₂生成与有机污染物降解等多功能应用. 研究结果表明, 1D S型异质结通过构筑长程电荷迁移通道与高效界面电场, 可显著提高光生载流子的寿命与迁移速率, 实现优异的能量转换与环境净化性能.
最后, 本文展望了1D S型异质结光催化剂未来的发展方向: (1)拓展新型1D结构体系(如含铋纳米线、MOF/COF纳米纤维等); (2)通过晶面调控提升电荷传输效率; (3)结合原位表征与理论计算深入揭示电荷迁移机理; (4)强化半导体界面化学耦合, 构建高效稳定的异质结体系, 以推动其在能源转化与环境修复中的实际应用. 总体而言, 1D S型异质结的研究为解决能源与环境问题提供了新的材料体系与理论基础, 对推动光催化技术的持续发展具有重要意义.

关键词: 一维材料, S型异质结, 电荷传输, 内置电场, 光催化

Abstract:

Photocatalysis provides a viable approach to address critical global challenges of energy scarcity and environmental pollution. Significantly, one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials (e.g., nanorods, nanowires, nanofibers, nanotubes, and nanobelts) have attracted great attention in the field of photocatalysis owing to their inherent structural advantages such as directional charge transport pathways, high aspect ratio, and abundant exposed active surface sites. Nevertheless, the inherent issue including rapid photogenerated carrier recombination and low apparent quantum efficiency continue to hinder practical implementation of 1D scaffolds. To overcome these limitations, step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunctions have been strategically constructed using 1D nanomaterials as fundamental building blocks, demonstrating superior charge separation and enhanced photocatalytic properties. In this review, we comprehensively summarized recent advances in the design and implementation of 1D-based S-scheme photocatalysts for targeted applications in sustainable energy conversion, and environmental remediation. The review was introduced by a historical development of the S-scheme charge transfer model and the typical charge transfer mechanism, followed by a comprehensive summary of the preparation approaches and characterization techniques of 1D-based S-scheme systems. Subsequently, a detailed discussion of the recent advances in 1D S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for various applications are provided and the implications of the S-scheme charge transfer mechanism on promoting the catalytic activity are elucidated. Finally, the prospects for the development of 1D-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts are presented.

Key words: 1D materials, S-scheme heterojunction, Charge transfer, Internal electric field, Photocatalysis

许凯强, 朱文君, Mahmoud Sayed, 韩生. 一维S型光催化剂的设计与制备[J]. 催化学报, 2026, 83: 24-53.

Kaiqiang Xu, Wenjun Zhu, Mahmoud Sayed, Sheng Han. Design and preparation of 1D-based S-scheme photocatalysts[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 83: 24-53.

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图/表 26

Fig. 1. (a) A schematic illustration of different photophysical actions that happened when incident impinges a photocatalyst: (I) formation of charge carriers by light; (II) electron and holes recombination in bulk; (III) electron and hole recombination at the surface; (IV) consumption of separated electrons and holes in the surface reactions. (b) A schematic diagram of the thermodynamic limitations in photocatalytic reactions.

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of type-II heterojunction charge transfer mechanism and its problems.

Fig. 3. Thermodynamic challenges for the liquid-phase Z-scheme mechanism. (a) Proposed mechanism of electron transfer in a liquid-phase Z-scheme system. (b) Thermodynamically more favorable charge-carrier-transfer route.

Fig. 4. Thermodynamic challenges for all-solid-state Z-scheme mechanisms. Proposed electron-transfer route in according to all-solid-state Z-scheme configuration (a) and a thermodynamically more reasonable electron-transfer route (b).

Fig. 5. Charge-transfer processes in an S-scheme heterojunction system.

Table 1 Advantages and challenges of typical 1D nanostructures for S-scheme heterojunction.

1D nanostructure	Advantage	Challenge
Nanorods	controlled facet exposure, short radial diffusion, good robustness, easier alignment	light absorption depth limits, recombination in core, lower accessible surface area, limited internal functionalization
Nanowires	very high surface-to-volume ratio, efficient axial charge transport, good light scattering and waveguiding, stable integration	synthesis control difficulty, surface defects, shading issues, fragility
Nanotubes	inner and outer surfaces, short radial thickness, dual-surface functionalization, vertical arrays possible, enhanced light absorption	mechanical collapse, synthesis complexity, mass transport limitations, inner surface traps, shading
Nanofibers	high surface area (especially porous), continuous carrier pathways, scalable/easy production (electrospinning), flexibility, good adsorption/diffusion	lower crystallinity, large diameter recombination, random orientation, complex structuring, shading in mats
Nanoribbons	tunable edge states and bandgap, large exposed surfaces, good in-plane conduction, integration in hybrid structures, quantum effects	synthesis precision and defect control, edge traps, mechanical fragility, weak absorption if too thin, width diffusion limits

Table 2 Summary of 1D-based S-scheme photocatalysts synthesized by in situ growth methods.

Photocatalyst	Dimensional structure	Synthesis condition	Application	Ref.
ZnIn₂S₄/ZnO	0D/1D	chemical bath deposition	H₂O₂ evolution	[88]
CeO₂/ZnO	0D/1D	solvothermal	CO₂ photoreduction	[89]
Bi₂S₃/TiO₂	0D/1D	hydrothermal	CO₂ photoreduction	[90]
Mn_0.3Cd_0.7S/CuWO₄	0D/1D	calcination	tetracycline (TC) degradation and H₂ evolution	[91]
BiSI/Ag₂S	0D/1D	precipitation	Cr(VI) removal	[92]
CuBi₂O₄/CoO	0D/1D	solvothermal	TC degradation	[93]
Cu₂O/W₁₈O₄₉	0D/1D	wet impregnation	CO₂ photoreduction	[94]
Bi₂Sn₂O₇/Bi₄O₅I₂	0D/1D	solvothermal	BPA degradation	[95]
ZnO/SnIn₄S₈	1D/2D	solvothermal	H₂ evolution	[96]
TiO₂/CaIn₂S₄	1D/2D	solvothermal	H₂ evolution	[82]
Co₃O₄/BiVO₄	1D/2D	calcination	H₂ evolution and N₂ photoreduction	[97]
W₁₈O₄₉/g-C₃N₄	1D/2D	solvothermal	N₂ fixation	[98]
Mo-WO₃/In-C₃N₄	1D/2D	calcination	H₂O₂ evolution	[99]
CoTiO₃/g‐C₃N₄	1D/2D	calcination	CO₂ photoreduction	[100]
Bi₂S₃/g-C₃N₄	1D/2D	calcination	TC degradation	[101]
K₆Nb_10.8O₃₀/Zn₂In₂S₅	1D/2D	solvothermal	H₂ evolution	[102]
Sb₂S₃/Sv-ZnIn₂S₄	1D/2D	oil bath	H₂ evolution	[103]

Fig. 6. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis process for SS and AS series photocatalysts. (b) TEM image of SS NTs (inset: HRTEM image). TEM image (c), and HRTEM image (d) of 10 AS. (e) HAADF image and EDS mapping of 10 AS. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [86]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.

Fig. 7. (a) Illustration of the formation route of H-W18O49 NW/MIL-125(Ti) NS S-scheme heterostructures. SEM images (b, c), TEM (d) and HRTEM (e) images of H-W18O49 NW/MIL-125(Ti) NS. STEM image (f) and corresponding W (g), O (h), Ti (i), and C (j) element mappings of H-W18O49 NW/MIL-125(Ti) NS. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [110]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.

Fig. 8. Morphology and structure of TiO2/CsPbBr3 heterojunction. (a?c) TEM, STEM, and HRTEM images of TC2. (d) EDX spectrum of TC2. (e) HAADF image and EDX elemental mappings of Ti, O, Cs, Pb, and Br elements in TC2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [111]. Copyright 2020, Nature publication group.

Fig. 9. (a) Schematic illustration of the XPS working principle. (b) Illustration of ISIXPS measurements. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [36]. Copyright 2025, Royal Society of Chemistry. High-resolution XPS spectra of Ti 2p (c) and Bi 4f (d). (e) Schematic diagram of S-scheme charge transfer within the TiO2/Ce2S3 heterojunction. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier.

Fig. 10. Schematic illustration of the KPFM working principle before (a) and after (b) electrical contact. (c) AFM image of CdS-PT composite. Corresponding surface potential distribution of CdS-PT in darkness (d) and under light irradiation (e). (f) Line-scanning surface potential from point A to B. (g) The schematic illustration of photoirradiation KPFM. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [139]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 11. (a) Schematic illustrations of the work principles of fs-TA spectroscopy. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [134]. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society. (b) TEM image of CdS/PDB S-scheme photocatalyst. 2D mapping TA spectra of CdS (c) and CdS/PDB (d). TA spectra signal of CdS (e) and CdS/PDB (f). (g) Illustration of the energy barrier between the HOMO of PDB and CBM of CdS. Normalized decay kinetic curves of CdS (h) and CdS/PDB (i). (j) Decay pathways of photogenerated electrons in CdS/PDB. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [130]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH.

Table 3 Recently reported 1D-based S-scheme photocatalysts for different applications.

Dimensional structure	S-scheme heterojunction	Application	Efficiency	Ref.
0D/1D	TiO₂/Bi₂S₃	CO₂ photoreduction	CH₄ yield = 7.7 μmol·h^-1	[90]
0D/1D	Sn-doped TiO₂/Bi₂S₃	CO₂ photoreduction	CH₃OH yield = 529 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[150]
0D/1D	In₂O₃/In₂S₃	TC degradation	degradation = 83% (60 min)	[151]
0D/1D	In₂O₃/Co₂VO₄	CO₂ photoreduction	CO and CH₄ yields = 15.8 and 22.9 μmol·g^-1, respectively	[152]
0D/1D	Ta₂O₅/Ag₂S	CO₂ photoreduction	CH₄ yield = 132.3 μmol·g^-1	[153]
0D/1D	CoO/CuBi₂O₄	TC degradation	degradation = 89.5% (90 min)	[93]
0D/1D	W₁₈O₄₉/Cu₂O	CO₂ photoreduction	HCOOH yield = 56.42 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[94]
0D/1D	AgVO₃/CaIn₂S₄	tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation	degradation = 94.1% (80 min)	[154]
0D/1D	Bi₄O₅I₂/Bi₂Sn₂O₇	Bisphenol A (BPA) degradation	BPA complete degraded within 20 min	[95]
0D/1D	CdS/NiO	H₂ evolution	evolution rate = 7.9 mmol·g^-1·h^-1	[155]
0D/1D	Bi-MOF/ZnFe₂O₄	TC degradation	degradation = 87.4% (60 min)	[156]
0D/1D	iCOF/B₂O₃	H₂O₂ evolution	evolution rate = 9.76 mmol·g^-1·h^-1	[157]
1D/2D	TiO₂/BiOBr	Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation	degradation = 98.4% (8 min)	[158]
1D/2D	TiO₂/Bi₂O₂CO₃	TC degradation	degradation = 86% (60 min)	[159]
1D/2D	TiO₂/CaIn₂S₄	H₂ evolution	evolution rate = 564.7 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[82]
1D/2D	ZnO/SnIn₄S₈	H₂ evolution	evolution rate = 1374.4 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[96]
1D/2D	ZnO/CTF	H₂O₂ evolution	evolution rate = 12000 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[160]
1D/2D	Nb₂O₅/NiO	H₂O₂ evolution	evolution rate = 0.48 mmol·g^-1	[161]
1D/2D	WO₃/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S	H₂ evolution	evolution rate = 715 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[162]
1D/2D	H-W₁₈O₄₉/MIL-125(Ti)	CO₂ photoreduction	CO yield = 202.37μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[110]
1D/2D	FeCo₂O₄/g-C₃N₄	H₂ evolution	evolution rate = 6303.5 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[142]
1D/2D	Bi₈(CrO₄)O₁₁/g-C₃N₅	RhB and TCH degradation	degradation = 94.5% and 93.3% for RhB and TCH within 60min, respectively	[163]
1D/2D	Bi₂S₃/Bi₃TiNbO₉	H₂O₂ evolution	evolution rate = 810 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[164]
1D/2D	Sb₂S₃/ZnIn₂S₄	N₂ fixation	NH₃ yield of 15.96 ± 0.97 mg·L^-1 (40 min)	[165]
1D/2D	g-C₃N₄/ZnIn₂S₄	U(VI) reduction	U(VI) reduction = 97.4% (22 min)	[166]

Table 3 Recently reported 1D-based S-scheme photocatalysts for different applications.

Dimensional structure	S-scheme heterojunction	Application	Efficiency	Ref.
0D/1D	TiO₂/Bi₂S₃	CO₂ photoreduction	CH₄ yield = 7.7 μmol·h^-1	[90]
0D/1D	Sn-doped TiO₂/Bi₂S₃	CO₂ photoreduction	CH₃OH yield = 529 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[150]
0D/1D	In₂O₃/In₂S₃	TC degradation	degradation = 83% (60 min)	[151]
0D/1D	In₂O₃/Co₂VO₄	CO₂ photoreduction	CO and CH₄ yields = 15.8 and 22.9 μmol·g^-1, respectively	[152]
0D/1D	Ta₂O₅/Ag₂S	CO₂ photoreduction	CH₄ yield = 132.3 μmol·g^-1	[153]
0D/1D	CoO/CuBi₂O₄	TC degradation	degradation = 89.5% (90 min)	[93]
0D/1D	W₁₈O₄₉/Cu₂O	CO₂ photoreduction	HCOOH yield = 56.42 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[94]
0D/1D	AgVO₃/CaIn₂S₄	tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation	degradation = 94.1% (80 min)	[154]
0D/1D	Bi₄O₅I₂/Bi₂Sn₂O₇	Bisphenol A (BPA) degradation	BPA complete degraded within 20 min	[95]
0D/1D	CdS/NiO	H₂ evolution	evolution rate = 7.9 mmol·g^-1·h^-1	[155]
0D/1D	Bi-MOF/ZnFe₂O₄	TC degradation	degradation = 87.4% (60 min)	[156]
0D/1D	iCOF/B₂O₃	H₂O₂ evolution	evolution rate = 9.76 mmol·g^-1·h^-1	[157]
1D/2D	TiO₂/BiOBr	Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation	degradation = 98.4% (8 min)	[158]
1D/2D	TiO₂/Bi₂O₂CO₃	TC degradation	degradation = 86% (60 min)	[159]
1D/2D	TiO₂/CaIn₂S₄	H₂ evolution	evolution rate = 564.7 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[82]
1D/2D	ZnO/SnIn₄S₈	H₂ evolution	evolution rate = 1374.4 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[96]
1D/2D	ZnO/CTF	H₂O₂ evolution	evolution rate = 12000 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[160]
1D/2D	Nb₂O₅/NiO	H₂O₂ evolution	evolution rate = 0.48 mmol·g^-1	[161]
1D/2D	WO₃/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S	H₂ evolution	evolution rate = 715 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[162]
1D/2D	H-W₁₈O₄₉/MIL-125(Ti)	CO₂ photoreduction	CO yield = 202.37μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[110]
1D/2D	FeCo₂O₄/g-C₃N₄	H₂ evolution	evolution rate = 6303.5 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[142]
1D/2D	Bi₈(CrO₄)O₁₁/g-C₃N₅	RhB and TCH degradation	degradation = 94.5% and 93.3% for RhB and TCH within 60min, respectively	[163]
1D/2D	Bi₂S₃/Bi₃TiNbO₉	H₂O₂ evolution	evolution rate = 810 μmol·g^-1·h^-1	[164]
1D/2D	Sb₂S₃/ZnIn₂S₄	N₂ fixation	NH₃ yield of 15.96 ± 0.97 mg·L^-1 (40 min)	[165]
1D/2D	g-C₃N₄/ZnIn₂S₄	U(VI) reduction	U(VI) reduction = 97.4% (22 min)	[166]

Fig. 12. The possible structural combinations of 1D-based S-scheme heterojunctions.

Fig. 13. Insights into the charge separation within the S-scheme heterojunction. (a) Schematic illustration of the TiO2/Ce2S3 S-scheme heterojunction under UV light irradiation for photocatalytic nitrobenzene hydrogenation. The pseudocolor plots and transient absorption spectra recorded at indicated delay times measured with 350 nm excitation: pure TiO2 nanofibers (b,c) and TiO2/Ce2S3 nanohybrids (TC5) (d,e). (f) Corresponding transient absorption kinetic traces of TiO2 and TC5 at 645 nm within 100 ps. (g) Schematic diagram of S-scheme charge transfer within the TiO2/Ce2S3 heterojunction. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [175]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 14. SEM images of ZnO (a) and ZZS-20 (b) nanofibers. (c) TEM images of ZZS-20. (d) HRTEM images of ZZS-20. (e) HAADF image and EDX elemental mappings of Zn, O, In, and S elements in ZZS-20. Calculated electrostatic potentials of ZnO (f) and ZnIn2S4 (g). (h) Charge density difference of ZnO/ZnIn2S4 (the yellow region signifies the accumulation layer of electrons and the cyan region is the electron depletion layer). (i) Electron transfer mechanism of ZnO/ZnIn2S4 S-scheme heterojunction. (j) Photocatalytic H2O2 evolution performance of different photocatalysts. (k) Stability cycle test of H2O2 production by ZZS-20. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [88]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier.

Fig. 15. (a) Preparation route of p-CNQDs/VO-ZnO composite. (b) EPR spectra of ZnO, g-C3N4/VO-ZnO, and p-CNQDs/VO-ZnO. (c) UV-vis DRS of ZnO, p-CNQDs, and p-CNQDs/VO-ZnO composites. (d) ΔGH* values of g-C3N4/VO-ZnO and p-CNQDs/VO-ZnO. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [183]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.

Fig. 16. (a) Schematic illustration for synthesis of Cu2O/W18O49 heterojunction. (b) XRD patterns of W18O49, 20% Cu:W, 40% Cu:W, 60% Cu:W, 80% Cu:W and the corresponding amplified XRD pattern (right). SEM images of W18O49 (c) and Cu2O/W18O49 (d). (e) HRTEM image of W18O49. TEM (f) and HRTEM (g) images of Cu2O/W18O49. (h) Photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance over Cu2O/W18O49 heterojunction with different composition. (i) Comparison with the contrast samples. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [94]. Copyright 2025, Elsevier.

Fig. 17. (a) Schematic Illustration of assembly fiber heterojunction photocatalysts. TEM image (b) and HRTEM image (c) of AFSP heterojunction. 2D transient absorption surface plots of Ta2O5 (d) and ASTO-2 (g). Transient absorption signals of Ta2O5 (e) and ASTO-2 (h). The decay signals of Ta2O5 and ASTO-2 monitored at 460 nm (f) and 500 nm (i) (inset of schematic diagram of charge transfer within the ASTO heterojunction). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [153]. Copyright 2023, Wiley‐VCH.

Fig. 18. In-situ irradiation XPS spectra of Ni 2p (a), O 1s (b), Cd 3d (c), and S 2p (d) in 15%NiO/CdS. KFPM images under darkness condition (e) and visible-light irradiation condition (f). (g) Surface photovoltage distribution under dark and visible-light irradiation of 15%NiO/CdS. (h) IEF formation and electron transfer of NiO/CdS. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [155]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier.

Fig. 19. (a) Photocatalytic H2-production plots. (b) Photocatalytic H2-production rate of different samples. (c) Cycling stability of the MCS/W-6. (d) UV-vis DRS spectrum and AQY of the MCS/W-6 photocatalyst at 380, 450, 500 and 550 nm. (e) Schematic diagram of the S-scheme charge-transfer mechanism in the MCS/W heterojunction system. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [194]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.

Fig. 20. TEM (a,b) and HRTEM (c) images of the CPB/AgBr heterojunction. (d) EDX elemental mappings of Cs, Pb, Br and Ag elements in the CPB/AgBr heterojunction. ESR spectra of DMPO-?OH (e) and DMPO-?O2? (f) in the presence of CsPbBr3 NCs, AgBr and the CPB/AgBr heterojunction. (g) CO and CH4 evolution over CsPbBr3 NCs, AgBr and the CPB/AgBr heterojunctions after 4 h of photocatalytic reaction. (h) Recycling tests with four 4 h cycles. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [195]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.

Fig. 21. (a) HRTEM and HAADF images of MAPB-TCOF. (b) Mapping images of C, N, Pb, and Br elements in MAPB-T-COF. EPR spectra of ·O2- in the presence of T-COF (c), MAPB (d), and MAPB-T-COF (e) under different conditions. (f) Signal comparison of ·O2- on MAPB-T-COF, T-COF, and MAPB under light illumination. (g) Signal comparison of ·O2- on MAPB-T-COF, T-COF, and MAPB with the addition of 4-MBT with blue LED illumination. (h) EPR spectra of ·O2- in the presence of MAPB-TCOF with various thiophenols. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [197]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 22. Scheme illustration for the synthesis of Bi3TiNbO9/Bi2S3 heterojunction (a) and TEM (b) and SAED (c) images of the Bi3TiNbO9/Bi2S3. (d) Atomic-level HRTEM image of the Bi3TiNbO9 of dashed box area in (b). (e,f) TEM image of pristine Bi2S3 and its HAADF-STEM image of dashed box area in (e). (g,h) The corresponding lattice distances of the Bi3TiNbO9 and Bi2S3 in (d) and (f), respectively. (i) Photocatalytic performances of Bi3TiNbO9, Bi2S3, Bi3TiNbO9+Bi2S3, and Bi3TiNbO9/Bi2S3 heterojunction under simulated sunlight. (j) Schematic illustration of energy band arrangement of Bi3TiNbO9/Bi2S3 heterojunction upon illumination. (k) Photocatalytic H2O2 evolution performance of the Bi3TiNbO9/Bi2S3 with continuous 13 cycles (1 h foreach cycle) under simulated sunlight. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [164]. Copyright 2024, Wiley‐VCH.

Fig. 23. (a) Schematic diagram for the preparation of WO3?x/In2S3 heterostructures. (b) FESEM images of WO3?x nanofibers at different magnifications. (c) FESEM, (d?f) HRTEM images of WO3?x/In2S3 hybrid nanofibers. (g) HAADF image and EDX elemental mappings of W, O, In and S elements in WO3?x/In2S3 nanostructures. Gibbs free energy diagram of: CO2 photoreduction over In2S3 (002) surface (h) and H2O photooxidation over WO3?x (001) surface (i). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [208]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.

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一维S型光催化剂的设计与制备

Design and preparation of 1D-based S-scheme photocatalysts

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