Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2022, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (8): 2057-2090.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(21)64030-5
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Received:
2021-12-25
Accepted:
2022-01-28
Online:
2022-08-18
Published:
2022-06-20
Contact:
Jingqi Guan
Supported by:
Xue Bai, Jingqi Guan. MXenes for electrocatalysis applications: Modification and hybridization[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(8): 2057-2090.
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URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)64030-5
Fig. 2. Theoretical calculational model of an MXene. Side (a) and top (b) views of a pristine MXene; Side views of T-doped (c), M-doped (d), and X-doped (e) MXenes; Side views of VT-MXene (f), VM-MXene (g); and VX-MXene (h).
Fig. 3. (a) Schematic diagram of the HER mechanism. (b) Top view of the structure of bare MXene with different adsorption sites. (c) HER volcano plot; (d) Enlargement of the top of the volcano. (a?d) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [26]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (e) ΔGH* under standard conditions at USHE = 0 V. (f) Band structures at each nitrogen-doping concentration. Each green solid line corresponds to the conduction band. (e,f) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [57]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 5. Calculated stress-strain curves of 2D Ti2C (a) and 2D Ti2CO2 (c). (b) Variations in the bond lengths (Ti-C) and out-of-plane heights of Ti atoms. (d) Variations in the out-of-plane heights of Ti atoms and O atoms. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [76]. Copyright 2016, American Physical Society.
Fig. 6. (a) Schematic diagram showing the formation of an MXene by fluoride etching. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [88]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (b) Fluoride-free electro-etching equipment with a dual electrode system. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. (c) Schematic diagram showing the mechanism for the synthesis of an MXene in a Lewis-acid molten salt. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [97]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (d) Schematic diagram of the device used to react Ti3AlC2 in an aqueous NaOH solution. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH.
Fig. 7. MXene synthesis and increased interlayer spacing by Na+ intercalation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [108]. Copyright 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited.
Fig. 8. Feedback mode (a,c,e) and corresponding SG-TC mode (b,d,f) SECM images of three V-Ti4N3Tx samples. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [116]. Copyright 2020, WILEY-VCH. (g) In-situ Raman spectra of NiCo2O4/MXene at various applied potentials. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [118]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 9. (a) Structure diagram for BP@MXene; Normalized Ti K-edge XANES spectra (b) and k3-weighted Fourier-transformed Ti K-edge XANES spectra (c). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [122]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 10. LSV (a) and Tafel plots (b) of various Ti3C2Tx systems. (a,b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [129]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (c) Optimized structures of selected MXenes. The distances between the terminators and the first Ti layer are also shown. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [133]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 11. (a) Model of the Mo2CTx:Co structure; LSV curves (b) and Tafel plots (c). (a?c) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [137]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (d) Top and side views of transition metal carbonitride models; Values of ΔGH on the C-sides (e) and N-sides (f) of MXenes. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [139]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH.
Fig. 12. (a-e) HAADF-STEM images of defects in single-layer Ti3C2Tx. (f) VTi formation energies on bare Ti3C2 and terminated single-layer Ti3C2Tx; (g) Formation energy of VTiC clusters as a function of the VTi number. Reproduced with permission [140]. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society.
Fig. 13. (a) AFM image of TBA-Ti3C2Tx. (b) Ar adsorption and desorption isotherms. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [111] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (c) Depicting the merits of a 3D MXene. SEM images of 3D Ti3C2 (d), pristine Ti3C2 MXene after being compressed (e), and vacuum filtered Ti3C2 MXene (f). The insets show images of materials dispersed in water after ultrasonication. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [146]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 14. (a) Degradation of Ti3C2Tx in various environments. (b) MXene oxidation mechanisms at various pH values. Three methods for improving the structure and activity of an MXene: (c) layer-spacing expansion; (d) stereo-model assembly; (e) active-phase decoration.
Fig. 15. Syntheses of SA-Cu-MXene (a), RuSA-N-S-Ti3C2Tx (b), and Cu-SA/Ti3C2Tx (c). (a) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [36]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [165]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. (c) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [167]. Copyright 2021, Macmillan Publishers Limited.
Fig. 16. (a) Four different oxygen vacancy sites and four different neighboring adsorption sites for the 4 × 4 supercell structure. (b) Theoretical calculational results for six pairs of metal atoms adsorbed onto the eight DAC sites in (a). (c,d) Calculated Gibbs free energy differences (ΔG) for the elem entary reaction steps along OER and ORR pathways. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [169]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Fig. 17. DFT calculational system. (a) Structure of an OBA and possible oxygen adsorption sites. (b) Promising OBA HER catalysts. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [176]. Copyright The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020.
Fig. 18. (a) Synthesis of a N-doped MXene. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [180]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (b,c) Deconvoluted XPS spectra of N-MXene-T; LSV traces (d) and Tafel slopes (e) of N-MXene-T. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [182]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Fig. 19. (a) Synthesis of Nb1.33CTx; HRTEM image (b) and the top-view schematic (c) of Nb1.33CTx. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [191]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (d-f) Formation of defects in Ti3CNTx. (g) Three types of N active site; N 1s XPS spectra of Ti3AlCN (h) and Ti3CNTx (i). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [192]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (j,k) Modulating the HER performance of V2CO2 by introducing a transition metal onto the surface. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [194]. Copyright 2016, WILEY-VCH.
Fig. 20. Syntheses of VO-Nb2O5/Nb2C (a), VS-CdS/Ti3C2 (b), o-P-CoTe2/MXene (c), and MoxS@TiO2@Ti3C2 (d). (a) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [199]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [200]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (c) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [201]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. (d) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [203]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.
Fig. 21. (a) Synthesis of Ti3C2 NFs; High-magnification SEM (b) and TEM (c) images of Ti3C2 NFs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [207]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (d) Synthesis of a multilevel hollow MXene tailored low-Pt catalyst; SEM images (e,f), TEM image (g) and HRTEM image (h) of the mh-3D MXene with a honeycomb surface. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [209]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH.
Modification strategy | Catalyst | Electrolyte | Application | η10 (mV) | Tafel slope (mV dec-1) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface modification | Mo2CTx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 189 | 75 | [ | |
E-Ti3C2Ox | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 190 | 60.7 | [ | ||
E-Ti3C2(OH)x | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 217 | 88.5 | |||
E-Ti3C2Tx-450 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 266 | 109.8 | |||
Ti2CTx nanosheets | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 170 | 100 | [ | ||
I-Na-Ti3C2Tx/MoS2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 139 | 78 | [ | ||
P-Mo2CTx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 186 | — | [ | ||
Ti3C2Tx:Co-12h | 1 mol/L KOH | HER | 103.6 | 104.42 | [ | ||
Ru-SA/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L HClO4 | HER | 70 | 27.7 | [ | ||
0.1 mol/L HClO4 | OER | 290 | 37.9 | ||||
0.1 mol/L HClO4 | ORR | 0.82 (E1/2/V) | 60.4 | ||||
Lattice substitution | Mo2TiC2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 248 | 74 | [ | |
Mo2Ti2C3Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 275 | 99 | |||
RuSA-N-Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 23 | 42 | [ | ||
1 mol/L KOH | HER | 28 | 29 | ||||
RuSA-N-S-Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 76 | 90 | [ | ||
Mo2CTx:Co | 1 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 180 | 59 | [ | ||
Ni0.9Co0.1@NTM | 1 mol/L KOH | HER | 43.4 | 116 | [ | ||
N-Ti3C2Tx@600 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 198 | 92 | [ | ||
N-MXene-35 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 162 | 69 | [ | ||
P3-V2CTx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 163 | 74 | [ | ||
Ti3C1.6N0.4 | 1 mol/L KOH | OER | — | 216.4 | [ | ||
Defect engineering | Ti3C2Tx-N6 | 1 mol/L KOH | HER | 119.17 | 61.81 | [ | |
OER | 360 | 76.68 | |||||
D-Mo2TiC2/Ni | 0.1 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 780 | 56.7 | [ | ||
Mo2TiC2O2-VMo | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | — | 44 | [ | ||
Mo2TiC2O2-PtSA | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 30 | 30 | |||
Morphology control | CoP@3D Ti3C2-MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | HER | 168 | 58 | [ | |
3D MX (35%)/NG | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | OER | 298 | 51 | [ | ||
Nb4C3Tx-180 | 1 mol/L KOH | HER | 398 | 122.2 | [ | ||
Ti3C2 NFs | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 169 | 97 | [ | ||
MoS2/Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 152 | 70 | [ | ||
W2C@WS2 nanoflowers | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 320 | 55.4 | [ | ||
Pt@mh-3D MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | HER | 27 | 42 | [ |
Table 1 MXenes modified using different strategies for use in the HER/OER.
Modification strategy | Catalyst | Electrolyte | Application | η10 (mV) | Tafel slope (mV dec-1) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface modification | Mo2CTx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 189 | 75 | [ | |
E-Ti3C2Ox | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 190 | 60.7 | [ | ||
E-Ti3C2(OH)x | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 217 | 88.5 | |||
E-Ti3C2Tx-450 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 266 | 109.8 | |||
Ti2CTx nanosheets | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 170 | 100 | [ | ||
I-Na-Ti3C2Tx/MoS2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 139 | 78 | [ | ||
P-Mo2CTx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 186 | — | [ | ||
Ti3C2Tx:Co-12h | 1 mol/L KOH | HER | 103.6 | 104.42 | [ | ||
Ru-SA/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L HClO4 | HER | 70 | 27.7 | [ | ||
0.1 mol/L HClO4 | OER | 290 | 37.9 | ||||
0.1 mol/L HClO4 | ORR | 0.82 (E1/2/V) | 60.4 | ||||
Lattice substitution | Mo2TiC2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 248 | 74 | [ | |
Mo2Ti2C3Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 275 | 99 | |||
RuSA-N-Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 23 | 42 | [ | ||
1 mol/L KOH | HER | 28 | 29 | ||||
RuSA-N-S-Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 76 | 90 | [ | ||
Mo2CTx:Co | 1 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 180 | 59 | [ | ||
Ni0.9Co0.1@NTM | 1 mol/L KOH | HER | 43.4 | 116 | [ | ||
N-Ti3C2Tx@600 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 198 | 92 | [ | ||
N-MXene-35 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 162 | 69 | [ | ||
P3-V2CTx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 163 | 74 | [ | ||
Ti3C1.6N0.4 | 1 mol/L KOH | OER | — | 216.4 | [ | ||
Defect engineering | Ti3C2Tx-N6 | 1 mol/L KOH | HER | 119.17 | 61.81 | [ | |
OER | 360 | 76.68 | |||||
D-Mo2TiC2/Ni | 0.1 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 780 | 56.7 | [ | ||
Mo2TiC2O2-VMo | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | — | 44 | [ | ||
Mo2TiC2O2-PtSA | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 30 | 30 | |||
Morphology control | CoP@3D Ti3C2-MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | HER | 168 | 58 | [ | |
3D MX (35%)/NG | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | OER | 298 | 51 | [ | ||
Nb4C3Tx-180 | 1 mol/L KOH | HER | 398 | 122.2 | [ | ||
Ti3C2 NFs | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 169 | 97 | [ | ||
MoS2/Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 152 | 70 | [ | ||
W2C@WS2 nanoflowers | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | HER | 320 | 55.4 | [ | ||
Pt@mh-3D MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | HER | 27 | 42 | [ |
Fig. 23. (a) HAADF-STEM image of used Pt/Ti3C2Tx-550. (b) DFT calculations. (c) HER polarization curves and (d) a magnification of the 0?10 mA region. (e) Mass activity and (f) specific activity of catalysts. (g) Tafel curves. (h) Nyquist plots of Pt/Ti3C2Tx. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 24. (a) Polarization curves. (b) A comparison of the catalysts in onset potential and overpotential at j = 10 mA cm-2. (c) Tafel plots. (d) time-dependent current density curves at η = 130 mV for MoS2/Ti3C2-MXene@C catalyst. (e) Polarization curves after continuous potential sweeps of 2000 cycles. (f) EIS spectra at η = 100 mV. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [236]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH. (g) Schematic diagram of the MoS2-Ti3C2 compound. (h) Single-layer polymorph mode of MoS2. (i,k) HRTEM images of the top profile of MoS2-Ti3C2. (j,l) HRTEM images of epitaxial MoS2 flakes in MoS2-Ti3C2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [115]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.
Fig. 25. (a) Synthesis of NFPS@MXene. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [250]. Copyright 2018, WILEY-VCH. (b) Schematic depicting the oxidation of the metal center and the anionic components with subsequent deposition. (c) Dissolved concentrations of Co, P and Se in the electrolyte after the OER. (d) P and Se contents of catalysts before and after the OER. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [120]. Copyright 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig. 26. (a) Structural models of CoxMo2-xC/NG and Mo2C/NG. (C: silver, N: blue, Mo: green, and Co: purple). DFT-calculated HER free energies (b) and reaction energies (d) for water dissociation on CoxMo2-xC/NG and Mo2C/NG; UPS (c) and FTIR-ATR spectra (e) of CoxMo2-xC/MXene/NC and Mo2C/MXene/NC. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [263]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH.
Fig. 27. (a) Synthesis of TiOF2@Ti3C2Tx. (b) Interfacial structure of TiOF2@Ti3C2Tx. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [273]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (c) Synthesis of PtOaPdObNPs@Ti3C2Tx. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [272]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (d) Synthesis of Mn3O4/MXene. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [274]. Copyright 2017, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig. 28. Syntheses of CoFe-LDH/MXene (a), FeNi-LDH/Ti3C2-MXene (b), NiFeCe-LDH/MXene (c), and TTL (d). (a) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [280]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [127]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. (c) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [279]. Copyright 2020, Science Press. (d) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [283]. Copyright 2018, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig. 29. (a) Local densities of states of surface C atoms on freestanding N-doped graphene and that supported by a V2C monolayer. (b) The pz band center (top panel) and work function (bottom panel) as functions of the lowest binding energy of the OH* species for various graphene/MXene heterostructures (colored open circles) and for GN. (c) DOSs of the pz orbitals of O* species adsorbed on various graphene/MXene heterostructures and on GN. (d) Schematic diagram showing orbital hybridization between C and adsorbate atoms to form fully filled bonding (σ) and antibonding (σ*) orbitals. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [287]. Copyright 2018, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (e) Preparation of fabrication of MXene@Pt/SWCNTs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [164]. Copyright 2020, WILEY-VCH.
Fig. 30. (a) Synthesis of BPQD/TNS. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [301]. Copyright 2018, WILEY-VCH. (b,c) HER and OER performance of BP QDs/MXene. (d) Computational models for BP, Ti3C2Tx and BP QDs/MXene. (e) Diagram showing calculated ΔG for the HER on various electrocatalysts. Sites 1 and 2 that correspond to the adsorption of H* above the BP QDs and near the interface are highlighted in red. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [235]. Copyright 2018, The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Catalyst | Electrolyte | η10 (mV) | Tafel slope (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ru@B-Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 62.9 | 100 | [ |
Pt NCs-MXene | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 40 | 50.8 | [ |
40Pt-TBA-Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 67.8 | 69.8 | [ |
TBA-Ti3C2Tx-Pt-20 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 55 | 65 | [ |
Pt/Ti3C2Tx-550 | 1 mol/L KOH | 32.7 | 32.3 | [ |
Ti3C2Tx@0.1Pt | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 43 | 80 | [ |
P-Mo2C/Ti3C2@NC | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 177 | 57.3 | [ |
MoS2/Ti3C2-MXene@C | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 135 | 45 | [ |
Mo2CTx/2H-MoS2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 119 | 60 | [ |
MoS2⊥Ti3C2@220 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 95 | 40 | [ |
MD-Ti3C2/MoSx-100 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 165 | 41 | [ |
MoS2-Ti3C2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 98 | 45 | [ |
CoS2@MXene | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 175 | 97 | [ |
TiOF2@Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 103 | 56.2 | [ |
S-M-5Pt | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 62 | 78 | [ |
PtOaPdObNPs@Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 26.5 | 39 | [ |
CoP/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 113 | 57 | [ |
CoP/Ti3C2 MXene | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 71 | 57.6 | [ |
1 mol/L PBS | 124 | 96.8 | ||
1 mol/L KOH | 102 | 68.7 | ||
Ti3C2@mNiCoP | 1 mol/L KOH | 127 | 103 | [ |
Ti2NTx@MOF-CoP | 1 mol/L KOH | 112 | 67.1 | [ |
1 mol/L PBS | 131 | 125.6 | ||
0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 129 | 96.7 | ||
Co0.31Mo1.69C/MXene/NC | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 81 | 24 | [ |
0.1 mol/L PBS | 126 | 46 | ||
1 mol/L KOH | 75 | 32 | ||
P-TiO2@Ti3C2 | 1 mol/L KOH | 97 | 48.4 | [ |
MX@C | 1 mol/L KOH | 134 | 32 | [ |
NiS2/V-MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 179 | 85 | [ |
Co-MoS2/Mo2CTx | 1 mol/L KOH | 112 | 82 | [ |
Ag@N-Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 153 | 137.9 | [ |
Ni2P/Ti3C2Tx/NF | 1 mol/L KOH | 135 | 86.6 | [ |
3D CNTs@Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 93 | 128 | [ |
1T/2H MoSe2/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 95 | 91 | [ |
NiSe2/Ti3C2Tx | 2 mol/L KOH | 200 | 37.7 | [ |
Ni0.7Fe0.3PS3@MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 282 | 36.5 | [ |
VOOH/Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 100 | 81.8 | [ |
NiFe-LDH/MXene/NF | 1 mol/L KOH | 132 | 70 | [ |
NiFe2O4/Ti3C2 | 0.5 mol/L KOH | 173 | 112.2 | [ |
Co-CoO/Ti3C2-MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 45 | 47 | [ |
BP QDs/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 190 | 83 | [ |
Table 2 HER performance data for MXene-based hybrids.
Catalyst | Electrolyte | η10 (mV) | Tafel slope (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ru@B-Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 62.9 | 100 | [ |
Pt NCs-MXene | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 40 | 50.8 | [ |
40Pt-TBA-Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 67.8 | 69.8 | [ |
TBA-Ti3C2Tx-Pt-20 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 55 | 65 | [ |
Pt/Ti3C2Tx-550 | 1 mol/L KOH | 32.7 | 32.3 | [ |
Ti3C2Tx@0.1Pt | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 43 | 80 | [ |
P-Mo2C/Ti3C2@NC | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 177 | 57.3 | [ |
MoS2/Ti3C2-MXene@C | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 135 | 45 | [ |
Mo2CTx/2H-MoS2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 119 | 60 | [ |
MoS2⊥Ti3C2@220 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 95 | 40 | [ |
MD-Ti3C2/MoSx-100 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 165 | 41 | [ |
MoS2-Ti3C2 | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 98 | 45 | [ |
CoS2@MXene | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 175 | 97 | [ |
TiOF2@Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 103 | 56.2 | [ |
S-M-5Pt | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 62 | 78 | [ |
PtOaPdObNPs@Ti3C2Tx | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 26.5 | 39 | [ |
CoP/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 113 | 57 | [ |
CoP/Ti3C2 MXene | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 71 | 57.6 | [ |
1 mol/L PBS | 124 | 96.8 | ||
1 mol/L KOH | 102 | 68.7 | ||
Ti3C2@mNiCoP | 1 mol/L KOH | 127 | 103 | [ |
Ti2NTx@MOF-CoP | 1 mol/L KOH | 112 | 67.1 | [ |
1 mol/L PBS | 131 | 125.6 | ||
0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 129 | 96.7 | ||
Co0.31Mo1.69C/MXene/NC | 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 | 81 | 24 | [ |
0.1 mol/L PBS | 126 | 46 | ||
1 mol/L KOH | 75 | 32 | ||
P-TiO2@Ti3C2 | 1 mol/L KOH | 97 | 48.4 | [ |
MX@C | 1 mol/L KOH | 134 | 32 | [ |
NiS2/V-MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 179 | 85 | [ |
Co-MoS2/Mo2CTx | 1 mol/L KOH | 112 | 82 | [ |
Ag@N-Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 153 | 137.9 | [ |
Ni2P/Ti3C2Tx/NF | 1 mol/L KOH | 135 | 86.6 | [ |
3D CNTs@Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 93 | 128 | [ |
1T/2H MoSe2/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 95 | 91 | [ |
NiSe2/Ti3C2Tx | 2 mol/L KOH | 200 | 37.7 | [ |
Ni0.7Fe0.3PS3@MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 282 | 36.5 | [ |
VOOH/Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 100 | 81.8 | [ |
NiFe-LDH/MXene/NF | 1 mol/L KOH | 132 | 70 | [ |
NiFe2O4/Ti3C2 | 0.5 mol/L KOH | 173 | 112.2 | [ |
Co-CoO/Ti3C2-MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 45 | 47 | [ |
BP QDs/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 190 | 83 | [ |
Catalyst | Electrolyte | η10 (mV) | Tafel slope (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
CoNi-ZIF-67@Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 323 | 65.1 | [ |
Ti3C2Tx/TiO2/NiFeCo-LDH | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 320 | 98.4 | [ |
PtOaPdObNPs@Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 320 | 78 | [ |
Co-CoO/Ti3C2-MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 271 | 47 | [ |
NiFe2O4/Ti3C2 | 0.5 mol/L KOH | 266 | 73.6 | [ |
FeOOH NSs/Ti3C2 | 1 mol/L KOH | 400 | 95 | [ |
M3OOH@V4C3Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 275.2 | 51.4 | [ |
Ti3C2Tx-FeOOH | 1 mol/L KOH | 430 | 31.7 | [ |
CoFe-LDH/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 319 | 50 | [ |
FeCo-LDH/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 268 | 85 | [ |
NiFeCe-LDH/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 260 | 42.8 | [ |
FeNi-LDH/Ti3C2-MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 298 | 43 | [ |
Co-LDH@Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 340 | 82 | [ |
CoNi LDH/Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | — | 68 | [ |
NiFe LDH/N10TC/NF | 1 mol/L KOH | 196 | 68.4 | [ |
NiCoFe-LDH/Ti3C2 MXene/ NCNT | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 332 | 60 | [ |
VOOH/Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 238 | 81.6 | [ |
NiFe-LDH/MXene/NF | 1 mol/L KOH | 229 | 44 | [ |
1T/2H MoSe2/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 340 | 90 | [ |
Ni0.9Fe0.1PS3@MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 196 | 114 | [ |
CoS2@MXene | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 270 | 92 | [ |
CoP/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 230 | 50 | [ |
CoP/Ti3C2 MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 280 | 95.4 | [ |
Ti3C2@mNiCoP | 1 mol/L KOH | 237 | 104 | [ |
BP QDs/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 360 | 64.3 | [ |
Table 3 OER performance data for MXene-based hybrids.
Catalyst | Electrolyte | η10 (mV) | Tafel slope (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
CoNi-ZIF-67@Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 323 | 65.1 | [ |
Ti3C2Tx/TiO2/NiFeCo-LDH | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 320 | 98.4 | [ |
PtOaPdObNPs@Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 320 | 78 | [ |
Co-CoO/Ti3C2-MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 271 | 47 | [ |
NiFe2O4/Ti3C2 | 0.5 mol/L KOH | 266 | 73.6 | [ |
FeOOH NSs/Ti3C2 | 1 mol/L KOH | 400 | 95 | [ |
M3OOH@V4C3Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 275.2 | 51.4 | [ |
Ti3C2Tx-FeOOH | 1 mol/L KOH | 430 | 31.7 | [ |
CoFe-LDH/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 319 | 50 | [ |
FeCo-LDH/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 268 | 85 | [ |
NiFeCe-LDH/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 260 | 42.8 | [ |
FeNi-LDH/Ti3C2-MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 298 | 43 | [ |
Co-LDH@Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 340 | 82 | [ |
CoNi LDH/Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | — | 68 | [ |
NiFe LDH/N10TC/NF | 1 mol/L KOH | 196 | 68.4 | [ |
NiCoFe-LDH/Ti3C2 MXene/ NCNT | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 332 | 60 | [ |
VOOH/Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 238 | 81.6 | [ |
NiFe-LDH/MXene/NF | 1 mol/L KOH | 229 | 44 | [ |
1T/2H MoSe2/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 340 | 90 | [ |
Ni0.9Fe0.1PS3@MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 196 | 114 | [ |
CoS2@MXene | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 270 | 92 | [ |
CoP/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 230 | 50 | [ |
CoP/Ti3C2 MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 280 | 95.4 | [ |
Ti3C2@mNiCoP | 1 mol/L KOH | 237 | 104 | [ |
BP QDs/MXene | 1 mol/L KOH | 360 | 64.3 | [ |
Catalyst | Electrolyte | Eonset (V vs. RHE) | E1/2 (V vs. RHE) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ru/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L HClO4 | 0.92 | 0.80 | [ |
Pt/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L HClO4 | — | 0.847 | [ |
Pt/Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 0.95 | — | [ |
MXene/NW-Ag0.9Ti0.1 | 1 mol/L KOH | 0.921 | 0.782 | [ |
Pt NWs/Ti3C2Tx-CNT | 0.1 mol/L HClO4 | 1.02 | 0.896 | [ |
Pt/CNT-Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L HClO4 | — | 0.876 | [ |
Pd/Ti3C2Tx-CNT | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 1.085 | 0.925 | [ |
FeCo-N-d-Ti3C2 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.96 | 0.80 | [ |
Fe-N-C@Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L HClO4 | — | 0.777 | [ |
0.1 mol/L KOH | — | 0.887 | ||
Fe-N-C/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 1 | 0.814 | [ |
Fe-N-C/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.92 | 0.84 | [ |
FePc/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.97 | 0.89 | [ |
g-C3N4/Ti3C2 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.92 | 0.79 | [ |
MoS2QDs@ Ti3C2TxQDs@MWCNTs | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 0.87 | 0.75 | [ |
MXene@PPy-800 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.85 | 0.710 | [ |
Co-CNT/Ti3C2-60 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | — | 0.820 | [ |
Ti3C2/NSCD-600 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.98 | 0.81 | [ |
Co3O4/NCNT/Ti3C2 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | — | 0.79 | [ |
CoS2@MXene | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.87 | 0.80 | [ |
NiFeMn-N/N-Ti3C2 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.95 | 0.84 | [ |
N-CoSe2/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.95 | 0.79 | [ |
NiCo2O4/MXene | 0.1 mol/L KOH | — | 0.70 | [ |
Mn3O4/MXene | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.89 | — | [ |
NiCoFe-LDH/Ti3C2 MXene/NCNT | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.93 | 0.78 | [ |
Table 4 ORR performance data for MXene-based hybrids.
Catalyst | Electrolyte | Eonset (V vs. RHE) | E1/2 (V vs. RHE) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ru/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L HClO4 | 0.92 | 0.80 | [ |
Pt/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L HClO4 | — | 0.847 | [ |
Pt/Ti3C2Tx | 1 mol/L KOH | 0.95 | — | [ |
MXene/NW-Ag0.9Ti0.1 | 1 mol/L KOH | 0.921 | 0.782 | [ |
Pt NWs/Ti3C2Tx-CNT | 0.1 mol/L HClO4 | 1.02 | 0.896 | [ |
Pt/CNT-Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L HClO4 | — | 0.876 | [ |
Pd/Ti3C2Tx-CNT | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 1.085 | 0.925 | [ |
FeCo-N-d-Ti3C2 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.96 | 0.80 | [ |
Fe-N-C@Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L HClO4 | — | 0.777 | [ |
0.1 mol/L KOH | — | 0.887 | ||
Fe-N-C/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 1 | 0.814 | [ |
Fe-N-C/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.92 | 0.84 | [ |
FePc/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.97 | 0.89 | [ |
g-C3N4/Ti3C2 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.92 | 0.79 | [ |
MoS2QDs@ Ti3C2TxQDs@MWCNTs | 1.0 mol/L KOH | 0.87 | 0.75 | [ |
MXene@PPy-800 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.85 | 0.710 | [ |
Co-CNT/Ti3C2-60 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | — | 0.820 | [ |
Ti3C2/NSCD-600 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.98 | 0.81 | [ |
Co3O4/NCNT/Ti3C2 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | — | 0.79 | [ |
CoS2@MXene | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.87 | 0.80 | [ |
NiFeMn-N/N-Ti3C2 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.95 | 0.84 | [ |
N-CoSe2/Ti3C2Tx | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.95 | 0.79 | [ |
NiCo2O4/MXene | 0.1 mol/L KOH | — | 0.70 | [ |
Mn3O4/MXene | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.89 | — | [ |
NiCoFe-LDH/Ti3C2 MXene/NCNT | 0.1 mol/L KOH | 0.93 | 0.78 | [ |
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