Mechanochemical preparation and application of graphdiyne coupled with CdSe nanoparticles for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(21)64053-6

Abstract

Abstract:

Graphdiyne (GDY) has attracted considerable attention as a new two-dimensional (2D) carbon hybrid material because of its good conductivity, adjustable electronic structure, and special electron transfer enhancement properties. GDY has great potential in the field of photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen evolution, owing to its unique properties. In this study, GDY was successfully prepared by the mechanochemical coupling of precursors C₆Br₆ and CaC₂ using a ball-milling approach. The prepared GDY, especially its microstructure and composition, was well characterized using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared, and Raman characterization techniques. By exploiting the unique two-dimensional (2D) structure and outstanding light absorption properties of GDY, GDY/CdSe 2D/0D heterojunctions were successfully established and applied to photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The hydrogen evolution activity of GDY/CdSe-20, a type of composite material, reached 6470 μmol g^-1 h^-1, which is 461 and 40 times higher than that of GDY and CdSe, respectively. Moreover, the fine electrical conductivity of GDY enabled rapid and effective transfer of the photogenerated electrons in CdSe into the hydrogen evolution reaction. The transfer path of the photogenerated electrons was studied through XPS with in situ irradiation, and a reasonable mechanism for the hydrogen evolution reaction was proposed. This study provides a feasible approach for the large-scale preparation of GDY and demonstrates the prospects of GDY in the field of photocatalysis.

Key words: Graphdiyne, Mechanical ball-milling, CaC₂, C₆Br₆, Hydrogen evolution

Zhaobo Fan, Xin Guo, Mengxue Yang, Zhiliang Jin. Mechanochemical preparation and application of graphdiyne coupled with CdSe nanoparticles for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(10): 2708-2719.

×
share this article

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)64053-6

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2022/V43/I10/2708

Figures/Tables 13

Scheme 1. Synthesis of GDY, CdSe, and GDY/CdSe-x.

Fig. 1. XRD patterns of CdSe and GDY (a), GDY/CdSe-5, GDY/CdSe-10, GDY/CdSe-15, GDY/CdSe-20 and GDY/CdSe-25 (b). (c) FTIR patterns of CdSe, GDY, GDY/CdSe-20. (d) Raman spectrum of GDY.

Fig. 2. SEM images of GDY (a), CdSe (b), GDY/CdSe-20 (c). (d) TEM images of GDY/CdSe-20. (e) HRTEM image of GDY/CdSe-20. (f) EDX image of GDY/CdSe-20. (g) Elemental mapping of GDY/CdSe-20.

Fig. 3. XPS patterns: (a) full-scan spectra of CdSe, GDY, GDY/CdSe-20; (b) C 1s spectra of GDY, GDY/CdSe-20; Cd 3d (c) and Se 3d (d) spectra of CdSe, GDY/CdSe-20.

Fig. 4. N2 adsorption isotherm (a) and pore size distribution (b) of CdSe, GDY, and GDY/CdSe-20.

Table 1 Specific physical adsorption performance parameters of CdSe, GDY, and GDY/CdSe-20.

Sample	A_BET (m² g^-1)	Pore volume (cm³ g^-1)	Average pore size (nm)
CdSe	69	0.17	8
GDY	172	0.47	13
GDY/CdSe-20	120	0.28	10

Fig. 5. (a) UV-vis DRS profiles of GDY, CdSe, GDY/CdSe-5, GDY/CdSe-10, GDY/CdSe-15, GDY/CdSe-20, and GDY/CdSe-25. (b) Corresponding plots of (αhν)1/2 versus hν for CdSe and VB-XPS spectrum of GDY (inset).

Fig. 6. (a,b) H2 production activity of GDY, CdSe, and GDY/CdSe-x composite catalyst. (c) H2 evolution with GDY/CdSe-20 within 5 h using di?erent sacrificial agents. (d) Stability data for GDY/CdSe-20. SEM (e) and XRD (f) images of GDY/CdSe-20 after hydrogen evolution cyclic reaction.

Table 2 Comparison of documented photocatalytic hydrogen production rates with that of GDY/CdSe-20.

Photocatalyst	Sacrificial reagent	Light source	HER (μmol g^-1 h^-1)	Ref.
GDY/CdSe	Na₂S/Na₂SO₃	5 W LED (λ ≥ 420)	6374	This work
TF-g-C₃N₄/CdSe	Na₂S/Na₂SO₃	400 W lamp (λ ≥ 420)	6200	[60]
CeO₂/CdSe	Na₂S/Na₂SO₃	300 W lamp (λ ≥ 300)	283	[61]
CdSe/rGO/g-C₃N₄	ascorbic acid	500 W lamp (λ ≥ 400)	1435	[62]
CdS/GDY	triethanolamine	5 W LED (λ ≥ 450)	820	[63]
NiAl-LDH/GDY	triethanolamine	5 W LED (λ ≥ 420)	649	[64]
GD-CuI-NiTiO₃	triethanolamine	5 W LED (λ ≥ 420)	509	[65]

Fig. 7. PL (a) and TRPL (b) spectra of CdSe and GDY/CdSe-20.

Table 3 Decay parameters of pure CdSe catalyst and composite GDY/CdSe-20 catalyst.

Photocatalyst	τ₁ [ns] (B₁)	τ₂ [ns] (B₂)	τ₃ [ns] (B₃)	τ_av [ns]	χ²
CdSe	5.08 (33.94 %)	14.87 (35.97%)	0.90 (30.09%)	2.48	1.61
GDY/CdSe-20	4.58 (35.08%)	13.97 (33.08%)	0.62 (31.84%)	1.69	1.77

Fig. 8. (a) Photocurrent response. (b,c) EIS. (d) LSV curves of GDY, CdSe, and GDY/CdSe-20. (e,f) Mott-Schottky plots of CdSe and GDY.

Fig. 9. (a) Schematic illustration of charge transfer process at 0D/2D CdSe/GDY heterojunction. (b) Band structure of CdSe and GDY and electron transfer model for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

References

[1]	H. T. Xu, R. Xiao, J. R. Huang, Y. Jiang, C. X. Zhao, X. F. Yang, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 107-114.
[2]	Q. L. Xu, L. Y. Zhang, B. Cheng, J. J. Fan, J. G. Yu, Chem, 2020, 6, 1543-1559.
[3]	S. Wageh, A. A. Al-Ghamdia, R. Jafera, X. Li, P. Zhang, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 667-669.
[4]	L. Y. Zhang, J. J. Zhang, H. G. Yu, J. G. Yu, Adv. Mater., 2022, 34, 2107668.
[5]	W. J. Sun, J. Q. Lin, X. M. Liang, J. Y. Yang, B. C. Ma, Y. Ding, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2020, 36, 1905025.
[6]	J. J. Peng, J. Shen, X. H. Yu, H. Tang, Zulfiqar, Q. Q, Liu, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 87-96.
[7]	Y. W. Chen, L. L. Li, Q. L. Xu, W. Chen, Y. Q. Dong, J. J. Fan, D. K. Ma, Solar RRL, 2021, 5, 2000541.
[8]	R. Wang, M. S. Shi, F. Y. Xu, Y. Qiu, P. Zhang, K. L. Shen, Q. Zhao, J. G. Yu, Y. F. Zhang, Nat. Commun., 2020, 11, 4465.
[9]	F. He, A. Y. Meng, B. Cheng, W. K. Ho, J. G. Yu, Chin. J. Catal., 2020, 41, 9-20.
[10]	D. D. Gao, H. G. Yu, Y. Xu, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2018, 462, 623-632.
[11]	H. S. Gong, Z. Li, Z. H. Chen, Q. W. Liu, M. X. Song, C. J. Huang, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2020, 3, 3665-3674.
[12]	W. H. Xue, W. X. Chang, X. Y. Hu, J. Fan, E. Z. Liu, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 152-163.
[13]	C. B. Bie, B. C. Zhu, F. Y. Xu, L. Y. Zhang, J. G. Yu, Adv. Mater., 2019, 31, 1902868.
[14]	X. Y. Gao, D. Q. Zeng, J. R. Yang, W. J. Ong, T. Fujita, X. L. He, J. Q. Liu, Y. Z. Wei, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 1137-1146.
[15]	H. G. Yu, P. Xiao, P. Wang, J. G. Yu, Appl. Catal. B, 2016, 193, 217-225.
[16]	H. B. Liao, Y. M. Sun, C. C. Dai, Y. H. Du, S. B. Xi, F. Liu, L. H. Yu, Z. Y. Yang, Y. L. Hou, A. C. Fisher, S. Z. Li, Z. J. Xu, Nano Energy., 2018, 50, 273-280.
[17]	X. Guo, Z. B. Fan, Y. P. Wang, Z. J. Jin, Surf. Interfaces., 2021, 24, 101105.
[18]	Y. P. Zhu, J. Yin, E. A. Hamad, X. K. Liu, W. Chen, T. Yao, O. F. Mohammed, H. N. Alshareef, Adv. Mater., 2020, 32, 1906368.
[19]	X. G. Fei, H. Y. Tan, B. Cheng, B. C. Zhu, L. Y. Zhang, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2021, 37, 2010027.
[20]	L. Wang, C. L. Zhu, L. S. Yin, W. Huang. Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2020, 36, 1907001.
[21]	C. B. Bie, H. G. Yu, B. Cheng, W. K. Ho, J. J. Fan, J. G. Yu, Adv. Mater., 2021, 33, 2003521.
[22]	P. Y. Kuang, B. C. Zhu, Y. L. Li, H. B. Liu, J. G. Yu, K. Fan, Nanoscale Horiz., 2018, 3, 317-326.
[23]	Y. Q. Wang, S. H. Shen, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2020, 36, 1905080.
[24]	B. Zhang, X. Y. Hu, E. Z. Liu, J. Fan, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 1519-1529.
[25]	H. W. Huang, B. Pradhan, J. Hofkens, M. B. J. Roeffaers, J. A. Steele, ACS Energy Lett., 2020, 5, 1107-1123.
[26]	R. R. Gao, B. Cheng, J. J. Fan, J. G. Yu, W. K. Ho, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 15-24
[27]	L. Sun, L. L. Li, J. Yang, J. J. Fan, Q. L. Xu, Chin. J. Catal., 2022, 43, 350-358.
[28]	J. J. Zhang, J. W. Tian, J. J. Fan, J. G. Yu, W. K. Ho, Small, 2020, 16, 1907290.
[29]	X. Bai, Y. Y. Du, X. Y. Hu, Y. D. He, C. L. He, E. Z. Liu, J. Fan, Appl. Catal. B, 2018, 239, 204-213.
[30]	H. S. Lin, Y. Matsuo, Chem. Commun., 2018, 54, 11244-11259.
[31]	G. Che, B. B. Lakshmi, E. R. Fisher, C. R. Martin, Nature, 1998, 393, 346-349.
[32]	B. J. Landi, M. J. Ganter, C. D. Cress, R. A. DiLeo, R. P. Raffaelle, Energy Environ. Sci., 2009, 2, 638-654.
[33]	S. J. Ding, J. S. Chen, X. W. (David) Lou, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2011, 21, 4120-4125.
[34]	G. X. Wang, X. P. Shen, J. Yao, J. Park, Carbon, 2009, 47, 2049-2053.
[35]	U. Mogera, G. U. Kulkarni, Carbon, 2020, 156, 470-487.
[36]	F. Long, Z. H. Zhang, J. Wang, L. Yan, B. W. Zhou, Electrochim. Acta, 2015, 168, 337-345.
[37]	R. H. Baughman, H. Eckhardt, M. Kertesz, J. Chem. Phys., 1987, 87, 6687-6699.
[38]	G. X. Li, Y. L. Li, H. B. Liu, Y. B. Guo, Y. J. Li, D. B. Zhu, Chem. Commun., 2010, 46, 3256-3258.
[39]	L. Hui, Y. R. Xue, H. D. Yu, C. Zhang, B. L. Huang, Y. L. Li, ChemPhysChem, 2020, 21, 2145-2149.
[40]	F. Y. Xu, K. Meng, B. C. Zhu, H. B. Liu, J. S. Xu, J. G. Yu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2019, 29, 1904256.
[41]	Z. W. Jin, Q. Zhou, Y. H. Chen, P. Mao, H. Li, H. B. Liu, J. Z. Wang, Y. L. Li, Adv. Mater., 2016, 28, 3697-3702.
[42]	J. Lee, Y. Li, J. N. Tang, X. L. Cui, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2018, 34, 1080-1087.
[43]	Y. J. Li, Q. N. Liu, W. F. Li, H. Meng, Y. Z. Lu, C. X. Li, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9, 3895-3901.
[44]	Q. D. Li, Y. Li, Y. Chen, L. L. Wu, C. F. Yang, X. L. Cui, Carbon, 2018, 136, 248-254.
[45]	W. Ding, M. X. Sun, Z. H. Zhang, X. J. Lin, B. W. Gao, Ultrason. Sonochem., 2020, 61, 104850.
[46]	P. Meng, M. Wang, Y. Yang, S. Zhang, L. C. Sun, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 18852-18859.
[47]	Y. Y. Zhong, Y. L. Shao, F. K. Ma, Y. Z. Wu, B. B. Huang, X. P. Hao, Nano Energy, 2017, 31, 84-89.
[48]	X. Guo, Z. B. Fan, Z. L. Jin, Energy Technol., 2021, 9, 2100499.
[49]	G. Panomsuwan, N. Saito, T. Ishizaki, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces., 2016, 8, 6962-6971.
[50]	Q. L. Xu, B. C. Zhu, B. Cheng, J. G. Yu, M. H. Zhou, W. K. Ho, Appl. Catal. B, 2019, 255, 117770.
[51]	J. Q. Li, J. Xu, Z. Q. Xie, X. Gao, J. Y. Zhou, Y. Xiong, C. G. Chen, J. Zhang, Z. F. Liu, Adv. Mater., 2018, 30, 1800548.
[52]	S. Tonda, S. Kumar, M. Bhardwaj, P. Yadav, S. Ogale, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces., 2018, 10, 2667-2678.
[53]	J. Y. Zhou, X. Gao, R. Liu, Z. Q. Xie, J. Yang, S. Q. Zhang, G. M. Zhang, H. B. Liu, Y. L. Li, J. Zhang, Z. F. Liu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137, 24, 7596-7599.
[54]	A. C. Ferrari, J. C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, D. Jiang, K. S. Novoselov, S. Roth, A. K. Geim, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2006, 97, 187401.
[55]	S. L. Zhang, H. B. Liu, C. S. Huang, G. L. Cui, Y. L. Li, Chem. Commun., 2015, 51, 1834-1837.
[56]	C. Cheng, B. W. He, J. J. Fan, B. Cheng, S. W. Cao, J. G. Yu, Adv. Mater., 2021, 33, 2100317.
[57]	Z. L. Jin, H. M. Gong, Adv. Mater. Interfaces., 2021, 8, 2100630.
[58]	W. H. Xue, X. Y. Hu, E. Z. Liu, J. Fan, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2018, 447, 783-794.
[59]	Z. J. Li, X. B. Fan, X. B. Li, J. X. Li, F. Zhan, Y. Tao, X. Y. Zhang, Q. Y. Kong, N. J. Zhao, J. P Zhang, C. Ye, Y. J. Gao, X. Z. Wang, Q. Y. Meng, K. Feng, B. Chen, C. H. Tung, L. Z. Wu, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 10365-10373.
[60]	S. R. AR, H. M. Wilson, B. M. Momin, U. S. Annapure, N. Jha, Renew. Energy, 2020, 158, 431-443.
[61]	Y. J. Ma, P. F. Ou, Z. Y. Wang, A. Q. Zhu, L. L. Lu, Y. H. Zhang, W. X. Zeng, J. Song, J. Pan, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2020, 579, 707-713.
[62]	L. K. Putri, B. J. Ng, W. J. Ong, H. W. Lee, W. S. Chang, A. R. Mohamed, S. P. Chai, Appl. Catal. B, 2020, 265, 118592.
[63]	J. X. Lv, Z. M. Zhang, J. Wang, X. L. Lu, W. Zhang, T. B. Lu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces., 2019, 11, 2655-2661.
[64]	Z. L. Jin, Y. P. Wang, Chem. Eur. J., 2021, 27, 12649-12658.
[65]	T. Yan, H. Liu, Z. L. Jin, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 24896-24906.
[66]	J. L. Yuan, J. Q. Wen, Y. M. Zhong, X. Li, Y. P. Fang, S. S. Zhang, W. Liu, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 18244-18255.
[67]	Y. G. Lei, J. H. Hou, F. Wang, X. H. Ma, Z. L. Jin, J. Xu, S. X. Min, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2017, 420, 456-464.
[68]	M. Yan, Y. Q. Hua, F. F. Zhu, G. Wei, J. H. Jiang, H. Q. Shen, W. D. Shi, Appl. Catal. B, 2017, 202, 518-527.
[69]	Y. B. Li, Z. L. Jin, T. S. Zhao, Chem. Eng. J., 2020, 382, 123051.
[70]	Y. W. Chen, L. L. Li, Q. L. Xu, D. Tina, J. J. Fan, D. K. Ma, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2021, 37, 2009080.
[71]	L. Dong, P. Wang, H. G. Yu, J. Alloys Compd., 2021, 887, 161425.
[72]	L. J. Zhang, X. Q. Hao, Y. P. Wang, Z. L. Jin, Q. X. Ma, Chem. Eng. J., 2020, 391, 123545.