Recent advances in glycerol valorization via electrooxidation: Catalyst, mechanism and device

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64121-4

Abstract

Abstract:

Glycerol is one of the most important biomass-based platform molecules, massively produced as a by-product in the biodiesel industry. Its high purification cost from the crude glycerol raw material limits its application and demands new strategies for valorization. Compared to the conventional thermocatalytic strategies, the electrocatalytic strategies can not only enable the selective conversion at mild conditions but also pair up the cathodic reactions for the co-production with higher efficiencies. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of catalyst designs and mechanistic understandings for the electrocatalytic glycerol oxidation (GOR), and aim to provide an overview of the GOR process and the intrinsic structural-activity correlation for inspiring future work in this field. The review is dissected into three sections. We will first introduce the recent efforts of designing more efficient and selective catalysts for GOR, especially toward the production of value-added products. Then, we will summarize the current understandings about the reaction network based on the ex-situ and in-situ spectroscopic studies as well as the theoretical works. Lastly, we will select some representative examples of creating real electrochemical devices for the valorization of glycerol. By summarizing these previous efforts, we will provide our vision of future directions in the field of GOR toward real applications.

Key words: Glycerol electrooxidation, Reaction mechanism, Design of electrocatalyst, Real application, Biomass conversion

Jianxiang Wu, Xuejing Yang, Ming Gong. Recent advances in glycerol valorization via electrooxidation: Catalyst, mechanism and device[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(12): 2966-2986.

×
share this article

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64121-4

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2022/V43/I12/2966

Figures/Tables 17

Fig. 1. Various value-added chemicals generated during the electrochemical oxidation of glycerol. For the “all-formic-acid” pathway, a total of 8 electrons are needed for obtaining 3 formic acid molecules.

Table 1 Summary of the noble metal-based electrocatalysts and their performances for GOR.

Catalyst	Electrolyte	Condition	Product and selectivity	Ref.
Pt₉Bi₁/C	2 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L NaOH	0.55 V vs. RHE	glyceraldehyde 79.6%	[97]
Pt/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄	1.1 V vs. SHE	glyceric acid 57.8%	[98]
Pt₅Ru₅/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄	1.1 V vs. SHE	dihydroxyacetone 35.0%	[98]
Pt/GNS	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	0.2 V vs. SCE	glycolate 65.4%	[99]
PtNi/GNS	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	0.1 V vs. SCE	glycerate 47.7%	[99]
PtRuNi/GNS	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	0.2 V vs. SCE	glyceraldehyde 39.2%	[99]
PtRhNi/GNS	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	-0.4 V vs. SCE	oxalate 37.6%	[99]
PtAg skeleton	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	0.7 V vs. RHE	dihydroxyacetone 82.6%	[100]
Pt₄Au₆@Ag	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	1.1 V vs. RHE	dihydroxyacetone 77.1%	[101]
PtSb/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄	0.797 V vs. SHE	dihydroxyacetone 61.4%	[102]
Pt/ATCP-CP-BZD-CNT	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	-0.64 V vs. SCE	formate 66%	[103]
Pt-Sn/ATCP-CP-BZD-CNT	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	-0.74 V vs. SCE	formate 70%	[103]
Pt_p-Bi	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L NaOH	0.75 V vs. RHE	glycerate	[104]
Pt₇₀Pd₂₄Ni₆/rGO	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 1.0 mol/L KOH	-0.2 V vs. SCE	hydroxypyruvate	[105]
Pd/CNT	1.0 mol/L glycerol + 6.0 mol/L KOH	0.2 V vs. SHE	tartronate ~60%	[106]
PdAg₃/CNT	1.0 mol/L glycerol + 6.0 mol/L KOH	0.2 V vs. SHE	oxalate 32%	[106]
Pd NCs	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	-0.4 V vs. SCE	glyceraldehyde 61.2%	[66]
Pt@Pd NCs	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	-0.4 V vs. SCE	glycolate ~40%	[66]
PdMn/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L NaOH	0.8 V vs. RHE	glycerate ~56%	[107]
P-doped Pd/CNT	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	-0.13 V vs. Ag/AgCl	dihydroxyacetone 90.8%	[108]
Pd-CN_x/G	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L NaOH	0 V vs. Hg/HgO	glycerate ~32%	[109]
Pd nanocubes	0.2 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L KOH	0.87 V vs. RHE	tartronate 99%	[110]
Pd-CN_x/G	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L NaOH	0.2 V vs. Hg/HgO	glycolic acid ~40%	[109]
Pd/MWCNT	5wt% glycerol +2 mol/L KOH	-0.6 vs. Ag/AgCl	oxalate	[111]
Bi-modified Pd-NC	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L NaOH	0.35 V vs. RHE	dihydroxyacetone	[93]
FeCo@Fe@Pd/MWCNT-SO₃H	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 1 mol/L KOH	0.16 V vs. Ag/AgCl	CO₂	[112]
Au/C-AQ	1 mol/L glycerol + 8 mol/L KOH	-0.1 V vs. RHE	tartronate 61.2%	[113]
Au/C-NC	1 mol/L glycerol + 8 mol/L KOH	-0.1 V vs. RHE	tartronate 61.8%	[113]
Au-CB	0.5 mol/L glycerol +0.5 mol/L NaOH	-0.2 V vs. Hg/HgO	glyceraldehyde 34.5%	[114]
Au-PmAP/G	0.5 mol/L glycerol +0.5 mol/L NaOH	-0.2 V vs. Hg/HgO	glyceraldehyde 42.2%	[114]
Au-P4P/rGO	0.5 mol/L glycerol +0.5 mol/L NaOH	-0.2 V vs. Hg/HgO	glyceraldehyde 57.4%	[114]
Au-P4P/G	0.5 mol/L glycerol +0.5 mol/L NaOH	-0.2 V vs. Hg/HgO	glyceraldehyde 68.6%	[114]
Au	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 1 mol/L KOH	1.0 V vs. RHE	glycolate	[115]
RA-Au	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 1 mol/L KOH	1.0 V vs. RHE	glycolate 41.2%	[115]
AuPt	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 1 mol/L KOH	0.45 V vs. RHE	lactic acid 73%	[69]
PdAu@Ag	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L KOH	0.9 V vs. RHE	dihydroxyacetone 70.1%	[116]
Au@Ag	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L KOH	1.1 V vs. RHE	glycolate 31.6%	[116]
Bulk Ag	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L NaOH	-1.125 V vs. RHE	formic, glycolic and glyceric acids	[117]
Pt_xRu_y/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L HClO₄	0.45 V vs. SCE	glyceric acid	[118]
Pt_xRh_y/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L HClO₄	0.45 V vs. SCE	tartronic acid	[118]

Table 1 Summary of the noble metal-based electrocatalysts and their performances for GOR.

Catalyst	Electrolyte	Condition	Product and selectivity	Ref.
Pt₉Bi₁/C	2 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L NaOH	0.55 V vs. RHE	glyceraldehyde 79.6%	[97]
Pt/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄	1.1 V vs. SHE	glyceric acid 57.8%	[98]
Pt₅Ru₅/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄	1.1 V vs. SHE	dihydroxyacetone 35.0%	[98]
Pt/GNS	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	0.2 V vs. SCE	glycolate 65.4%	[99]
PtNi/GNS	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	0.1 V vs. SCE	glycerate 47.7%	[99]
PtRuNi/GNS	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	0.2 V vs. SCE	glyceraldehyde 39.2%	[99]
PtRhNi/GNS	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	-0.4 V vs. SCE	oxalate 37.6%	[99]
PtAg skeleton	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	0.7 V vs. RHE	dihydroxyacetone 82.6%	[100]
Pt₄Au₆@Ag	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	1.1 V vs. RHE	dihydroxyacetone 77.1%	[101]
PtSb/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄	0.797 V vs. SHE	dihydroxyacetone 61.4%	[102]
Pt/ATCP-CP-BZD-CNT	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	-0.64 V vs. SCE	formate 66%	[103]
Pt-Sn/ATCP-CP-BZD-CNT	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	-0.74 V vs. SCE	formate 70%	[103]
Pt_p-Bi	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L NaOH	0.75 V vs. RHE	glycerate	[104]
Pt₇₀Pd₂₄Ni₆/rGO	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 1.0 mol/L KOH	-0.2 V vs. SCE	hydroxypyruvate	[105]
Pd/CNT	1.0 mol/L glycerol + 6.0 mol/L KOH	0.2 V vs. SHE	tartronate ~60%	[106]
PdAg₃/CNT	1.0 mol/L glycerol + 6.0 mol/L KOH	0.2 V vs. SHE	oxalate 32%	[106]
Pd NCs	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	-0.4 V vs. SCE	glyceraldehyde 61.2%	[66]
Pt@Pd NCs	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	-0.4 V vs. SCE	glycolate ~40%	[66]
PdMn/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L NaOH	0.8 V vs. RHE	glycerate ~56%	[107]
P-doped Pd/CNT	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L KOH	-0.13 V vs. Ag/AgCl	dihydroxyacetone 90.8%	[108]
Pd-CN_x/G	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L NaOH	0 V vs. Hg/HgO	glycerate ~32%	[109]
Pd nanocubes	0.2 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L KOH	0.87 V vs. RHE	tartronate 99%	[110]
Pd-CN_x/G	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L NaOH	0.2 V vs. Hg/HgO	glycolic acid ~40%	[109]
Pd/MWCNT	5wt% glycerol +2 mol/L KOH	-0.6 vs. Ag/AgCl	oxalate	[111]
Bi-modified Pd-NC	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L NaOH	0.35 V vs. RHE	dihydroxyacetone	[93]
FeCo@Fe@Pd/MWCNT-SO₃H	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 1 mol/L KOH	0.16 V vs. Ag/AgCl	CO₂	[112]
Au/C-AQ	1 mol/L glycerol + 8 mol/L KOH	-0.1 V vs. RHE	tartronate 61.2%	[113]
Au/C-NC	1 mol/L glycerol + 8 mol/L KOH	-0.1 V vs. RHE	tartronate 61.8%	[113]
Au-CB	0.5 mol/L glycerol +0.5 mol/L NaOH	-0.2 V vs. Hg/HgO	glyceraldehyde 34.5%	[114]
Au-PmAP/G	0.5 mol/L glycerol +0.5 mol/L NaOH	-0.2 V vs. Hg/HgO	glyceraldehyde 42.2%	[114]
Au-P4P/rGO	0.5 mol/L glycerol +0.5 mol/L NaOH	-0.2 V vs. Hg/HgO	glyceraldehyde 57.4%	[114]
Au-P4P/G	0.5 mol/L glycerol +0.5 mol/L NaOH	-0.2 V vs. Hg/HgO	glyceraldehyde 68.6%	[114]
Au	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 1 mol/L KOH	1.0 V vs. RHE	glycolate	[115]
RA-Au	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 1 mol/L KOH	1.0 V vs. RHE	glycolate 41.2%	[115]
AuPt	0.5 mol/L glycerol + 1 mol/L KOH	0.45 V vs. RHE	lactic acid 73%	[69]
PdAu@Ag	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L KOH	0.9 V vs. RHE	dihydroxyacetone 70.1%	[116]
Au@Ag	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L KOH	1.1 V vs. RHE	glycolate 31.6%	[116]
Bulk Ag	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L NaOH	-1.125 V vs. RHE	formic, glycolic and glyceric acids	[117]
Pt_xRu_y/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L HClO₄	0.45 V vs. SCE	glyceric acid	[118]
Pt_xRh_y/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L HClO₄	0.45 V vs. SCE	tartronic acid	[118]

Fig. 2. (a) Glycerol on Pt(111) and Pt(100) with different forms of adsorption in acidic media. Cyclic voltammograms for 0.1 mol/L of glycerol (b), glyceraldehyde (c), and dihydroxyacetone (d) oxidation on Pt(111) (black line) and Pt(100) (red line) in HClO4, respectively. Corresponding liquid product concentration as measured by online HPLC (e-g) and corresponding mass signal (m/z = 44) related to the production of CO2 as measured by OLEMS (h-j). Reprinted with permission from Ref. 143. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 3. (a) Peak current density (jpeak) vs. cycle number for selected values of θBi. Linear sweep voltammetry of the 1st cycle for GOR in 0.1 mol/L NaOH + 0.1 mol/L glycerol on Pt with several θBi. (b) FTIR spectra obtained in 0.1 mol/L NaOH + 0.1 mol/L Glycerol (Ptp) and 0.1 mol/L NaOH + 0.1 mol/L Glycerol + 10-5 mol/L of Bi2O3 (Ptp-Bi). (c) Reaction pathways for the GOR on Ptp and Ptp-Bi. The link between the reactant, intermediates, and product was assessed including some hypothetical, nonexperimentally determined intermediates (except for CO). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [104]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 4. (a) Cyclic voltammograms (CV) of Pd-CB, Pd-CNx, and Pd-CNx/G in 0.5 mol/L glycerol + 0.5 mol/L NaOH with a scan rate of 50 mV/s. (b) Product selectivity of Pd NPs on different supports (CB, CNx, CNx/G) at various potentials. The catalyst loading is 0.1 mg/cm2, and the working electrode is glassy carbon. Request the permission from Ref. 109. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 5. (a) High-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) TEM image; (b) Distribution of the GOR products obtained on the catalysts of FeCo@Fe@Pd/MWCNT-COOH and Pd/MWCNT-COOH. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [112]. Copyright 2015, the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 6. (a) Schematic of the GOR mechanism with OH and adsorption of intermediates on the surface of planar and RA-Au catalysts. GLY: glycerol, GAD: glyceraldehyde, GLA: glyceric acid, GCA: glycolic acid, FA: formic acid. Product selectivity and glycerol conversion as a function of applied potential (Vg) in the reaction for 4 h over planar Au (b) and RA-Au (c) catalysts. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 115. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society.

Fig. 7. (a) Electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol with different structure catalysts. (b) Liquid GOR products selectivity on the as-synthesized (b) Pt/C, (c) Pt3Ru1/C, (d) Pt2Rh1/C nanocatalysts versus electrode potentials, in 0.1 mol/L 13C-labeled glycerol + 0.1 mol/L HClO4 solution (D2O:H2O = 1:4, v/v), at 60 °C for 8 h. Left to right: blue bar, glyceraldehyde; red bar, glyceric acid; black bar, glycolic acid; green bar, glyoxylic acid; yellow bar, tartronic acid; aqua bar, dihydroxyacetone. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 118. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.

Table 2 Summary of the non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts and their performances for GOR.

Catalyst	Electrolyte	Condition	Product and selectivity	Ref.
Ni/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol +0.1 mol/L KOH	‒0.7 V vs. Hg/HgO	glycerate 29.8%	[160]
ALD (TiO₂)-Ni/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol +0.1 mol/L KOH	‒0.7 V vs. Hg/HgO	glycerate 24%	[160]
Ni/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol +0.1 mol/L NaOH	‒1.6 V vs. RHE	formate 32.2%	[162]
NiCo/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol +0.1 mol/L NaOH	‒1.6 V vs. RHE	formate 7.5%	[162]
NiFe/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol +0.1 mol/L NaOH	‒1.6 V vs. RHE	formate 4%	[162]
NiFeCO/C	0.1 mol/L glycerol +0.1 mol/L NaOH	‒1.6 V vs. RHE	formate 34.1%	[162]
NiO_x/MWCNT-Ox	0.1 mol/L glycerol +1 mol/L KOH	1.5 V vs. RHE	oxalate	[85]
CoNi₂S₄/PANI	1 mol/L glycerol + 1 mol/L NaOH	0.37 V vs. SCE	CO₂	[163]
Poly[Ni(salen)]	1 mol/L glycerol + 1 mol/L NaOH	0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl	formate	[164]
Ni_xBi_1-_x	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 1 mol/L KOH	1.3 V vs. Hg/HgO	glycerate 49.6%	[165]
CuCo₂O₄	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L KOH	1.30 V vs. RHE	formate 80.6%	[166]
Ni-Mo-N/CFC	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 1 mol/L KOH	1.30 V vs. RHE	formate 92.48%	[91]
CuO	0.1 mol/L Na₂B₄O₇ + 0.1 mol/L glycerol	1.20 V vs. RHE	dihydroxyacetone 60%	[167]
MnO₂/CP	0.2 mol/L glycerol + 5 mmol/L H₂SO₄	1.36 V vs.RHE	formic acid	[90]
CoO_x	0.1 mol/L Na₂B₄O₇ + 0.1 mol/L glycerol	1.50 V vs. RHE	dihydroxyacetone 45%	[168]
CoO_xH_y	0.1 mol/L borate buffer + 0.05 mol/L glycerol	1.56 V vs. RHE	hydroxypyruvic acid 43.2%	[169]
Co-Bi_i/CF	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 0.1 mol/L Na₂B₄O₇	1.56 V vs. RHE	dihydroxyacetone 67%	[170]
Ni(OH)₂	0.1 mol/L glycerol + 2 mol/L KOH	1.50 V vs. RHE	formate 81.3%	[53]

Fig. 8. (a) NiOx/MCN for GOR. (b,c) Concentration of glycerol and GOR products as a function of time during electrolysis catalyzed by NiOx/MWCNT-Ox at 1.5 V vs. RHE. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 85. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 9. (a) CuCo2O4 for GOR; (b) Concentrations of glycerol and its oxidation products as a function of the total charge passed using CuCo2O4 as electrocatalyst at 0.42 V vs. Hg/HgO (1.30 V vs. RHE at pH = 13) in 0.1 mol/L KOH solution containing 0.1 mol/L glycerol. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 166. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 10. Electrocatalytic performances of the MnO2 catalysts. (a) Polarization curves of MnO2/CP anode with and without various alcohols at the scan rate of 2 mV/s. (b) iR-Corrected polarization curves of MnO2/CP anode in 0.005 mol/L H2SO4 with and without the addition of 0.2 mol/L glycerol at the scan rate of 2 mV/s. (c) Anodic potential comparison of MnO2/CP at different current densities (10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mA/cm2) in 0.005 mol/L H2SO4 with and without 0.2 mol/L glycerol. (d) Tafel plots for glycerol oxidation and OER. (e) Chronopotentiometric curves of MnO2/CP for glycerol oxidation and OER at a constant current density of 10 mA/cm2. (f) Polarization curves over a MnO2/CP‖Pt/C/CP electrolyzer with and without 0.2 mol/L glycerol. (g) Comparison between GC-measured and theoretically calculated H2 quantities. (h) Chronopotentiometric curves of a MnO2/CP‖Pt/C/CP cell with and without 0.2 mol/L glycerol at 10 mA/cm2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 90. Copyright 2021, John Wiley & Sons.

Fig. 11. (a) Series of ATR-FTIR spectra recorded during the potentiodynamic GOR (electrolyte: 0.1 mol/L glycerol in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4, scan rate: 10 mV/s). (b) ATR-FTIR spectra recorded about 3-4 s after electrolyte exchange from 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 to 0.1 mol/L glycerol containing 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 at different potentials. (c) ATR-FTIR spectra recorded about 1-2 s after electrolyte exchange from 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 to 0.1 mol/L glyceraldehyde + 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution at different potentials. (d) ATR-FTIR spectra recorded about 1.5 min (0.06, 0.1, 0.2 V) or about 1-2 s (0.3-0.7 V) after electrolyte exchange from 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 to 0.05 mol/L glyceric acid + 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 at different potentials. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 182. Copyright 2011, Elsevier.

Fig. 13. (a) Possible GOR reaction pathways to various value-added products in different alkaline solutions. (b) Scheme of the cation effect before and after the addition of the crown ethers. (c) FEs of the GOR products under 1.50 V vs. RHE for 30 min in different alkaline solutions + 0.1 mol/L glycerol with and without the crown ethers. In situ IRRAS of the GOR products under 1.50 V vs. RHE in 2 mol/L LiOH+0.1 mol/L glycerol (d) and 2 mol/L KOH + 0.1 mol/L glycerol (e) at a time resolution of 30 s. (f) Calculated adsorption energies of glycerol, glyceraldehyde and glycolaldehyde on the NiOOH slab without any cations, with K+ and with Li+. (g) The optimized adsorption structures of glycerol, glyceraldehyde and glycolaldehyde on the NiOOH slab without cations, with K+ and with Li+. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 53. Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 14. (a) Schematic illustration of operando Raman measurement setup. (b) Raman spectra of Na2B4O7 supporting electrolyte, glycerol, and all possible oxidation products. (c) Lorentz fitting of the time-dependent operando Raman spectra of GEOR collected at 1.7? V vs. RHE. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 168. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.

References

[1]	L. Lin, X. Han, B. Han, S. Yang, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2021, 50, 11270-11292.
[2]	X. Wu, N. Luo, S. Xie, H. Zhang, Q. Zhang, F. Wang, Y. Wang, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2020, 49, 6198-6223.
[3]	L. T. Mika, E. Cséfalvay, Á. Németh, Chem. Rev., 2018, 118, 505-613.
[4]	W.-J. Liu, W.-W. Li, H. Jiang, H.-Q. Yu, Chem. Rev., 2017, 117, 6367-6398.
[5]	G. W. Huber, S. Iborra, A. Corma, Chem. Rev., 2006, 106, 4044-4098.
[6]	H. de Lasa, E. Salaices, J. Mazumder, R. Lucky, Chem. Rev., 2011, 111, 5404-5433.
[7]	R. M. Navarro, M. A. Peña, J. L. G. Fierro, Chem. Rev., 2007, 107, 3952-3991.
[8]	G. Dodekatos, S. Schünemann, H. Tüysüz, ACS Catal., 2018, 8, 6301-6333.
[9]	D. Sun, Y. Yamada, S. Sato, W. Ueda, Green Chem., 2017, 19, 3186-3213.
[10]	M. Dusselier, P. Van Wouwe, A. Dewaele, E. Makshina, B. F. Sels, Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6, 1415-1442.
[11]	N. Razali, A. Z. Abdullah, Appl. Catal. A, 2017, 543, 234-246.
[12]	A. M. Ruppert, K. Weinberg, R. Palkovits, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2012, 51, 2564-2601.
[13]	E. S. Vasiliadou, A. A. Lemonidou, WIREs Energy Environ., 2015, 4, 486-520.
[14]	Y. Nakagawa, M. Tamura, K. Tomishige, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 6688-6702.
[15]	A. Torres, H. Shi, B. Subramaniam, R. V. Chaudhari, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2019, 7, 11323-11333.
[16]	K. C. Ribeiro, K. Kashefi, T. Assenheimer, C. Carretoni, M. Portilho, J. C. Pinto, M. Nele, Energy Fuels, 2020, 34, 1737-1743.
[17]	U. Chandrakala, R. B. N. Prasad, B. L. A. Prabhavathi Devi, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2014, 53, 16164-16169.
[18]	C. Xu, Q. Xu, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2018, 57, 16809-16816.
[19]	A. Talebian-Kiakalaieh, N. A. S. Amin, K. Rajaei, S. Tarighi, Appl. Energy, 2018, 230, 1347-1379.
[20]	K. Kohse-Höinghaus, P. Oßwald, T. A. Cool, T. Kasper, N. Hansen, F. Qi, C. K. Westbrook, P. R. Westmoreland, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2010, 49, 3572-3597.
[21]	B. Katryniok, H. Kimura, E. Skrzyńska, J.-S. Girardon, P. Fongarland, M. Capron, R. Ducoulombier, N. Mimura, S. Paul, F. Dumeignil, Green Chem., 2011, 13, 1960-1979.
[22]	Chem. Eng. News Archive, 2002, 80, 46-49.
[23]	P. S. Kong, M. K. Aroua, W. M. A. W, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2016, 63, 533-555.
[24]	M. R. Nanda, Z. Yuan, W. Qin, H. S. Ghaziaskar, M.-A. Poirier, C. Xu, Appl. Energy, 2014, 123, 75-81.
[25]	L. Fan, B. Liu, X. Liu, N. Senthilkumar, G. Wang, Z. Wen, Energy Technol., 2021, 9, 2000804.
[26]	L. Yang, X. Li, P. Chen, Z. Hou, Chin. J. Catal., 2019, 40, 1020-1034.
[27]	C.-W. Chiu, M. J. Goff, G. J. Suppes, AIChE J., 2005, 51, 1274-1278.
[28]	L. Bournay, D. Casanave, B. Delfort, G. Hillion, J. A. Chodorge, Catal. Today, 2005, 106, 190-192.
[29]	H. W. Tan, A. R. Abdul Aziz, M. K. Aroua, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2013, 27, 118-127.
[30]	J. M. Silva, M. A. Soria, L. M. Madeira, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2015, 42, 1187-1213.
[31]	C. A. Schwengber, H. J. Alves, R. A. Schaffner, F. A. da Silva, R. Sequinel, V. R. Bach, R. J. Ferracin, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2016, 58, 259-266.
[32]	M. Anitha, S. K. Kamarudin, N. T. Kofli, Chem. Eng. J., 2016, 295, 119-130.
[33]	Q. He, J. McNutt, J. Yang, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2017, 71, 63-76.
[34]	L. Yang, T. He, C. Lai, P. Chen, Z. Hou, Chin. J. Catal., 2020, 41, 494-502.
[35]	K. Kong, D. Li, W. Ma, Q. Zhou, G. Tang, Z. Hou, Chin. J. Catal., 2019, 40, 534-542.
[36]	H. Kimura, K. Tsuto, T. Wakisaka, Y. Kazumi, Y. Inaya, Appl. Catal. A, 1993, 96, 217-228.
[37]	M. Simões, S. Baranton, C. Coutanceau, ChemSusChem, 2012, 5, 2106-2124.
[38]	Q.-Y. Bi, X.-L. Du, Y.-M. Liu, Y. Cao, H.-Y. He, K.-N. Fan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 8926-8933.
[39]	Q.-Y. Bi, J.-D. Lin, Y.-M. Liu, F.-Q. Huang, Y. Cao, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41, 21193-21202.
[40]	P. Liu, X. Gu, H. Zhang, J. Cheng, J. Song, H. Su, Appl. Catal. B, 2017, 204, 497-504.
[41]	A. Marchionni, M. Bevilacqua, C. Bianchini, Y.-X. Chen, J. Filippi, P. Fornasiero, A. Lavacchi, H. Miller, L. Wang, F. Vizza, ChemSusChem, 2013, 6, 518-528.
[42]	M. Pagliaro, R. Ciriminna, H. Kimura, M. Rossi, C. Della Pina, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2007, 46, 4434-4440.
[43]	C. Zhang, T. Wang, Y. Ding, Chin. J. Catal., 2017, 38, 928-937.
[44]	C. Coutanceau, S. Baranton, R. S. B. Kouamé Front. Chem., 2019, 7, 100.
[45]	Y. X. Chen, A. Lavacchi, H. A. Miller, M. Bevilacqua, J. Filippi, M. Innocenti, A. Marchionni, W. Oberhauser, L. Wang, F. Vizza, Nat. Commun., 2014, 5, 4036.
[46]	H. J. Kim, Y. Kim, D. Lee, J.-R. Kim, H.-J. Chae, S.-Y. Jeong, B.-S. Kim, J. Lee, G. W. Huber, J. Byun, S. Kim, J. Han, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2017, 5, 6626-6634.
[47]	W.-Y. Zhang, X. Ma, S.-Z. Zou, W.-B. Cai, J. Electrochem., 2021, 27, 233-256.
[48]	C.-H. Zhou, J. N. Beltramini, Y.-X. Fan, G. Q. Lu, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2008, 37, 527-549.
[49]	D. A. Bulushev, J. R. H. Ross, ChemSusChem, 2018, 11, 821-836.
[50]	W. Zhang, N. Han, J. Luo, X. Han, S. Feng, W. Guo, S. Xie, Z. Zhou, P. Subramanian, K. Wan, J. Arbiol, C. Zhang, S. Liu, M. Xu, X. Zhang, J. Fransaer, Small, 2022, 18, 2103561.
[51]	Y. Hao, Y. Li, J. Wu, L. Meng, J. Wang, C. Jia, T. Liu, X. Yang, Z.-P. Liu, M. Gong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 143, 1493-1502.
[52]	M. Gong, W. Zhou, M. J. Kenney, R. Kapusta, S. Cowley, Y. Wu, B. Lu, M.-C. Lin, D.-Y. Wang, J. Yang, B.-J. Hwang, H. Dai, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2015, 54, 11989-11993.
[53]	J. Wu, J. Li, Y. Li, X.-Y. Ma, W.-Y. Zhang, Y. Hao, W.-B. Cai, Z.-P. Liu, M. Gong, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, 61, e202113362.
[54]	Y. Holade, N. Tuleushova, S. Tingry, K. Servat, T. W. Napporn, H. Guesmi, D. Cornu, K. B. Kokoh, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2020, 10, 3071-3112.
[55]	R. L. Arechederra, B. L. Treu, S. D. Minteer, J. Power Sources, 2007, 173, 156-161.
[56]	A. T. Marshall, R. G. Haverkamp, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33, 4649-4654.
[57]	Z. F. Pan, R. Chen, L. An, Y. S. Li, J. Power Sources, 2017, 365, 430-445.
[58]	F. Yang, J. Ye, Q. Yuan, X. Yang, Z. Xie, F. Zhao, Z. Zhou, L. Gu, X. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2020, 30, 1908235.
[59]	M. Rasmussen, A. Serov, K. Artyushkova, D. Chen, T. C. Rose, P. Atanassov, J. M. Harris, S. D. Minteer, ChemElectroChem, 2019, 6, 241-245.
[60]	M. S. E. Houache, K. Hughes, E. A. Baranova, Sustain. Energy Fuels, 2019, 3, 1892-1915.
[61]	G. B. Melle, E. G. Machado, L. H. Mascaro, E. Sitta, Electrochim. Acta, 2019, 296, 972-979.
[62]	A. Behr, J. Eilting, K. Irawadi, J. Leschinski, F. Lindner, Green Chem., 2008, 10, 13-30.
[63]	H. Xu, B. Yan, K. Zhang, J. Wang, S. Li, C. Wang, Y. Shiraishi, Y. Du, P. Yang, Electrochim. Acta, 2017, 245, 227-236.
[64]	H. Xu, P. Song, C. Fernandez, J. Wang, M. Zhu, Y. Shiraishi, Y. Du, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2018, 10, 12659-12665.
[65]	Y. Kwon, Y. Birdja, I. Spanos, P. Rodriguez, M. T. M. Koper, ACS Catal., 2012, 2, 759-764.
[66]	Y. Zhou, Y. Shen, Electrochem. Commun., 2018, 90, 106-110.
[67]	J. Wang, X. Dai, H. Wang, H. Liu, J. Rabeah, A. Brückner, F. Shi, M. Gong, X. Yang, Nat. Commun., 2021, 12, 6840.
[68]	S. Bagheri, N. M. Julkapli, W. A. Yehye, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2015, 41, 113-127.
[69]	C. Dai, L. Sun, H. Liao, B. Khezri, R. D. Webster, A. C. Fisher, Z. J. Xu, J. Catal., 2017, 356, 14-21.
[70]	G. C. Sedenho, P. T. Lee, H. S. Toh, C. Salter, C. Johnston, N. R. Stradiotto, R. G. Compton, J. Phys.Chem. C, 2015, 119, 6896-6905.
[71]	G. Li, M. Zhao, F. Xu, B. Yang, X. Li, X. Meng, L. Teng, F. Sun, Y. Li, Molecules, 2020, 25, 5023.
[72]	R. G. Da Silva, S. Aquino Neto, K. B. Kokoh, A. R. De Andrade, J. Power Sources, 2017, 351, 174-182.
[73]	P. S. Fernández, C. A. Martins, M. E. Martins, G. A. Camara, Electrochim. Acta, 2013, 112, 686-691.
[74]	H. Habe, T. Fukuoka, D. Kitamoto, K. Sakaki, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2009, 84, 445-452.
[75]	Y. Li, F. Zaera, J. Catal., 2015, 326, 116-126.
[76]	A. Corma, S. Iborra, A. Velty, Chem. Rev., 2007, 107, 2411-2502.
[77]	Z. Zhang, L. Xin, J. Qi, D. J. Chadderdon, K. Sun, K. M. Warsko, W. Li, Appl. Catal. B, 2014, 147, 871-878.
[78]	Z. Zhang, L. Xin, W. Li, Appl. Catal. B, 2012, 119- 120, 40-48.
[79]	L. Prati, P. Spontoni, A. Gaiassi, Top. Catal., 2009, 52, 288-296.
[80]	D. T. Johnson, K. A. Taconi, Environ. Prog., 2007, 26, 338-348.
[81]	Z. Zhang, L. Xin, J. Qi, Z. Wang, W. Li, Green Chem., 2012, 14, 2150-2152.
[82]	X. Ning, H. Yu, F. Peng, H. Wang, J. Catal., 2015, 325, 136-144.
[83]	K. Budak, O. Sogut, U. Aydemir Sezer, J. Polym. Res., 2020, 27, 208.
[84]	Y. Lu, J. H. Swisher, T. Y. Meyer, G. W. Coates, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 143, 4119-4124.
[85]	D. M. Morales, D. Jambrec, M. A. Kazakova, M. Braun, N. Sikdar, A. Koul, A. C. Brix, S. Seisel, C. Andronescu, W. Schuhmann, ACS Catal., 2022, 12, 982-992.
[86]	M. A. Pozdniakov, I. V. Zhuk, M. V. Lyapunova, A. S. Salikov, V. V. Botvin, A. G. Filimoshkin, Russ. Chem. Bull., 2019, 68, 472-479.
[87]	F. Palmieri, A. Estoppey, G. L. House, A. Lohberger, S. Bindschedler, P. S. G. Chain, P. Junier, Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 2019, 106, 49-77.
[88]	J. F. Gomes, A. C. Garcia, L. H. S. Gasparotto, N. E. de Souza, E. B. Ferreira, C. Pires, G. Tremiliosi-Filho, Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 144, 361-368.
[89]	S. Cychy, S. Lechler, Z. Huang, M. Braun, A. C. Brix, P. Blümler, C. Andronescu, F. Schmid, W. Schuhmann, M. Muhler, Chin. J. Catal., 2021, 42, 2206-2215.
[90]	Y. Li, X. Wei, S. Han, L. Chen, J. Shi, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2021, 60, 21464-21472.
[91]	Y. Li, X. Wei, L. Chen, J. Shi, M. He, Nat. Commun., 2019, 10, 5335.
[92]	R. M. L. M. Sandrini, J. R. Sempionatto, E. Herrero, J. M. Feliu, J. Souza-Garcia, C. A. Angelucci, Electrochem. Commun., 2018, 86, 149-152.
[93]	A. Zalineeva, S. Baranton, C. Coutanceau, Electrochim. Acta, 2015, 176, 705-717.
[94]	D. Z. Jeffery, G. A. Camara, Electrochem. Commun., 2010, 12, 1129-1132.
[95]	K. Ishiyama, F. Kosaka, I. Shimada, Y. Oshima, J. Otomo, J. Power Sources, 2013, 225, 141-149.
[96]	Y. Holade, C. Morais, K. Servat, T. W. Napporn, K. B. Kokoh, ACS Catal., 2013, 3, 2403-2411.
[97]	J. González-Cobos, S. Baranton, C. Coutanceau, ChemElectroChem, 2016, 3, 1694-1704.
[98]	Y. Kim, H. W. Kim, S. Lee, J. Han, D. Lee, J.-R. Kim, T.-W. Kim, C.-U. Kim, S.-Y. Jeong, H.-J. Chae, B.-S. Kim, H. Chang, W. B. Kim, S. M. Choi, H. J. Kim, ChemCatChem, 2017, 9, 1683-1690.
[99]	Y. Zhou, Y. Shen, J. Piao, ChemElectroChem, 2018, 5, 1636-1643.
[100]	Y. Zhou, Y. Shen, J. Xi, X. Luo, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11, 28953-28959.
[101]	Y. Zhou, Y. Shen, J. Xi, Appl. Catal. B, 2019, 245, 604-612.
[102]	S. Lee, H. J. Kim, E. J. Lim, Y. Kim, Y. Noh, G. W. Huber, W. B. Kim, Green Chem., 2016, 18, 2877-2887.
[103]	D. Prasanna, V. Selvaraj, RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 98822-98833.
[104]	M. B. C. de Souza, R. A. Vicente, V. Y. Yukuhiro, C. T. G,. V. M. T. Pires, W. Cheuquepán, J. L. Bott-Neto, J. Solla-Gullón, P. S. Fernández, ACS Catal., 2019, 9, 5104-5110.
[105]	K. Bhunia, S. Khilari, D. Pradhan, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2018, 6, 7769-7778.
[106]	J. Qi, N. Benipal, C. Liang, W. Li, Appl. Catal. B, 2016, 199, 494-503.
[107]	L. M. Palma, T. S. Almeida, V. L. Oliveira, G. Tremiliosi-Filho, E. R. Gonzalez, A. R. de Andrade, K. Servat, C. Morais, T. W. Napporn, K. B. Kokoh, RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 64476-64483.
[108]	M. S. Ahmad, S. Singh, C. K. Cheng, H. R. Ong, H. Abdullah, M. R. Khan, S. Wongsakulphasatch, Catal. Commun., 2020, 139, 105964.
[109]	H. Wang, L. Thia§, N. Li, X. Ge, Z. Liu, X. Wang, ACS Catal., 2015, 5, 3174-3180.
[110]	K.-E. Guima, L. M. Alencar, G. C. da Silva, M. A. G. Trindade, C. A. Martins, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2018, 6, 1202-1207.
[111]	V. Bambagioni, C. Bianchini, A. Marchionni, J. Filippi, F. Vizza, J. Teddy, P. Serp, M. Zhiani, J. Power Sources, 2009, 190, 241-251.
[112]	O. O. Fashedemi, H. A. Miller, A. Marchionni, F. Vizza, K. I. Ozoemena, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 7145-7156.
[113]	J. Qi, L. Xin, D. J. Chadderdon, Y. Qiu, Y. Jiang, N. Benipal, C. Liang, W. Li, Appl. Catal. B, 2014, 154- 155, 360-368.
[114]	H. Wang, L. Thia, N. Li, X. Ge, Z. Liu, X. Wang, Appl. Catal. B, 2015, 166- 167, 25-31.
[115]	D. Kim, L. S. Oh, Y. C. Tan, H. Song, H. J. Kim, J. Oh, ACS Catal., 2021, 11, 14926-14931.
[116]	Y. Zhou, Y. Shen, X. Luo, J. Catal., 2020, 381, 130-138.
[117]	N. Y. Suzuki, P. V. B. Santiago, T. S. Galhardo, W. A. Carvalho, J. Souza-Garcia, C. A. Angelucci, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2016, 780, 391-395.
[118]	L. Huang, J.-Y. Sun, S.-H. Cao, M. Zhan, Z.-R. Ni, H.-J. Sun, Z. Chen, Z.-Y. Zhou, E. G. Sorte, Y. J. Tong, S.-G. Sun, ACS Catal., 2016, 6, 7686-7695.
[119]	J. F. Gomes, C. A. Martins, M. J. Giz, G. Tremiliosi-Filho, G. A. Camara, J. Catal., 2013, 301, 154-161.
[120]	M. B. C. de Souza, V. Y. Yukuhiro, R. A. Vicente, C. T. G. Vilela Menegaz Teixeira Pires, P. S. Fernández, ACS Catal., 2020, 10, 2131-2137.
[121]	C.-Y. Wang, Z.-Y. Yu, G. Li, Q.-T. Song, G. Li, C.-X. Luo, S.-H. Yin, B.-A. Lu, C. Xiao, B.-B. Xu, Z.-Y. Zhou, N. Tian, S.-G. Sun, ChemElectroChem, 2020, 7, 239-245.
[122]	B. S. R. Kouamé, S. Baranton, P. Brault, C. Canaff, W. Chamorro-Coral, A. Caillard, K. De Oliveira Vigier, C. Coutanceau, Electrochim. Acta, 2020, 329, 135161.
[123]	B. Tam, M. Duca, A. Wang, M. Fan, S. Garbarino, D. Guay, ChemElectroChem, 2019, 6, 1784-1793.
[124]	H. J. Kim, S. M. Choi, M. H. Seo, S. Green, G. W. Huber, W. B. Kim, Electrochem. Commun., 2011, 13, 890-893.
[125]	L. M. Palma, T. S. Almeida, C. Morais, T. W. Napporn, K. B. Kokoh, A. R. de Andrade, ChemElectroChem, 2017, 4, 39-45.
[126]	H. R. Araujo, C. R. Zanata, E. Teixeira-Neto, R. B. de Lima, B. C. Batista, M. J. Giz, G. A. Camara, Electrochim. Acta, 2019, 297, 61-69.
[127]	H. J. Kim, S. M. Choi, S. Green, G. A. Tompsett, S. H. Lee, G. W. Huber, W. B. Kim, Appl. Catal. B, 2011, 101, 366-375.
[128]	S. Lee, H. J. Kim, S. M. Choi, M. H. Seo, W. B. Kim, Appl. Catal. A, 2012, 429- 430, 39-47.
[129]	N. Zhang, Y. Zhu, Q. Shao, X. Zhu, X. Huang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 18977-18983.
[130]	Y. Kim, H. Kim, W. B. Kim, Electrochem. Commun., 2014, 46, 36-39.
[131]	A. C. Garcia, E. B. Ferreira, V. V. Silva de Barros, J. J. Linares, G. Tremiliosi-Filho, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2017, 793, 188-196.
[132]	B. Rezaei, S. Saeidi-Boroujeni, E. Havakeshian, A. A. Ensafi, Electrochim. Acta, 2016, 203, 41-50.
[133]	Y.-W. Lee, A. R. Ko, S.-B. Han, H.-S. Kim, K.-W. Park, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13, 5569-5572.
[134]	J. Zhao, W. Jing, T. Tan, X. Liu, Y. Kang, W. Wang, New J. Chem., 2020, 44, 4604-4612.
[135]	Y. Zhou, Y. Shen, X. Luo, G. Liu, Y. Cao, Nanoscale Adv., 2020, 2, 3423-3430.
[136]	D. Li, K. Cai, L. Wu, Y. Zuo, W. Yin, H. Zhang, Z. Lu, G. Zhu, H. Han, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2017, 5, 11086-11095.
[137]	A.-J. Wang, X.-F. Zhang, L.-Y. Jiang, L. Zhang, J.-J. Feng, ChemCatChem, 2018, 10, 3319-3326.
[138]	H. Xu, P. Song, F. Gao, Y. Shiraishi, Y. Du, Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 8246-8252.
[139]	W. Chamorro-Coral, A. Caillard, P. Brault, S. Baranton, C. Coutanceau, Nanoscale Adv., 2021, 3, 1730-1740.
[140]	C. R. Zanata, P. S. Fernández, H. E. Troiani, A. L. Soldati, R. Landers, G. A. Camara, A. E. Carvalho, C. A. Martins, Appl. Catal. B, 2016, 181, 445-455.
[141]	Z.-Y. Li, J. Zhou, L.-S. Tang, X.-P. Fu, H. Wei, M. Xue, Y.-L. Zhao, C.-J. Jia, X.-M. Li, H.-B. Chu, Y. Li, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 2318-2326.
[142]	I. Velázquez-Hernández, M. T. Oropeza-Guzmán, M. Guerra-Balcázar, L. Álvarez-Contreras, N. Arjona, ChemNanoMat, 2019, 5, 68-78.
[143]	A. C. Garcia, M. J. Kolb, C. van Nierop y Sanchez, J. Vos, Y. Y. Birdja, Y. Kwon, G. Tremiliosi-Filho, M. T. M. Koper, ACS Catal., 2016, 6, 4491-4500.
[144]	J. F. Gomes, F. B. C. de Paula, L. H. S. Gasparotto, G. Tremiliosi-Filho, Electrochim. Acta, 2012, 76, 88-93.
[145]	W. Wang, W. Jing, F. Wang, S. Liu, X. Liu, Z. Lei, J. Power Sources, 2018, 399, 357-362.
[146]	R. S. Sai Siddhardha, M. S. Brahma Teja, P. J. Tejkiran, S. A. Ntim, P. Sai Siva Kumar, V. Lakshminarayanan, S. Mitra, S. S. Ramamurthy, Fuel, 2015, 158, 659-663.
[147]	A. C. Garcia, Y. Y. Birdja, G. Tremiliosi-Filho, M. T. M. Koper, J. Catal., 2017, 346, 117-124.
[148]	A. Zalineeva, A. Serov, M. Padilla, U. Martinez, K. Artyushkova, S. Baranton, C. Coutanceau, P. B. Atanassov, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 3937-3945.
[149]	A. Zalineeva, S. Baranton, C. Coutanceau, Electrochem. Commun., 2013, 34, 335-338.
[150]	X. Zhang, P. K. Shen, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38, 2257-2262.
[151]	O. O. Fashedemi, K. I. Ozoemena, Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 128, 279-286.
[152]	M. Valter, M. Busch, B. Wickman, H. Grönbeck, J. Baltrusaitis, A. Hellman, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2018, 122, 10489-10494.
[153]	D. Padayachee, V. Golovko, B. Ingham, A. T. Marshall, Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 120, 398-407.
[154]	M. Avramov-Ivić, V. Jovanović, G. Vlajnić, J. Popić J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997, 423, 119-124.
[155]	L. Thia, M. Xie, D. Kim, X. Wang, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2017, 7, 874-881.
[156]	J. F. Gomes, A. C. Garcia, C. Pires, E. B. Ferreira, R. Q. Albuquerque, G. Tremiliosi-Filho, L. H. S. Gasparotto, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2014, 118, 28868-28875.
[157]	A. Falase, K. Garcia, C. Lau, P. Atanassov, Electrochem. Commun., 2011, 13, 1488-1491.
[158]	G. Nawaratna, S. Adhikari, R. E. Lacey, S. D. Fernando, Energy Environ. Sci., 2010, 3, 1593-1599.
[159]	M. S. E. Houache, R. Safari, U. O. Nwabara, T. Rafaïdeen, G. A. Botton, P. J. A. Kenis, S. Baranton, C. Coutanceau, E. A. Baranova, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2020, 3, 8725-8738.
[160]	J. Han, Y. Kim, H. W. Kim, D. H. K. Jackson, D. Lee, H. Chang, H.-J. Chae, K.-Y. Lee, H. J. Kim, Electrochem. Commun., 2017, 83, 46-50.
[161]	G.-S. Tran, T.-G. Vo, C.-Y. Chiang, J. Catal., 2021, 404, 139-148.
[162]	V. L. Oliveira, C. Morais, K. Servat, T. W. Napporn, G. Tremiliosi-Filho, K. B. Kokoh, Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 117, 255-262.
[163]	J. Du, A. Xie, S. Zhu, Z. Xiong, X. Yu, F. Yang, Y. Tao, S. Luo, New J. Chem., 2019, 43, 10366-10375.
[164]	J. L. Bott-Neto, T. S. Martins, S. A. S. Machado, E. A. Ticianelli, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11, 30810-30818.
[165]	M. S. E. Houache, K. Hughes, R. Safari, G. A. Botton, E. A. Baranova, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 15095-15107.
[166]	X. Han, H. Sheng, C. Yu, T. W. Walker, G. W. Huber, J. Qiu, S. Jin, ACS Catal., 2020, 10, 6741-6752.
[167]	C. Liu, M. Hirohara, T. Maekawa, R. Chang, T. Hayashi, C.-Y. Chiang, Appl. Catal. B, 2020, 265, 118543.
[168]	T.-G. Vo, P.-Y. Ho, C.-Y. Chiang, Appl. Catal. B, 2022, 300, 120723.
[169]	X. Huang, Y. Guo, Y. Zou, J. Jiang, Appl. Catal. B, 2022, 309, 121247.
[170]	X. Huang, Y. Zou, J. Jiang, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2021, 9, 14470-14479.
[171]	V. L. Oliveira, C. Morais, K. Servat, T. W. Napporn, G. Tremiliosi-Filho, K. B. Kokoh, Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 117, 255-262.
[172]	J. Zhang, Y. Shen, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2021, 168, 084510.
[173]	M. E. Ghaith, G. A. El-Nagar, M. G. Abd El-Moghny, H. H. Alalawy, M. E. El-Shakre, M. S. El-Deab, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45, 9658-9668.
[174]	P. Sivasakthi, M. V. Sangaranarayanan, New J. Chem., 2019, 43, 8352-8362.
[175]	B. Habibi, N. Delnavaz, RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 31797-31806.
[176]	C. H. Lam, A. J. Bloomfield, P. T. Anastas, Green Chem., 2017, 19, 1958-1968.
[177]	S. Zhu, A. Xie, X. Tao, J. Zhang, B. Wei, Z. Liu, Y. Tao, S. Luo, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2020, 857, 113748.
[178]	Y. Kwon, K. J. P. Schouten, M. T. M. Koper, ChemCatChem, 2011, 3, 1176-1185.
[179]	Y. Kwon, M. T. M. Koper, Anal. Chem., 2010, 82, 5420-5424.
[180]	Y. Liu, W. Yu, D. Raciti, D. H. Gracias, C. Wang, J. Phys.Chem. C, 2019, 123, 426-432.
[181]	L. W. H. Leung, M. J. Weaver, Langmuir, 1990, 6, 323-333.
[182]	J. Schnaidt, M. Heinen, D. Denot, Z. Jusys, R. Jürgen Behm, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2011, 661, 250-264.
[183]	J. F. Gomes, G. Tremiliosi-Filho, Electrocatalysis, 2011, 2, 96-105.
[184]	V. L. Oliveira, C. Morais, K. Servat, T. W. Napporn, G. Tremiliosi-Filho, K. B. Kokoh, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2013, 703, 56-62.
[185]	M. S. E. Houache, E. Cossar, S. Ntais, E. A. Baranova, J. Power Sources, 2018, 375, 310-319.
[186]	M. Valter, E. C. d. Santos, L. G. M. Pettersson, A. Hellman, ACS Catal., 2021, 11, 3487-3497.
[187]	M. Valter, E. C. dos Santos, L. G. M. Pettersson, A. Hellman, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2020, 124, 17907-17915.
[188]	M. Zhiani, H. Rostami, S. Majidi, K. Karami, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38, 5435-5441.