Metalated carbon nitride with facilitated electron transfer pathway for selective NADH regeneration and photoenzyme-coupled CO2 reduction

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64523-1

Abstract

Abstract:

Photoenzyme-coupled catalysis, featuring the integration of photocatalysis with enzymes, is very promising for next-generation green biomanufacturing. The presence of an Rh complex is a prerequisite for the efficient photocatalytic regeneration of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which poses the issue of immobilizing homogeneous complexes. In this study, a novel immobilization method based on the thermal polymerization of 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-diamine (DABP) onto a polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) framework is proposed. PCNbpy₄ is metalated by immobilizing Rh on the terminal bipyridine structure. Notably, partial DABP has the ability to undergo high-temperature thermal polymerization, resulting in the formation of N-doped graphene. This N-doped graphene can be grafted onto the terminal amino group, forming a potential electron transfer pathway. Additionally, N-doped graphene, because of its good electrical conductivity, guides the photogenerated electrons toward the anchored Rh sites. The catalyst achieves exclusive regeneration of 1,4-NADH with only a 0.12% Rh atomic ratio and realizes 80% NADH regeneration in 20 min. The competitive relationship between hydrogen production and NADH regeneration is also elucidated. Combined with formate dehydrogenase immobilized on a hydrophobic membrane, CO₂ reduction to formate is accomplished efficiently, and the formate concentration can accumulate to 7 mmol L^-1 within 48 h.

Key words: Bioinspired metalation, NADH regeneration, Photoenzyme-coupled catalysis, CO₂ reduction, Charge transfer

Pengye Zhang, Wenjin Dong, Yuanyuan Zhang, Li-Nan Zhao, Hualei Yuan, Chuanjun Wang, Wenshuo Wang, Hanxiao Wang, Hongyu Zhang, Jian Liu. Metalated carbon nitride with facilitated electron transfer pathway for selective NADH regeneration and photoenzyme-coupled CO₂ reduction[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 54: 188-198.

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URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64523-1

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2023/V54/I11/188

Figures/Tables 7

Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of photogenerated electron transfer and reaction mechanism of CO2 reduction to HCOO- based on PCNRhbpy4, coenzyme, and immobilized FDH.

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustration of catalyst preparation processes. HRTEM images of PCN (b) and PCNbpy4 (c-e). TEM of PCNbpy4 (f) and the corresponding EDS mapping images of C (g), N (h), and Rh (i). XPS curves of survey (j), C 1s (k), N 1s (l), and Rh 3d (m).

Fig. 2. Structural characterization of materials. FT-IR spectra (a), XRD patterns (b), 13C NMR (c), and Raman spectra (d) of prepared samples.

Fig. 3. Optical/electrochemical characterization of prepared materials. UV-vis DRS spectra of PCN, PCNbpy4, PCNRhbpy4, and DABP (a), PL (b), TPV (c), and TRPL (d) spectra of PCN, PCNbpy4, and PCNRhbpy4. Photocurrent response measurement (e) and EIS plots (f) of as-prepared catalysts.

Fig. 4. Catalytic performance of as-prepared catalysts. (a) NADH regeneration activities. (b) 1H NMR spectra of the reaction products. (c) The absorbance changes of NADH accompanying the ADH-mediated propanal reduction. (d) Recycling stability tests of PCNRhbpy4. Reaction conditions: 2.5 mg catalysts, 0.1 mol L-1 PBS (containing 15 wt% TEOA, pH = 8) under air condition. (e) The rates of H2 production for different combinations, with the inset showing enlarged view of the red box. (f) The yields of HCOO-. Reaction conditions: 2.5 mg catalysts, 1 U FDH, 0.1 mol L-1 PBS (containing 15 wt% TEOA, pH = 8) under CO2 atmosphere.

Fig. 5. H2 production performance of the catalysts (PCNbpy4 and PCNRhbpy4) with (a) and without (b) NAD+. Reaction conditions: 2.5 mg catalysts, 0.1 mol L-1 PBS (including 15 wt% TEOA, pH = 8) under an N2 atmosphere.

Scheme 2. Possible reaction mechanism of 1,4-NADH regeneration of PCNbpy4 and PCNRhbpy4.

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Metalated carbon nitride with facilitated electron transfer pathway for selective NADH regeneration and photoenzyme-coupled CO₂ reduction

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