Recent progress on VOC pollution control via the catalytic method

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60043-4

Abstract

Abstract:

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can cause atmospheric environmental problems such as haze and photochemical smog, which seriously restrict the sustainable development of the environment and threaten human health. Effective and comprehensive implementation of VOC prevention is an arduous task. Catalytic oxidation can achieve VOC removal with low energy costs and high efficiency. This review presents representative research progress in thermal or photothermal catalysis over the past ten years, concentrating on various catalysts with distinctive morphologies and structures designed and prepared for investigating single- or multi-component VOC purification, synergetic elimination of VOCs and NO_x, and VOCs resource utilization. Furthermore, the influence mechanisms of H₂O, CO₂, and SO₂ on the catalytic stability are summarized. The activity and stability of the catalysts affect their lifespan and cost of use. In particular, for supported noble-metal catalysts with poor stability, some unique design strategies have been summarized for the efficient removal of VOCs while balancing low noble-metal usage and optimized catalytic performance. Finally, the scientific problems and future research directions are presented. Coordinated treatment of atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases should be considered. This study is expected to provide profound insights into the design of catalysts with high activity, selectivity, and stability, as well as air pollution control via catalytic methods.

Key words: Volatile organic compound, Nanocatalyst, Catalytic oxidation, Synergetic purification, Resource utilization

Honghong Zhang, Zhiwei Wang, Lu Wei, Yuxi Liu, Hongxing Dai, Jiguang Deng. Recent progress on VOC pollution control via the catalytic method[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2024, 61: 71-96.

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URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60043-4

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2024/V61/I6/71

Figures/Tables 25

Table 1 Catalytic performance of different sorts of catalysts for typical VOC oxidation.

VOCs type	Catalyst	VOCs concentration (vol%)	Oxygen concentration (vol%)	Space velocity (mL/(g·h))	T_90% (°C)	E_a (kJ/mol)	Ref.
Methane	Pd_2.41Pt	2.5	20	100000	322	—	[46]
	0.97 wt% Pd/3DOM LaMnAl₁₁O₁₉	2.5	20	20000	343	—	[47]
	Pd-GaO_x/Al₂O₃	0.5	4	80000	372	—	[48]
	1.81Pd_2.1Pt/6.70MnO_x/3DOM CoFe₂O₄	2.5	20	20000	372	59	[49]
	0.44PtPd_2.20/ZrO₂	2.5	20	20000	408	59	[50]
	Au-Pd-0.40CoO/3DOM Co₃O₄	2.5	10	20000	341	63	[51]
	2.94Au_0.50Pd/meso-Co₃O₄	2.5	20	20000	324	44.4	[52]
	Co_3.5Pd/3DOM CeO₂	2.5	20	40000	480	58	[53]
Propane	CoCeO_x-70	0.2	5	120000	310	97	[54]
	Pt₁Co₁/meso-Na_xMnO_y	0.2	20	30000	282	76.0	[55]
	Pd₁/AlCo₂O₄-Al₂O₃	0.5	20	40000	358	-	[56]
Benzene	6.5Au/meso-Co₃O₄	0.1	40	20000	189	55	[57]
	0.93Pd/meso-CoO	0.1	20	40000	189	—	[58]
	0.56Pt/meso-CoO	0.1	40	80000	186	—	[59]
	0.25Pt₁/meso-Fe₂O₃	0.1	20	20000	198	—	[60]
	0.0383Pt₁/OMS-2	0.1	20	20000	189	41.8	[61]
	Pd₁Co₁/Al₂O₃	0.1	20	40000	250	57	[62]
	PtW/Al₂O₃-2	0.1	20	40000	140	72	[63]
	TiO₂/PdW-S1	0.1	20	40000	200	56	[64]
Toluene	0.28Pd/S-1-H	0.1	20	40000	189	41	[65]
	0.2 wt% Pt/TiO₂	0.1	40	40000	183	—	[66]
	1.3Pt/8.9Co₃O₄/3DOM Al₂O₃	0.1	40	20000	160	42.6	[67]
	6.5Au/meso-Co₃O₄	0.1	40	20000	138	45	[57]
	0.37Pt-0.16MnO_x/meso-CeO₂	0.1	20	40000	171	—	[68]
	3.8AuPd_1.92/3DOM Mn₂O₃	0.1	40	40000	162	26	[69]
	0.96(AuPd_1.92)/Co₃O₄	0.1	40	40000	180	—	[70]
	1.99AuPd/3DOM Co₃O₄	0.1	40	40000	168	33	[71]
1,2-Dichloroethane	Ru/WO₃	0.1	20	40000	340	—	[72]
	RuP/3DOM WO_x	0.1	20	40000	353	—	[73]
	RuCo/HZSM-5	0.1	20	20000	281	36	[74]
	RuCo/Al₂O₃	0.1	20	20000	391	104	[74]
	10CrO_x-TiO₂	0.1	20	40000	284	35	[75]
Trichloroethylene	0.98Ru/3DOM SnO₂	0.1	20	40000	300	44	[76]
	0.93Ru_2.87Pd/3DOM CeO₂	0.1	20	20000	298	41	[77]
	0.91Au_0.51Pd/3DOM TiO₂	0.075	20	20000	400	51.7	[78]
	2.85AuPd_1.87/3DOM CeO₂	0.075	20	20000	415	33	[79]
	3DOM 5.5Cr₂O₃-CeO₂	0.075	20	20000	255	81	[80]

Table 1 Catalytic performance of different sorts of catalysts for typical VOC oxidation.

VOCs type	Catalyst	VOCs concentration (vol%)	Oxygen concentration (vol%)	Space velocity (mL/(g·h))	T_90% (°C)	E_a (kJ/mol)	Ref.
Methane	Pd_2.41Pt	2.5	20	100000	322	—	[46]
	0.97 wt% Pd/3DOM LaMnAl₁₁O₁₉	2.5	20	20000	343	—	[47]
	Pd-GaO_x/Al₂O₃	0.5	4	80000	372	—	[48]
	1.81Pd_2.1Pt/6.70MnO_x/3DOM CoFe₂O₄	2.5	20	20000	372	59	[49]
	0.44PtPd_2.20/ZrO₂	2.5	20	20000	408	59	[50]
	Au-Pd-0.40CoO/3DOM Co₃O₄	2.5	10	20000	341	63	[51]
	2.94Au_0.50Pd/meso-Co₃O₄	2.5	20	20000	324	44.4	[52]
	Co_3.5Pd/3DOM CeO₂	2.5	20	40000	480	58	[53]
Propane	CoCeO_x-70	0.2	5	120000	310	97	[54]
	Pt₁Co₁/meso-Na_xMnO_y	0.2	20	30000	282	76.0	[55]
	Pd₁/AlCo₂O₄-Al₂O₃	0.5	20	40000	358	-	[56]
Benzene	6.5Au/meso-Co₃O₄	0.1	40	20000	189	55	[57]
	0.93Pd/meso-CoO	0.1	20	40000	189	—	[58]
	0.56Pt/meso-CoO	0.1	40	80000	186	—	[59]
	0.25Pt₁/meso-Fe₂O₃	0.1	20	20000	198	—	[60]
	0.0383Pt₁/OMS-2	0.1	20	20000	189	41.8	[61]
	Pd₁Co₁/Al₂O₃	0.1	20	40000	250	57	[62]
	PtW/Al₂O₃-2	0.1	20	40000	140	72	[63]
	TiO₂/PdW-S1	0.1	20	40000	200	56	[64]
Toluene	0.28Pd/S-1-H	0.1	20	40000	189	41	[65]
	0.2 wt% Pt/TiO₂	0.1	40	40000	183	—	[66]
	1.3Pt/8.9Co₃O₄/3DOM Al₂O₃	0.1	40	20000	160	42.6	[67]
	6.5Au/meso-Co₃O₄	0.1	40	20000	138	45	[57]
	0.37Pt-0.16MnO_x/meso-CeO₂	0.1	20	40000	171	—	[68]
	3.8AuPd_1.92/3DOM Mn₂O₃	0.1	40	40000	162	26	[69]
	0.96(AuPd_1.92)/Co₃O₄	0.1	40	40000	180	—	[70]
	1.99AuPd/3DOM Co₃O₄	0.1	40	40000	168	33	[71]
1,2-Dichloroethane	Ru/WO₃	0.1	20	40000	340	—	[72]
	RuP/3DOM WO_x	0.1	20	40000	353	—	[73]
	RuCo/HZSM-5	0.1	20	20000	281	36	[74]
	RuCo/Al₂O₃	0.1	20	20000	391	104	[74]
	10CrO_x-TiO₂	0.1	20	40000	284	35	[75]
Trichloroethylene	0.98Ru/3DOM SnO₂	0.1	20	40000	300	44	[76]
	0.93Ru_2.87Pd/3DOM CeO₂	0.1	20	20000	298	41	[77]
	0.91Au_0.51Pd/3DOM TiO₂	0.075	20	20000	400	51.7	[78]
	2.85AuPd_1.87/3DOM CeO₂	0.075	20	20000	415	33	[79]
	3DOM 5.5Cr₂O₃-CeO₂	0.075	20	20000	255	81	[80]

Fig. 1. Methane conversion varied with the temperature when the reaction temperature rose (solid) or dropped (hollow) over 3DOM Co3O4 loaded Au-Pd-3.61CoO (a), Au-Pd (b), and Pd-3.61CoO (c). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [51]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 2. Diagram of the Pd/Al2O3 and Pd-GaOx/Al2O3 catalysts after calcination, hydrothermal aging treatments, and catalytic CH4 oxidation process. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [48]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA, Weinheim.

Fig. 3. (a) Diagram for transforming PdCo nanocrystals to single atoms. (b) TEM images and EDX element mapping for PdCo nanocrystals. (c) Ac-HAADF-STEM image of Pd1/AlCo2O-Al2O3. Bright spots represent individual Pd atoms. (d) EDX element mapping of Pd1/AlCo2O4-Al2O3. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [56]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 4. TEM (a) and HAADF-STEM (b,c) images, EDX line scan (d), and EDX elemental mappings (e) of PtW-2 NPs. (f) Benzene conversion as a function of temperature over different samples (solid line and dotted line represent the absence and presence of 100 ppm DCE, respectively). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [63]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.

Fig. 6. SEM images of 3DOM Mn2O3 (a), 0.2Pt/3DOM Mn2O3 (b,c), 0.5Pt/3DOM Mn2O3 (d,e), 1.6 Pt/3DOM Mn2O3 (f,g), 2.3Pt/3DOM Mn2O3 (h,i), and 2.0Pt/3DOM Mn2O3-imp (j). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [106]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.

Fig. 7. HAADF-STEM images (a-d), Pt NPs size distributions (e,f), and toluene conversion (g,h) of 2.3Pt/3DOM Mn2O3 (a,c,e,g) and 2.0Pt/3DOM Mn2O3-imp (b,d,f,h) before and after calcination treatments in air at 650 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [106]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.

Fig. 8. SEM and TEM images of MOF-74 (a), Co3O4-R (b,c), MOF-39 (d), and Co3O4-S (e,f). (g) Diagram illustrating the catalytic mechanism involved in the catalytic o-xylene oxidation over Co3O4 with different shapes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [123]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 9. Investigated L-H (a) and E-R (b) mechanisms of HCHO oxidation reaction on Ti/Ti3C2O2 surface. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [137]. Copyright 2020, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Fig. 12. 1,2-DCE conversion (a) and C2H3Cl concentration (b) as a function of temperature over the WO3 and Ru/WO3 samples in the presence or absence of water vapor. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [72]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.

Fig. 13. Toluene (a) and iso-hexane (b) conversion as a function of time over different samples. (c) Schematic diagram of catalytic stability process of toluene oxidation on Pt1/MnOx and H2-Pt1/MnOx-200. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [153]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.

Fig. 15. NO conversion and N2 selectivity (a), CB conversion (b), and CO2 selectivity (c) in the SCR/CBCO over different samples. (d) The energy and optimal structure of CB or NH3 adsorbed on the Al-CeO2, CeO2, and Ta-CeO2 structures. Blue, white, green, and gray are the colors of N, H, Cl, and C atoms, respectively. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [165]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.

Fig. 16. (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of Ru/Cu-SZ-13 and the reaction route of NO and CB. (b) TEM images and particle size distribution of RuO2 nanoparticles. (c) HRTEM images of RuO2 NPs. (d) HRTEM images of CHA zeolite in Ru/Cu SZ-13. (e) Schematic diagram of the reaction mechanism of synergistic catalysis of NO and CB. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [167]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH.

Fig. 17. (a) Toluene conversion and CO2 yield over different samples. (b) Toluene conversion and CO2 yield over 0.5 Pt1/Fe2O3 at varying light intensities. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [171]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. Toluene oxidation (c) and CO2 yield (d) on 0.39Pt1/CuO-CeO2 and CuO-CeO2 catalysts in the dark or under simulated solar illumination. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [173]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 18. (a) Effect of H2O concentration on catalytic stability over the Pt/CeO2/TiO2. (b) The structure diagram of Pt/CeO2/TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 and the reaction mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation of heptane and hexanal. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [174]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 19. (a) Diagrammatic sketch of the 1.1 wt% AuCu0.75/Al2O3 preparation process. (b) HAADF-STEM image of AuCu NPs. (c) Product selectivity over 1.1 wt% AuCu0.75/Al2O3. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [180]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH GmbH.

Fig. 20. (a) Isopropanol-selective oxidation process. (b) Energy diagrams of isopropanol-selective oxidation. (c) Adsorption energy of isopropanol, acetone, and O2, respectively. (d) Partial density of states (PDOS). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [181]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society.

Table 2 Summary of the effect of H2O, CO2, and SO2 on the reaction in the different catalytic oxidation reaction.

VOCs type	Catalyst	H₂O content (vol%)	Effect of H₂O on catalytic activity	CO₂ content (vol%)	Effect of CO₂ on catalytic activity	SO₂ content (ppm)	Effect of SO₂ on catalytic activity	Ref.
Methane	Pd_2.41Pt	2.5 or 5	catalytically stable	2.5 or 5	no significant decline	100	dropped sharply	[46]
Methane	1.14Pd_2.8Pt/ 3DOM LMAO	5	decreased slightly	5	without decline	100	decreased significantly	[83]
Methane	0.44PtPd_2.20/ ZrO₂	10	decreased significantly	—	—	100	decreased significantly	[50]
Methane	1.93AuPd_1.95/3DOM CoCr₂O₄	5	decreased slightly	—	—	100	decreased slightly	[188]
n-Hexane	Co₁Ni₁/meso-Cr₂O₃	10	minor negative effect	5	not changed distinctly	—	—	[95]
Acetylene	0.59IrFe_0.90/meso-CeO₂	1 or 5	no significant changes	5	not altered significantly	50	decreased significantly	[189]
Benzene	0.25 Pt₁/meso-Fe₂O₃	1 or 3	enhancement effect	2.5	not change obviously	—	—	[60]
Benzene	0.0383Pt₁/OMS-2	1.5, 3, or 5	decreased significantly	5	no obvious changes	—	—	[61]
Benzene	TiO₂/PdW-S1	1 or 5	almost does not affect	5	not change obviously	—	—	[64]
Toluene	0.28Pd/S-1-H	2 or 5	decreased slightly	5	decreased slightly	50	declined sharply	[65]
Toluene	0.2 wt% Pt/TiO₂	2, 5, or 10	decreased slightly	2.5, 5, or 10	weak negative influence	50	decreased rapidly	[66]
Toluene	2.3 wt% Pt/3DOM Mn₂O₃	3 or 5	decreased slightly	3	decreased slightly	40	decreased gradually	[106]
Toluene	0.46PdPt_2.10/V₂O₅-TiO₂	5	no significant changes	5	no significant decrease	50	decreased slightly	[186]
Toluene	0.37Pt−0.16MnO_x/meso-CeO₂	1, 3 or 5	no considerable changes	5	decreased slightly	—	—	[68]
Toluene	1.98PtRu@3DOM CZO	5	decreased slightly	10	no significant changes	40	declined considerably	[107]
Methanol	0.70Pt_2.42Co/meso-MnO_y	3	obviously inhibited	5	obviously inhibited	—	—	[131]
Methanol	0.68Ag_0.75Au_1.14Pd/meso-Co₃O₄	3	decreased slightly	5	decreased slightly	—	—	[130]
Acetone	0.57 wt% CeO₂-0.05 wt% Pt/TiO₂	2.5, 5, 10, or 20	obviously inhibited	5 or 10	obviously inhibited	100	decreased significantly	[139]
Trichloroethylene	0.91Au_0.51Pd/3DOM TiO₂	3 or 5	slight decrease	5 or 10	slight decrease	—	—	[78]
Trichloroethylene	2.85AuPd_1.87/3DOM CeO₂	3 or 5	slight decrease	3 or 7	slight decrease	—	—	[79]
Trichloroethylene	0.93Ru_2.87Pd/3DOM CeO₂	3 or 5	obviously inhibited	5 or 10	obviously inhibited	—	—	[77]
1,2-Dichloroethane	RuCo/HZSM-5	5	slight decrease	—	—	100	marked decline	[74]
1,2-Dichloroethane	Ru/WO₃	5	enhancement effect	—	—	—	—	[72]
1,2-Dichloroethane	Ru/TiO₂-HPW	5	enhancement effect	—	—	—	—	[150]
Toluene	0.5Pt₁/Fe₂O₃	5 or 10	slight decrease	5 or 10	negligible effect	20	slight decrease	[171]
Heptane and hexane	Pt/CeO₂/TiO₂	5, 10, or 20	enhancement effect	—	—	—	—	[174]
Ethyl acetate	0.26Pd/3.2 N-TiO₂	5	enhancement effect	10	negligible effect	—	—	[176]

Table 2 Summary of the effect of H2O, CO2, and SO2 on the reaction in the different catalytic oxidation reaction.

VOCs type	Catalyst	H₂O content (vol%)	Effect of H₂O on catalytic activity	CO₂ content (vol%)	Effect of CO₂ on catalytic activity	SO₂ content (ppm)	Effect of SO₂ on catalytic activity	Ref.
Methane	Pd_2.41Pt	2.5 or 5	catalytically stable	2.5 or 5	no significant decline	100	dropped sharply	[46]
Methane	1.14Pd_2.8Pt/ 3DOM LMAO	5	decreased slightly	5	without decline	100	decreased significantly	[83]
Methane	0.44PtPd_2.20/ ZrO₂	10	decreased significantly	—	—	100	decreased significantly	[50]
Methane	1.93AuPd_1.95/3DOM CoCr₂O₄	5	decreased slightly	—	—	100	decreased slightly	[188]
n-Hexane	Co₁Ni₁/meso-Cr₂O₃	10	minor negative effect	5	not changed distinctly	—	—	[95]
Acetylene	0.59IrFe_0.90/meso-CeO₂	1 or 5	no significant changes	5	not altered significantly	50	decreased significantly	[189]
Benzene	0.25 Pt₁/meso-Fe₂O₃	1 or 3	enhancement effect	2.5	not change obviously	—	—	[60]
Benzene	0.0383Pt₁/OMS-2	1.5, 3, or 5	decreased significantly	5	no obvious changes	—	—	[61]
Benzene	TiO₂/PdW-S1	1 or 5	almost does not affect	5	not change obviously	—	—	[64]
Toluene	0.28Pd/S-1-H	2 or 5	decreased slightly	5	decreased slightly	50	declined sharply	[65]
Toluene	0.2 wt% Pt/TiO₂	2, 5, or 10	decreased slightly	2.5, 5, or 10	weak negative influence	50	decreased rapidly	[66]
Toluene	2.3 wt% Pt/3DOM Mn₂O₃	3 or 5	decreased slightly	3	decreased slightly	40	decreased gradually	[106]
Toluene	0.46PdPt_2.10/V₂O₅-TiO₂	5	no significant changes	5	no significant decrease	50	decreased slightly	[186]
Toluene	0.37Pt−0.16MnO_x/meso-CeO₂	1, 3 or 5	no considerable changes	5	decreased slightly	—	—	[68]
Toluene	1.98PtRu@3DOM CZO	5	decreased slightly	10	no significant changes	40	declined considerably	[107]
Methanol	0.70Pt_2.42Co/meso-MnO_y	3	obviously inhibited	5	obviously inhibited	—	—	[131]
Methanol	0.68Ag_0.75Au_1.14Pd/meso-Co₃O₄	3	decreased slightly	5	decreased slightly	—	—	[130]
Acetone	0.57 wt% CeO₂-0.05 wt% Pt/TiO₂	2.5, 5, 10, or 20	obviously inhibited	5 or 10	obviously inhibited	100	decreased significantly	[139]
Trichloroethylene	0.91Au_0.51Pd/3DOM TiO₂	3 or 5	slight decrease	5 or 10	slight decrease	—	—	[78]
Trichloroethylene	2.85AuPd_1.87/3DOM CeO₂	3 or 5	slight decrease	3 or 7	slight decrease	—	—	[79]
Trichloroethylene	0.93Ru_2.87Pd/3DOM CeO₂	3 or 5	obviously inhibited	5 or 10	obviously inhibited	—	—	[77]
1,2-Dichloroethane	RuCo/HZSM-5	5	slight decrease	—	—	100	marked decline	[74]
1,2-Dichloroethane	Ru/WO₃	5	enhancement effect	—	—	—	—	[72]
1,2-Dichloroethane	Ru/TiO₂-HPW	5	enhancement effect	—	—	—	—	[150]
Toluene	0.5Pt₁/Fe₂O₃	5 or 10	slight decrease	5 or 10	negligible effect	20	slight decrease	[171]
Heptane and hexane	Pt/CeO₂/TiO₂	5, 10, or 20	enhancement effect	—	—	—	—	[174]
Ethyl acetate	0.26Pd/3.2 N-TiO₂	5	enhancement effect	10	negligible effect	—	—	[176]

Fig. 21. (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of W1/PdO NPs. Effect of H2O content on CH4 conversion and CO2 selectivity over PdW1/Al2O3 (b) and Pd/Al2O3 (c). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [184]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH GmbH.

Fig. 22. (A) CH4 conversion as a function of reaction time over different samples in the absence and presence of H2O. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [51]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (B) Propane conversion as a function of on-stream reaction time in the presence or absence of CO2 and H2O over PtNPCoNP/meso-NaxMnOy (c), Co1/meso-NaxMnOy (d), Pt1/meso-NaxMnOy (e), and Pt1Co1/meso-NaxMnOy (f). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [55]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (C) Benzene conversion as a function of on-stream reaction time in the presence or absence of SO2 in Pd/Al2O3 and Pd1Co1/Al2O3. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [62]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.

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