Improvement in the production of aromatics from pyrolysis of plastic waste over Ga-modified ZSM-5 catalyst under C1-gas environment

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(25)64683-3

Abstract

Abstract:

This study explores, for the first time, the influence of various C1 gases, such as methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and biogas (CH₄ + CO₂), on catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste (polypropylene) to evaluate their potential in producing aromatic hydrocarbons. Also, this study used the 0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt% Ga-modified ZSM-5 catalyst and its reduction-oxidation processed catalysts owing to their promising catalytic properties. According to the results, the highest yield (39.5 wt%) of BTEX (benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene) was achieved under CH₄ over RO-GHZ(1) catalyst among all tested conditions. The reduction-oxidation process not only promotes a significant reduction of the Ga-size but also induces its diffusion inside the pore, compared to GHZ(1). This leads to the formation of highly active GaO⁺ ionic species, balancing the Lewis/Brönsted ratio, thereby accelerating the aromatization reaction. The effect of Ga loading on the RO-GHZ catalyst was also evaluated systematically, which showed a negative impact on the BTEX yield owing to the lowering in the concentration of active GaO⁺ species. A detailed catalyst characterization supports the experimental results well.

Key words: Polypropylene, Pyrolysis, Ga-loaded HZSM-5, Methane, Reduction-oxidation

Haneul Shim, Sumin Pyo, Avnish Kumar, Yasin Khani, Siyoung Q. Choi, Kanghee Cho, Jechan Lee, Young-Kwon Park. Improvement in the production of aromatics from pyrolysis of plastic waste over Ga-modified ZSM-5 catalyst under C1-gas environment[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 73: 368-383.

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URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(25)64683-3

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2025/V73/I6/368

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Sample	S_BET (m²/g)	S_Micro (m²/g)	S_External (m²/g)	Pore volume (cm³/g)	Micropore volume (cm³/g)
HZ	410	375	35	0.32	0.177
GHZ(1)	389	350	39	0.31	0.165
RO-GHZ(1)	406	371	35	0.32	0.176
RO-GHZ(3)	403	363	40	0.34	0.171
RO-GHZ(5)	383	350	33	0.31	0.161

Sample	S_BET (m²/g)	S_Micro (m²/g)	S_External (m²/g)	Pore volume (cm³/g)	Micropore volume (cm³/g)
HZ	410	375	35	0.32	0.177
GHZ(1)	389	350	39	0.31	0.165
RO-GHZ(1)	406	371	35	0.32	0.176
RO-GHZ(3)	403	363	40	0.34	0.171
RO-GHZ(5)	383	350	33	0.31	0.161

Catalyst	Acidity (mmol/g)
Catalyst	Weak and medium	Strong	Total
HZ	0.67	0.308	0.978
GHZ(1)	0.673	0.23	0.903
RO-GHZ(1)	0.692	0.269	0.961
RO-GHZ(3)	0.707	0.241	0.948
RO-GHZ(5)	0.72	0.209	0.929

Catalyst	Acidity (mmol/g)
Catalyst	Weak and medium	Strong	Total
HZ	0.67	0.308	0.978
GHZ(1)	0.673	0.23	0.903
RO-GHZ(1)	0.692	0.269	0.961
RO-GHZ(3)	0.707	0.241	0.948
RO-GHZ(5)	0.72	0.209	0.929

Catalysts	N₂	CH₄	Biogas	CO₂
HZ	0.443	0.547	0.383	-
GHZ(1)	0.415	0.455	0.375	0.414
RO-GHZ(1)	0.439	0.576	0.383	0.381