Custom exposed crystal facets: Synergistic effect of optimum crystal facet anisotropy and Ohmic heterojunction boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(25)64690-0

Abstract

Abstract:

The design of customized crystal plane heterojunction can effectively leverage the optimal anisotropic interaction of crystal plane, thereby enhancing photocatalytic activity. In this study, Co₃O₄ exposed (111), (110), and (100) crystal planes (designated as HCO, NCO, and CCO, respectively) were synthesized and successfully coupled with Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S (CZS). Among these composites, the HCO/CZS exhibited best hydrogen evolution activity. In conjunction with DFT calculations and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, it has been found that: the crystal plane interaction between HCO and CZS enabled the composite catalyst to exhibit optimal anisotropy in crystal plane carrier transport, crystal plane active sites, and crystal plane electronic structure. This interaction induces a redistribution of electrons at their contact interface, thereby establishing a built-in electric field that facilitates the formation of ohmic heterojunction between HCO and CZS. The synergistic effect of the ohmic heterojunction and crystal plane anisotropy not only decreases the Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption but also facilitates the efficient spatial separation and rapid transfer of electron-hole pairs. This study offers valuable insights into the customization of crystal plane heterojunctions, aiming to maximize anisotropic interactions between crystal planes in order to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

Key words: Crystal plane heterojunction, Crystal plane interaction, Ohmic heterojunction, Crystal plane anisotropy, Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Zhengyu Zhou, Zhiliang Jin. Custom exposed crystal facets: Synergistic effect of optimum crystal facet anisotropy and Ohmic heterojunction boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 74: 294-307.

×
share this article

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(25)64690-0

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2025/V74/I7/294

Figures/Tables 14

Scheme 1. Flow chart for preparing materials.

Fig. 1. (a) XRD pattern of CZS. (b) XRD patterns of HCO, NCO and CCO. XRD patterns of HCOCZSX (c), NCOCZSX (d), and CCOCZSX (e).

Fig. 2. (a,b) SEM images of CZS. (c-h) SEM images of HCO, NCO, CCO, HCOCZS20, NCOCZS20, CCOCZS20. (i-k) Element maps of HCOCZS20, NCOCZS20, CCOCZS20. (l,m) TEM and HRTEM images of HCOCZS20. (n-p) Measurement of lattice spacing. (q) SAED of HCOCZS20.

Fig. 3. (a) XPS total spectrum of HCOCZS20. (b-f) XPS fine spectra of S 2p, Zn 2p, Cd 3d, Co 2p, and O 1s.

Fig. 4. (a) UV-vis absorption spectrum. (b) Kubelka-Munk pattern. (c,d) PL and TRPL spectra.

Table 1 Attenuation parameters of CZS, HCOCZS20, NCOCZS20 and CCOCZS20.

Materials	Lifetime, τ (ns)	Rel (%)	<τ> (ns)	χ²
CZS	τ₁ = 0.35 τ₂ = 1.89 τ₃ = 10.92	A₁ = 55.86 A₂ = 36.28 A₃ = 7.86	0.56	1.45
HCOCZS20	τ₁ = 1.72 τ₂ = 9.68 τ₃ = 0.29	A₁ = 36.63 A₂ = 9.40 A₃ = 53.97	0.49	1.27
NCOCZS20	τ₁ =0.29 τ₂ = 1.71 τ₃ = 9.51	A₁ = 53.33 A₂ = 37.77 A₃ = 8.90	0.48	1.32
CCOCZS20	τ₁ =1.85 τ₂ = 0.33 τ₃ = 11.26	A₁ = 36.11 A₂ = 55.65 A₃ = 8.24	0.53	1.32

Fig. 5. (a) Hydrogen production of HCO, CZS and HCOCZSX in 5 h. (b) Hydrogen production of NCO, CZS and NCOCZSX in 5 h. (c) Hydrogen production of CCO, CZS and CCOCZSX in 5 h. (d) Hydrogen production of HCOCZS20, NCOCZS20 and CCOCZS20. (e) Cycle stability test of HCOCZS20. (f) AQE of HCOCZS20.

Table 2 Comparison of hydrogen production of other CZS-based photocatalysts.

Photocatalyst	Optical source	Sacrificial reagent	Hydrogen production	Ref.
HCOCZS20	LED 10 W	lactic acid	18.03 mmol/(g·h)	This work
Zn_0.4Cd_0.6S-0/MC	Xenon lamp 300 W	—	12.2 mmol/(g·h)	[58]
5CHCZS	Xenon lamp 300 W	Na₂S/Na₂SO₃	5.34 mmol/(g·h)	[59]
Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S-STA-Ni	Mercury lamp 500W	lactic acid	1.06 mmol/(g·h)	[60]
CZS-Solvothermal method)	Xenon lamp 300 W	lactic acid	12.15 mmol/(g·h)	[61]
CZS/CMS-10	Xenon lamp 300 W	Na₂S/Na₂SO₃	13.1 mmol/(g·h)	[62]
FMZCS	Xenon lamp 300 W	Na₂S/Na₂SO₃	19.08 mmol/(g·h)	[63]
ZnCdS@ZnInS/MoS	Xenon lamp 300 W	TEOA	8.50 mmol/(g·h)	[64]
Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S/CoP-3	Xenon lamp 300 W	—	9.26 mmol/(g·h)	[65]

Fig. 6. (a) Photocurrent response curve. (b) EIS impedance spectra. (c-f) Mott-Schottky diagram of HCO, NCO, CCO, and CZS.

Fig. 7. (a-d) Φ of HCO, NCO, CCO, and CZS. (e-g) The (111), (110), and (001) crystal facet of CO. (h) Charge density distribution curve and charge density difference map (Blue signifies electron accumulation, while yellow indicates electron depletion). (i) Total state density of HCOCZS20, NCOCZS20 and CCOCZS20. (j-k) D-band centers of Zn and Cd. (l) ΔGH* of different materials.

Table 3 Es, Eb, As, n, and Ei of (001), (110), and (111) lattice plane.

E_s (eV)	E_b (eV)	A_s (Å²)	n	E_i (eV/Å²)	Lattice plane
-3.90E+04	-9.75E+03	61.82	4	1.02E-01	(0 0 1)
-3.90E+04	-9.75E+03	92.71	4	1.11E-01	(1 1 0)
-7.79E+04	-9.75E+03	240.77	8	1.45E-01	(1 1 1)

Fig. 8. In-situ XPS analysis of S 2p (a), Zn 2p (b), Cd 3d (c), and Co 2p (d).

Fig. 9. Transient absorption spectra of HCOCZS20 (a,d), NCOCZS20 (b,e), and CCOCZS20 (c,f). Corresponding fitted GSB recovery kinetics of HCOCZS20 (g), NCOCZS20 (h), and CCOCZS20 (i) at 470 nm.

Scheme 2. Diagram of photocatalytic mechanism.

References

[1]	F. Jin, B. Yang, X. P. Wang, T. Li, N. Tsubaki, Z. Jin, Chin. J. Struct. Chem., 2023, 42, 100198.
[2]	D. D. Ma, J. T. Chen, J. Li, X. Ji, J. W. Shi, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 12293-12324.
[3]	T. Li, L. J Zhang, X. Li, X. P. Wang, Z. L. Jin, J. Liaocheng Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.), 2023, 36(2), 25-34.
[4]	Z. L. Jin, J. Chin. Ceram. Soc., 2023, 51, 106-116.
[5]	C. Yang, X. Li, M. Li, G. J. Liang, Z. L. Jin, Chin. J. Catal., 2024, 56, 88-103.
[6]	J. Liu, H. F. Zhang, J. H. Wang, Y. X. Xie, Y. Y. Gao, C. H. Sun, L. Z. Wang, X. Zong, Appl. Catal. B, 2024, 352, 124018.
[7]	Y. Zhang, D. D. Ma, J. Li, C. Q. Zhi, Y. M. Zhang, L. Liang, S. M. Mao, J. W. Shi, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2024, 517, 215995.
[8]	N. W. Fu, R. Y. Wang, X. M. Gu, Y. W. Wang, J. Ren, Z. F. Zheng, Chem. Eng. J., 2024, 498, 155825.
[9]	J. M. Hu, Y. J. Fan, S. J. Li, J. Kang, S. Chen, H. Yin, H. J. Zhao, Small, 2024, 20, 2403573.
[10]	D. J. Liu, C. Y. Zhang, J. W. Shi, Y. C. Shi, T. T. T. Nga, M. C. Liu, S. H. Shen, C. L. Dong, Small, 2024, 20, 2310289.
[11]	X. Han, Q. N. Liu, A. Qian, L. Ye, X. Pu, J. C. Liu, X. Jia, R. J. Wang, F. Ju, H. Sun, J. G. Zhao, H. Ling, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2023, 15, 26670-26681.
[12]	S. W. Du, S. Q. Lin, K. K. Ren, C. H. Li, F. X. Zhang, Appl. Catal. B, 2023, 328, 122503.
[13]	M. Z. Rahman, F. Raziq, H. B. Zhang, J. Gascon, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202305385.
[14]	H. W. Jia, L. H. Meng, Y. L. Lu, T. Y. Liang, Y. Yuan, Y. F. Hu, Z. K. Dong, Y. Z. Zhou, P. Y. Guan, Z. Lu, C. Liu, M. Y. Li, T. Wan, B. J. Ni, Z. J. Han, D. W. Chu, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 28595-28617.
[15]	S. U. Rehman, J. W. Wang, G. X. Wu, S. Ali, J. Xian, N. Mahmood, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 6693-6702.
[16]	H. J. Zhang, Y. J. Gao, S. G. Meng, Z. R. Wang, P. X. Wang, Z. L. Wang, C. W. Qiu, S. F. Chen, B. Weng, Y. M. Zheng, Adv. Sci., 2024, 11, 2400099.
[17]	J. T. Yan, J. J. Zhang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2024, 193, 18-21.
[18]	X. Wang, B. Y. Liu, S. Q. Ma, Y. J. Zhang, L. Z. Wang, G. Q. Zhu, W. Huang, S. C. Wang, Nat. Commun., 2024, 15, 2600.
[19]	C. Q. Zhuang, W. M. Li, Y. Chang, S. J. Li, Y. H. Zhang, Y. L. Li, J. F. Gao, G. Chen, Z. H. Kang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 5711-5718.
[20]	C. Q. Zhuang, Y. Chang, W. M Li, S. J. Li, P. Xu, H. Zhang, Y. H. Zhang, C. Zhang, J. F. Gao, G. Chen, T. Y. Zhang, Z. H. Kang, X. D. Han, ACS Nano, 2024, 18, 5206-5217.
[21]	X. D. Li, Y. J. Li, X. Guo, Z. L. Jin, Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17, 606-616.
[22]	W. Y. Pang, X. Du, Y. T. Yang, C. Long, Y. T. Li, C. Y. Hu, R. H. Xu, M. Tian, J. J. Xie, W. J. Wang, J. Guo, B. H. Li, P. Zhang, D. Fu, K. Zhao, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2024, 34, 2400466.
[23]	J. Z. Tian, C. H. Guan, C. Liu, J. Fan, Y. H. Zhu, T. Sun, E. Z Liu, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2024, 666, 481-495.
[24]	L. D. Xia, W. Z. Qin, Y. Xie, Y. Q. Wang, Y. Ling, Green Chem., 2024, 26, 2884-2892.
[25]	A.R. Safira, M. Kaseem, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2023, 15, 59806-59825.
[26]	Y. Zhang, Z. Guo, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 2023, 321, 103027.
[27]	N. Imanuella, K. H. Ng, L. A. Tuyen, N.Q. Hung, Appl. Catal. B, 2024, 358, 124401.
[28]	N. Wang, W. Wang, D. Qi, G. D. Kang, B. Wang, H. H. Zhang, J. L. Ruan, R. R. Lei, Z. H. Zhang, S. H. Zhang, H. Zhou, Chemosphere, 2024, 352, 141481.
[29]	R. Subagyo, A. Yudhowijoyo, N. A. Sholeha, S. S. Hutagalung, D. Prasetyoko, M. D. Birowosuto, A. Arramel, J. Jiang, Y. Kusumawati, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2023, 650, 1550-1590.
[30]	X. Guo, X. Liu, M. L. Wang, J. Q. Yan, Y. B. Chen, S. Z. Liu, Small, 2023, 19, 2206695.
[31]	S. Yousefi, A. Sadeghzadeh-Attar, Inorg. Chem. Commun., 2024, 162, 112273.
[32]	W. B. Wang, C. Liu, H. Y. Li, D. B. Dang, Y. Bai, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 48, 7305-7318.
[33]	Q. Q. Shen, W. X. Kang, L. Ma, Z. Sun, B. B. Jin, H. M. Li, Y. Miao, H. S. Jia, J. B. Xue, Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 478, 147338.
[34]	N. Parikh, M. Pandey, D. Prochowicz, A. Kalam, M. M. Tavakoli, S. Satapathi, S. Akin, P. Yadav, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2022, 126, 8906-8912.
[35]	A. Kumar Sahu, M. Pokhriyal, S. Upadhyayula, X. S. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2022, 126, 13094-13104.
[36]	X. P. Wang, Z. L. Jin, Appl. Catal. B, 2023, 342, 123373.
[37]	Y. Zhang, X. F. Wu, Z. H. Wang, Y. Peng, Y. W. Liu, S. Yang, C. H. Sun, X. X. Xu, X. Zhang, J. Kang, S. H. Wei, P. F. Liu, S. Dai, H. G. Yang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2024, 146, 6618-6627.
[38]	W. N. Xing, W. F. Shao, Y. F. Li, H. G. Li, J. A. Han, L. Y. Zou, R. Jia, G. Y. Wu, Small, 2025, 10.1002/smll.202412036.
[39]	W. Q. Luan, Y. Y. Yan, J. X. Wang, Y. X. Zong, R. Y. Zhao, J. S. Han, L. Wang, Sep. Purif. Technol., 2024, 356, 129907.
[40]	W. X. Li, Y. Wang, X.Y. Cui, S. Yu, Y. Li, Y. M. Hu, M. Y. Zhu, R. K. Zheng, S. P. Ringer, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2018, 10, 19235-19247.
[41]	Y. F. Zheng, Y. Wang, S. Mansoor, Z. X. Hu, Y. X. Zhang, Y. Liu, L. Zhou, J. Y. Lei, J. L. Zhang, Small, 2024, 20, 2311725.
[42]	L. L. Zhao, J. M. Zhang, Z. P. Zhang, T. Wei, J. Wang, J. Ma, Y. M. Ren, H. X. Zhang, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2022, 623, 520-531.
[43]	J. J. Jiang, Z. X. Zhang, Z. Q. Liang, W. Y. Chen, M. F. Zhong, K. Xu, Z. L. Wu, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2023, 639, 158177.
[44]	S. J. Li, C. J. You, F. Yang, G. J. Liang, C. Q. Zhuang, X. Lin, Chin. J. Catal., 2025, 68, 259-271.
[45]	S. J. Li, K. Rong, X. Q. Wang, C. Q. Shen, F. Yang, Q. H. Zhang, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin. 2024, 40, 2403005.
[46]	S. J. Li, R. Y. Yan, M. J. Cai, W. Jiang, M. Y. Zhang, X. Li, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2023, 164, 59-67.
[47]	J. W. Pan, D. B. Wang, B. K. Zhang, C. C. Zhao, D. H. Liu, S. H. Liu, Z. Zeng, T. Y. Chen, G. Liu, S. J. Jiao, Z. K. Xu, T. L. Liu, T. F. Liu, X. Fang, L. C. Zhao, J. Z. Wang, Chem. Eng. J., 2024, 487, 150536.
[48]	X. Yang, W. J. Sun, B. N. Li, Y. J. Dong, X. Huang, C. L. Hu, M. X. Chen, Y. Y. Li, Y. Ding, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2023, 655, 779-788.
[49]	Y. Feng, X. Fang, J. N. Zang, B. Song, C. L. Hu, X. Y. Dong, Y. Ding, Sci. China Chem., 2024, 68, 772-780.
[50]	B. N. Li, M. X. Chen, Q. Y. Hu, J. Y. Zhu, X. Yang, Z. X. Li, C. L. Hu, Y. Y. Li, P. Ni, Y. Ding, Appl. Catal. B, 2024, 346, 123733.
[51]	Z. Y. Zhou, H. Q. Yao, Y. L. Wu, T. Li, F. L. Chun, Z. L. Jin, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2024, 40, 2312010.
[52]	L. J. Zhang, Y. L. Wu, Z. L. Jin, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2023, 39, 2302051.
[53]	Q. Xiao, T. T. Yang, X. Guo, Z. L. Jin, Surf. Interfaces, 2023, 43, 103577.
[54]	Y. Fan, X. Q. Hao, J. Q. Wang, Z. H. Hu, Z. L. Jin, Surf. Interfaces, 2023, 42, 103512.
[55]	J. K. Zhang, P. Z. Qian, H. Tan, L. Cui, Z. Zhou, D. Lin, Y. X. Tuo, Y. Qin, ACS Catal., 2024, 14, 15699-15712.
[56]	C. J. Lu, W. J. Shi, Y. N. Gong, J. H. Zhang, Y. C. Wang, J. H. Mei, Z. M. Ge, T. B. Lu, D. C. Zhong, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2024, 63, e202405451.
[57]	X. P. Wang, Z. L. Jin, X. Li, Rare Metals, 2023, 42, 1494-1507.
[58]	E. M. Liang, K. Cheng, X. Liu, M. C. Xu, S. Luo, C. F. Ma, Z. J. Chen, Y. H. Zhang, S. X. Liu, W. Li, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2024, 683, 432-445.
[59]	M. Dong, W. J. Li, L. Geng, R. X. Huang, Y. Liu, H. L. Han, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2024, 685, 162043.
[60]	J. W. Zhang, W. L. Nie, L. X. Qin, T. Y. Zhang, X. Q. Li, S. Z. Kang, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2024, 12, 114689.
[61]	Y. Yang, W. Ren, J. H. Wang, X. Z. Zheng, J. B. Ge, S. G. Meng, S. F. Chen, C. Cai, Fuel, 2024, 369, 131761.
[62]	J. H. Yu, P. Su, D. Zhang, H. H. Zhao, N. Yang, T. T. Liang, D. F. Zhang, X. P. Pu, Sep. Purif. Technol., 2024, 354, 128694.
[63]	Z. Jiang, Y. Zheng, L. Zhang, L. J. Xu, Q. Feng, C. Luo, W. W. Tan, J. R. Wang, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 82, 703-712.
[64]	Y. Q. Ning, S. Wang, H. B. Wang, W. Quan, D. Q. Lv, S. S. Yu, X. Y. Hu, H. W. Tian, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2024, 662, 928-940.
[65]	H. H. Miao, G. X. Zeng, J. B. Wu, H. T. Qi, Z. M. Yuan, H. B. Wang, X. L. Zhu, Z. Mo, Z. G. Chen, H. Xu, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2025, 102, 963-971.
[66]	X. P. Wang, Y. J. Li, T. Li, Z. L. Jin, Adv. Sustainable Syst., 2022, 7, 2200139.
[67]	M. H. Xu, X. W. Ruan, D. P. Meng, G. Z. Fang, D. X. Jiao, S. L. Zhao, Z. Y. Liu, Z. F. Jiang, K. K. Ba, T. F. Xie, W. Zhang, J. Leng, S. Y. Jin, S. K. Ravi, X. Q. Cui, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2024, 34, 2402330.
[68]	L. J. Zhang, Y. L. Wu, J. K. Li, Z. L. Jin, Y. J. Li, N. Tsubaki, Mater. Today Phys., 2022, 27, 100767.
[69]	Y. L. Wu, P. F. Zhu, Y. J. Li, L. J. Zhang, Z. L. Jin, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2022, 5, 8157-8168.
[70]	M. Y. Ding, S. S. Cui, Z. X. Lin, X. F. Yang, Appl. Catal. B, 2024, 357, 124333.
[71]	M. X. Yang, Y. J. Li, Z. L. Jin, Adv. Sustainable Syst., 2023, 7, 2200344.
[72]	Z. K. Liu, Y. J. Li, Z. L. Jin, J. Mater. Chem. C, 2023, 11, 9327-9340.
[73]	Z. Yang, T. Y. Huang, M. Li, X. D. Wang, X. S. Zhou, S. Y. Yang, Q. Z. Gao, X. Cai, Y. J. Liu, Y. P. Fang, Y. Wang, S. Q. Zhang, S. S. Zhang, Adv. Mater., 2024, 36, 2313513.
[74]	Z. L. Jin, C. Yang, L. Li, J. Z. Jiang, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2024, 142, 449-462.
[75]	S. J. Li, C. J. You, K. Rong, C. Q. Zhuang, X. B. Chen, B. Zhang, Adv. Powder Mater., 2024, 3, 100183.
[76]	C. Yang, X. Li, Z. L. Jin, Sci. China Mater., 2024, 67, 493-503.
[77]	J. N. Liu, X. M. Sun, Y. Y. Fan, Y. G. Yu, Q. Li, J. Zhou, H. Q. Gu, K. Y. Shi, B. J. Jiang, Small, 2023, 20, 2306344.
[78]	M. Li, J. Wang, Z. L. Jin, Rare Metals, 2024, 43, 1999-2014.
[79]	Z. Y. Zhou, J. Wang, M. E. Reheimujiang, Z. L. Jin, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2024, 213, 241-251.
[80]	F. Wu, X. L. Zhang, L. Wang, G. C. Li, J. F. Huang, A. Song, A. Meng, Z. J. Li, Small, 2024, 20, 2309439.
[81]	Y. Li, Y. M. Huang, H. H. Zhang, X. L. Wang, L. L. Gao, Y. Zhang, Y. F. Liao, J. Y. Meng, Y. Y. Cui, W. L. Dai, Appl. Catal. B, 2024, 361, 124657.
[82]	Y. Li, Y. Q. Jiao, H. J. Yan, G. C. Yang, Y. Liu, C. G. Tian, A. P. Wu, H. G. Fu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202306640.
[83]	J. M. Liu, L. H. He, Z. Tao, S. Z. Li, C. B. Wang, Y. P. Zhang, S. Zhang, M. Du, Z. H. Zhang, Small, 2023, 20, 2306273.
[84]	Z. Q. Zhang, X. F. Lin, S. L. Tang, H. J. Xie, Q. T. Huang, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2022, 630, 494-501.
[85]	Z. K. Liu, F. Jin, X. Li, P. Zhang, Z. L. Jin, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2024, 188, 131-143.
[86]	H. Y. Long, X. D. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhang, J. J. Zhang, J. G. Yu, H. G. Yu, Nat. Commun., 2025, 16, 946.
[87]	S. J. Wan, W. Wang, B. Cheng, G. Q. Luo, Q. Shen, J. G. Yu, J. J. Zhang, S. W. Cao, L. M. Zhang, Nat. Commun., 2024, 15, 9612.
[88]	W. Wang, B. Cheng, G. Q. Luo, J. G. Yu, S. W. Cao, Mater. Today, 2024, 81, 137-158.
[89]	X. Y. Deng, J. J. Zhang, K. Z. Qi, G. J. Liang, F. Y. Xu, J. G. Yu, Nat. Commun., 2024, 15, 4807.
[90]	X. D. Zhang, D. D. Gao, B. C. Zhu, B. Cheng, J. G. Yu, H. G. Yu, Nat. Commun., 2024, 15, 3212.
[91]	H. X. Li, R. J. Li, Y. N. Jing, B. W. Liu, Q. L. Xu, T. Tan, G. Liu, L. R. Zheng, L. Z. Wu, ACS Catal., 2024, 14, 7308-7320.