Recent advances on CdS-based H2-production photocatalyst

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65064-4

Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2026, Vol. 86: 49-76.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65064-4

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Recent advances on CdS-based H₂-production photocatalyst

Aiyun Meng^a^,¹, Wei Zhong^a^,¹, Miaoli Gu^a, Xiaoyuan Wu^a, Weilai Yu^b^,^*(), Yaorong Su^a^,^*()

^a College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, Guangdong, China
^b Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada

Received:2025-11-19 Accepted:2025-12-18 Online:2026-07-18 Published:2026-06-12
Contact: *E-mail: suyaorong@sztu.edu.cn (Y. Su), weilai.yu@utoronto.ca (W. Yu).
About author:Weilai Yu is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry at the University of Toronto. He received his B.S. in Chemistry from Wuhan University and his PhD in Chemistry from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Before joining UofT, he was a Postdoctoral Scholar in Chemical Engineering at Stanford University. His LOGICS Laboratory integrates electrochemical, surface, and materials science to accelerate the development of next-generation technologies for energy conversion and storage.
Yaorong Su (Professor, College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University) received his bachelor and master degrees from Wuhan University of Technology (P. R. China) in 2004 and 2007, respectively, and Ph.D. degree from The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong) in 2013. After a one-year postdoctoral research at The Chinese University of Hong Kong from 2013 to 2014, he devoted himself into industry and served as senior research engineer in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, and was recognized as Shenzhen Overseas High-Caliber Personnel (Level C) in July of 2017. Since the beginning of 2018, he joined Shenzhen Technology University. His research interests mainly focus on clean energy photocatalysis, including the design and controlled synthesis of hierarchically porous photocatalytic materials, the construction of heterojunction photocatalytic materials and the mechanisms study, as well as the modulation of the electronic structure of sulfide cocatalysts to enhance photocatalytic performance. He has coauthored more than 50 peer-reviewed papers.
¹Contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22272110);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178224);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22402126);Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515110535);Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU(GDRC202535);Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology(Hubei Normal University);Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(RCBS20231211090522041);Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(20231127203830001);Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Applied Technologies of Super-Diamond and Functional Crystals(ZDSYS20230626091303007)

Abstract

Abstract:

Photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production presents a promising pathway for sustainable energy generation. Among various semiconductors, cadmium sulfide (CdS) stands out as a leading visible-light-responsive photocatalyst due to its narrow bandgap and suitable conduction band potential. However, its severe charge carrier recombination and photo-corrosion significantly hinder practical application. While previous reviews have summarized this field, they fail to encompass the latest breakthroughs in the fields of material synthesis, mechanistic understanding aided by advanced characterizations, and innovative photocatalytic applications. Especially, their performance in the context of high-value chemical synthesis has been rarely summarized. This review is therefore timely and aims to highlight recent advances in engineering CdS-based photocatalysts to optimize charge carrier utilization and achieve highly efficient photocatalytic H₂ evolution. We begin with a brief overview of the fundamental properties of CdS-based photocatalysts. Next, we discuss key strategies for performance enhancement, including morphological design, solid solution engineering, cocatalyst integration, and heterojunction construction. We then examine advanced pathways for charge carrier utilization, focusing on both pure water splitting and systems where H₂ generation is coupled with the production of value-added chemicals. Finally, we outline the current challenges and prospects for CdS-based photocatalysts in the context of sustainable H₂ production. This review provides insights into the rational design of high-performance CdS-based photocatalysts, paving the way for more efficient utilization of photogenerated charge carriers.

Key words: CdS, Photocatalyst, H₂ production, High-value chemical synthesis, Optimize charge carrier utilization

Aiyun Meng, Wei Zhong, Miaoli Gu, Xiaoyuan Wu, Weilai Yu, Yaorong Su. Recent advances on CdS-based H₂-production photocatalyst[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 86: 49-76.

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Figures/Tables 17

Fig. 1. Number of publications on photocatalytic H2 production and value-added chemicals synthesis with/without CdS during 2000-2025 in the web of science core collection by searching the topic using “photocata* and H2 or hydrogen or H-2”, “photocata* and H2 or hydrogen or H-2 and CdS or cadmium sulfide” (a), and “photocata* and value-added chemicals” and “photocata* and value-added chemicals and CdS” (b). The retrieval time is November 14th, 2025.

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration for (a) the synthesis of Pt-TiO2/CdS sample and (b) the photocatalytic reaction system with artificial gills. Cycling runs of the photocatalytic activity for CdS (a), TiO2/CdS (b), Pt-TiO2/CdS without artificial gill photocatalytic system (c), and Pt-TiO2/CdS (d) samples. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier.

Fig. 3. (a) Schematic illustration of photoredox-catalyzed coproduction of H2 and C-C coupled HB over CdS/SiO2 using a near-field scattering light-promoted optical absorption model to tune the light absorption of CdS QDs. (b) Activity of photocatalytic H2 production pairing with HB synthesis over different samples. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [77]. Copyright 2020, ACS Publications.

Fig. 4. (a) Scheme for the platinum-decorated CdS NRs of the decoration procedures and phase transfer to water. The red background indicates an organic environment, while the blue background indicates an aqueous environment. TEM images of tip-decorated (b) and cluster-decorated (c) CdS NRs. (d) Hydrogen generation activity by CdS NRs under illumination in neutral aqueous solution in the presence of sulfite ions. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [92]. Copyright 2016, ACS Publications.

Fig. 5. SEM image (a), AFM image and corresponding height profiles (b), STEM image (c) and structure model (d) of 1 nm Cd4S5 NSs. (e) Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity during 3 h testing under visible light irradiation (> 420 nm) for the three samples. (f) AQY and IQY values of the three samples under 420 nm monochromatic light irradiation. (g) The stability of hydrogen evolution of 1 nm NSs under visible light irradiation (> 420 nm). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [96]. Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 6. FESEM images of different 3D nanostructured CdS-based photocatalyst. (a) CdS nanospheres. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [99]. Copyright 2020, ACS Publications. (b) N-doped graphene/CdS hollow spheres. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons. (c) CdS/MoS2 nanooctahedron heterostructures. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [50]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons. (d) flower-like and (e) net-like CdS. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [101]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (f) NiS/CdS nanoflowers. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [102]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (g) CdS dendrites. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [112]. Copyright 2009, ACS Publications. (h,i) CdS frame-in-cage particles. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [109]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 7. UV-vis DRS spectra (a), Tauc plot (b), and photograph (c) of ZnxCd1-xS (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). (d) Photocatalytic conversion of benzyl alcohol, the yield and selectivity of the C-C coupling products, and the hydrogen produced over ZnxCd1-xS (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) under visible light irradiation for 4 h. (e) Photocatalytic conversion of benzyl alcohol and yield of the C-C coupling products over Zn0.6Cd0.4S (x = 0.6). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [125]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier.

Fig. 8. (a) Illustration of the preparation process for the CdS@Au/Ti3- xC2Ty ternary composites. (b) Energy level diagram and the photogenerated charge carrier transfer process of CdS, Au and Ti3- xC2Ty before contact, after contact, and under visible-light irradiation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [128]. Copyright 2021, ACS Publications.

Fig. 10. (a) Photocatalytic H2 production performance and mechanism illustration of Pd-VP/CdS photocatalyst. TEM (b) and HAADF-STEM (c) images of VP nanosheets. TEM (d) and HAADF-STEM (e) images of CdS NPs. (f,g) HAADF-STEM images of VP/CdS photocatalyst. Filtered HAADF-STEM images of Pd single atoms on VP nanosheets (h) and CdS NPs in Pd-VP/CdS photocatalyst (i). (j) EDS mappings of Pd-VP/CdS photocatalyst. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [157]. Copyright 2024, ACS Publications.

Fig. 11. (a) The top view of the structure model for a 4 × 4 × 1 O-terminated Ti3C2 supercell. (b) Comparisons of the photocatalytic H2-production activities of CT0, CT0.05, CT0.1, CT2.5, CT5, CT7.5, Ti3C2 NPs, Pt-CdS, NiS-CdS, Ni-CdS and MoS2-CdS. (c) The charge separation and transfer pathway of CdS/Ti3C2 sample under visible-light irradiation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [207]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature.

Fig. 12. (a) Two (111)/[11-2] type coherent twin planes involved in a zinc blende FCC lattice matrix, (b) a twinned nanorod as observed from the [110] direction, (c) three-dimensional projection as seen from a high-index [-hhk] direction. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [226]. Copyright 2013, Springer Nature. (d) Photocatalytic H2 production and organic content over time in the photocatalytic conversion of lactic acid by Pd-CdSx-Twins (0.25 vol% or 3.35 mmol lactic acid). (e) Microstructure and selected area electron diffraction pattern of the Pd-CdSx-Twins nanotwins. (f) Slip dislocations during twinning boundary formation in the 111 plane. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [230]. Copyright 2024, Royal society of Chemistry.

Fig. 13. TEM images of disk-shaped Cu7S4 nanocrystals (a) and CdS/Cu7S4 heterostructured nanocrystals (HCNs) (b). (c) STEM of the heterointerface of CdS/Cu7S4 HCNs. (d) Hot-electron injection at the plasmonic p-n heterojunction upon IR light-plasmon excitation. (e) Absorption spectrum and AQY for hydrogen evolution of the CdS/Cu7S4 HNCs under the monochromic light (6 mW cm-2). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [243]. Copyright 2018, ACS Publications.

Fig. 14. (a) Synthesis route of pyrene-alt-triphenylamine conjugated polymer (PT). (b) Possible stacking mode of PT. (c) Diagram of preparation process for CdS/PT (CP) heterojunction. (d) AFM image of CP heterojunction. Surface potential distribution of CP in darkness (e) and under illumination (f). (g) line-scanning surface potential from point A to B. (h) Illustration of photo-irradiated KPFM. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [262]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 15. (a) Schematic illustration of TiO2/Ni0.08-Zn0.2Cd0.8S (TNZCSx) and TEM images of NZCS and TNZCS40. (b) Transient absorption spectra of TNZCS40 with 340 excitations. (c) Fitted transient absorption kinetics of GSB peaks at 440 nm in TNZCS40 and TZCS40 within 1000 ps. Schematic illustration of electron transfer of TZCS40 (d) and TNZCS40 (e). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [266]. Copyright 2023, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 16. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of Co9S8/CdS@PP12. HRTEM (b), H2 and O2 production rates with increasing time (c), and diagram for the photocatalytic pure water splitting mechanism (d) of Co9S8/CdS@PP12. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [286]. Copyright 2025, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 17. SEM (a) and TEM (b) images of MoS2/CdS. (c) Theoretical model of MoS2/CdS. (d) Schematic illustration for photoreforming of pretreated plastics over MoS2/CdS. (e) H2 evolution via photoreforming of pretreated PLA over MoS2/CdS with different amount of MoS2. (f) H2 evolution via photoreforming of pretreated PLA in 25 h. (g) Concentrations of lactate feedstocks and formate products during 5 h of photoreforming. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [32]. Copyright 2022, ACS Publications.

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Recent advances on CdS-based H₂-production photocatalyst

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