催化学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5): 899-907.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62823-7

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

锶掺杂对氧化镧催化甲烷氧化偶联反应的影响

丛林娜a,b,c, 赵永慧a, 李圣刚a,c, 孙予罕a,c   

  1. a. 中国科学院上海高等研究院低碳转化科学与工程中心, 上海 201210;
    b. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049;
    c. 上海科技大学物质科学与技术学院, 上海 201210
  • 收稿日期:2017-02-23 修回日期:2017-03-23 出版日期:2017-05-18 发布日期:2017-05-10
  • 通讯作者: Shenggang Li
  • 基金资助:

    国家自然科学基金(21473233,21403277);壳牌全球方案国际公司前瞻科学项目(PT32281);中国科学技术部(2016YFA0202802);上海市科学技术委员会(14ZR1444600).

Sr-doping effects on La2O3 catalyst for oxidative coupling of methane

Linna Conga,b,c, Yonghui Zhaoa, Shenggang Lia,c, Yuhan Suna,c   

  1. a. CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China;
    b. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
    c. School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
  • Received:2017-02-23 Revised:2017-03-23 Online:2017-05-18 Published:2017-05-10
  • Supported by:

    This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21473233, 21403277), the Frontier Science Program of Shell Global Solutions International B.V. (PT32281), the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016YFA0202802), and the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission (14ZR1444600).

摘要:

甲烷氧化偶联反应(OCM)是天然气直接转化利用的重要途径之一.该反应通过甲烷和氧气在催化剂作用下一步将甲烷直接转化为乙烯等具有高附加值的产品,避免了涉及高能耗过程的合成气间接路径,不仅有可能减少中间副产物的生成,还有可能大大提升整个过程的能源利用效率.因此,研究OCM反应具有十分重要的实际意义.目前氧化镧基催化剂具有良好的催化活性、产物选择性和热稳定性,但在OCM反应中产品收率仍未能达到工业应用的要求,因而近几十年来高效OCM催化剂的研发一直是研究热点.实验发现,锶掺杂氧化镧催化剂具有更为优异的催化性能,主要表现在具有比纯氧化镧催化剂更高的催化活性和产物选择性,但对于锶掺杂的影响机制仍然缺乏系统的理论研究.目前普遍认为,甲烷活化是OCM反应的第一步,也是决速步,这主要是由于C-H键活化需要越过很高的能垒,因此往往需要很高的温度.本文主要采用团簇模型,通过密度泛函理论计算来研究OCM反应中锶掺杂对氧化镧催化剂上甲烷活化性能的影响及其作用原理.
本文构建了八种锶掺杂的氧化镧团簇作为该催化剂模型,可分为没有自由基性质的团簇(LaSrO2(OH),La2SrO4,La3SrO5(OH),La5SrO8(OH))和具有自由基性质的团簇(LaSrO3,La2SrO4(OH),La3SrO6,La5SrO9).我们计算了甲烷在这些锶掺杂氧化镧团簇上Sr-O和La-O酸碱对位点以及氧自由基活性位点上的活化机制,以研究锶掺杂对OCM反应活性的影响,并与我们前期计算的纯氧化镧团簇上甲烷活化性能进行了对比.通过计算甲烷在不同锶掺杂氧化镧团簇上的物理和化学吸附能、活化能垒以及甲基自由基的脱附能,发现锶掺杂氧化镧团簇上的甲烷活化在热力学和动力学上都要比纯氧化镧团簇上更为有利.对于具有相同金属原子数目的团簇,甲烷在La-O上活化的能垒大小为:化学计量比的La-Sr-O团簇<非化学计量比的La-Sr-O团簇<化学计量比的La-O团簇;而甲烷在Sr-O上活化的能垒大小依次是:化学计量比的La-Sr-O团簇<非化学计量比的La-Sr-O团簇.给定一个锶掺杂氧化镧团簇,甲烷在不同活化位点上的活化能垒大小通常是:O·<<Sr-O<La-O,其中无论何种性质的锶掺杂氧化镧团簇,甲烷在Sr-O上的反应活性要高于La-O上的,而对于具有自由基特征的锶掺杂氧化镧团簇,甲烷更容易在氧自由基位点上发生解离.此外,对于没有自由基特征的锶掺杂氧化镧团簇,甲基自由基的脱附如同纯氧化镧团簇一样是强吸热过程.相反,对于具有自由基特性的锶掺杂氧化镧团簇,甲基自由基的脱附则十分容易.
由此可见,锶掺杂促进氧化镧催化剂上OCM反应活性主要有以下两个原因: (1)通过掺杂可以提供具有自由基特性的氧活性位点,(2)对于非自由基性质的团簇,可以增强金属-氧对位点的碱性和甲烷反应活性,从而有效降低了甲烷的活化能垒和甲基自由基的脱附能.

关键词: 甲烷活化, 甲基自由基产生, 团簇模型, 密度泛函理论, 锶掺杂, 氧化镧

Abstract:

Density-functional theory calculations were carried out to study the strontium (Sr)-doping effect on methane activation over a lanthanum-oxide (La2O3) catalyst for the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) using the cluster model. Eight Sr-doped La2O3 cluster models were built from pure La2O3 clusters that were used previously to model the La2O3 catalyst. These form two distinct categories, namely, those without a radical character (LaSrO2(OH), La2SrO4, La3SrO5(OH), and La5SrO8(OH)) and those with a radical character (LaSrO3, La2SrO4(OH), La3SrO6, and La5SrO9). The potential-energy surface for CH4 activation to form a CH3 radical at different Sr–O and La–O pair sites on these Sr-doped La2O3 clusters was calculated to study the Sr-doping effect on the OCM catalytic activity. CH4 physisorption and chemisorption energies, and activation barriers, and CH3 desorption energies were predicted. Compared with the pure La2O3 clusters, in general, the Sr-doped La2O3 clusters are thermodynamically and kinetically more reactive with CH4. For the Sr-doped La2O3 clusters without the radical character, the Sr–O pair site is more reactive with CH4 than the La–O pair site, although a direct release of the CH3 radical is also highly endothermic as in the case of the pure La2O3 clusters. In contrast, for the Sr-doped La2O3 clusters with a radical character, the activation of CH4 at the oxygen radical site and the release of the CH3 radical are much easier. Thus, our calculations suggest that the Sr dopant prompts the OCM catalytic activity of the La2O3 catalyst by providing a highly active oxygen-radical site and by strengthening the basicity of the M–O pair site, which leads to lower CH4 activation energies and lower CH3 desorption energies.

Key words: Methane activation, Methyl radical generation, Cluster models, Density functional theory, Strontium doping, Lanthanum oxide