金属有机框架-离子液体混合催化剂用于电化学还原二氧化碳生成甲烷

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63970-0

催化学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (7): 1687-1696.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63970-0

• 二氧化碳催化转化专栏 • 上一篇下一篇

金属有机框架-离子液体混合催化剂用于电化学还原二氧化碳生成甲烷

Ernest Pahuyo Delmo^a^,^†, 王忆安^a^,^†, 王菁^a^,^b, 朱尚乾^a, 李铁怀^a, 秦雪苹^a, 田一博^a, 赵青蓝^a, Juhee Jang^a, 王一诺^a, 谷猛^b, 张莉莉^c^,^*(), 邵敏华^a^,^d^,^#()

^a香港科技大学化学与生物工程系, 香港九龙
^b南方科技大学材料科学与工程系, 广东深圳
^c淮阴师范学院江苏省低维材料化学重点建设实验室, 江苏淮安
^d香港科技大学能源研究院,国家重金属污染防治工程技术研究中心, 香港九龙

收稿日期:2021-10-13 接受日期:2021-11-03 出版日期:2022-07-18 发布日期:2021-11-15
通讯作者: 张莉莉,邵敏华
作者简介:第一联系人：
^†共同第一作者
基金资助:
香港特别行政区研究资助(16310419);香港特别行政区研究资助(16309418);香港特别行政区研究资助(16304821);香港特别行政区创新及科技基金(ITC-CNERC14EG03);低维材料化学江苏重点实验室(JSKC19016)

Metal organic framework-ionic liquid hybrid catalysts for the selective electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to CH₄

Ernest Pahuyo Delmo^a^,^†, Yian Wang^a^,^†, Jing Wang^a^,^b, Shangqian Zhu^a, Tiehuai Li^a, Xueping Qin^a, Yibo Tian^a, Qinglan Zhao^a, Juhee Jang^a, Yinuo Wang^a, Meng Gu^b, Lili Zhang^c^,^*(), Minhua Shao^a^,^d^,^#()

^aDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
^bDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
^cJiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimension Materials, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, Jiangsu, China
^dEnergy Institute, and Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

Received:2021-10-13 Accepted:2021-11-03 Online:2022-07-18 Published:2021-11-15
Contact: Lili Zhang, Minhua Shao
About author:First author contact:
^†Contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
Research Grants Council(16310419);Research Grants Council(16309418);Research Grants Council(16304821);Innovation and Technology Commission(ITC-CNERC14EG03);Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials(JSKC19016)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

二氧化碳电化学还原(CO₂RR)制备碳氢化合物是一项极具应用前景的技术. 该技术不仅可以有效减少二氧化碳在大气中的积累, 还可以储存可再生能源. 然而, 由于现有的CO₂RR电催化剂的活性和法拉第效率较低, 难以实现大规模应用. 离子液体电解质可以有效提高CO₂RR的选择性, 但成本太高, 将离子液体固定在异相电催化剂的孔洞中可以大幅减少离子液体的用量.

本文设计了一种混合HKUST-1金属-有机框架(MOF)-氟化咪唑基室温离子液体的电催化剂, 将1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BMIM][PF₆])和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([EMIM][BF₄])室温离子液体在真空氛围中被负载到水热合成的HKUST-1微粒孔隙中形成复合催化剂, 该催化剂可以选择性地将CO₂还原为CH₄. X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明, 室温离子液体和HKUST-1 MOF的Cu中心之间存在明显的电子相互作用, 其中低氧化态的Cu比例较高. X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果表明, 室温离子液体的负载没有显著改变MOF的晶体结构及其形态. 与原始的HKUST-1电催化剂相比, HKUST-1/[BMIM][PF₆]混合催化剂的CH₄法拉第效率(FE)明显提高. 在‒1.13 V vs. RHE时, 最大CH₄ FE和分电流密度分别为65.5%和11.5 mA cm^‒2. 同时, 混合催化剂的析氢反应(HER)活性显著降低, 在‒1.09 V vs. RHE时H₂ FE只有6.8%. 稳定性测试结果表明, CH₄ FE可以稳定保持在50%以上. 由于在HKUST-1/[BMIM]和HKUST-1/[EMIM][BF₄]混合催化剂的测试中观察到了类似的促进CH₄和抑制HER的趋势, 可以推断室温离子液体的疏水性在提高CO₂RR选择性方面只起到次要作用. 电解后催化剂表面形成纳米级铜簇, 可能是真正的活性位点. 基于实验结果, 本文还模拟了表面吸附了[BMIM][PF₆]分子的Cu(110)晶面, 密度泛函理论(DFT)计算结果表明, 在表面存在室温离子液体的情况下, Cu的分态密度(PDOS)峰正移, 表明Cu可以与CO₂RR的反应中间体形成更强的键. HER的自由能图结果表明, 室温离子液体的存在明显增强了H的吸附, 从而通过增加*H的脱附能垒来阻碍析氢. 此外, 对CO₂到CH₄反应路径的计算表明, 室温离子液体的存在降低了CO₂-CH₄的热力学能垒.

关键词: 二氧化碳电还原, 甲烷, 室温离子液体, 金属-有机框架, 催化剂设计, 密度泛函理论计算

Abstract:

The electrochemical reduction of CO₂ towards hydrocarbons is a promising technology that can utilize CO₂ and prevent its atmospheric accumulation while simultaneously storing renewable energy. However, current CO₂ electrolyzers remain impractical on a large scale due to the low current densities and faradaic efficiencies (FE) on various electrocatalysts. In this study, hybrid HKUST-1 metal-organic framework‒fluorinated imidazolium-based room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) electrocatalysts are designed to selectively reduce CO₂ to CH₄. An impressive FE of 65.5% towards CH₄ at -1.13 V is achieved for the HKUST-1/[BMIM][PF₆] hybrid, with a stable FE greater than 50% maintained for at least 9 h in an H-cell. The observed improvements are attributed to the increased local CO₂ concentration and the improved CO₂-to-CH₄ thermodynamics in the presence of the RTIL molecules adsorbed on the HKUST-1-derived Cu clusters. These findings offer a novel approach of immobilizing RTIL co-catalysts within porous frameworks for CO₂ electroreduction applications.

Key words: CO₂ electroreduction, Methane, Room temperature ionic liquid, Metal organic framework, Catalyst design, DFT calculation

Ernest Pahuyo Delmo, 王忆安, 王菁, 朱尚乾, 李铁怀, 秦雪苹, 田一博, 赵青蓝, Juhee Jang, 王一诺, 谷猛, 张莉莉, 邵敏华. 金属有机框架-离子液体混合催化剂用于电化学还原二氧化碳生成甲烷[J]. 催化学报, 2022, 43(7): 1687-1696.

Ernest Pahuyo Delmo, Yian Wang, Jing Wang, Shangqian Zhu, Tiehuai Li, Xueping Qin, Yibo Tian, Qinglan Zhao, Juhee Jang, Yinuo Wang, Meng Gu, Lili Zhang, Minhua Shao. Metal organic framework-ionic liquid hybrid catalysts for the selective electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to CH₄[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(7): 1687-1696.

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图/表 4

Fig. 1. (a) FTIR spectra of the HKUST-1/[BMIM][PF6] hybrids. The peaks labelled with arrows are signals from the [BMIM][PF6] RTIL [35]. The peaks marked with asterisks (*) are signals from the HKUST-1 MOF [33,34]. The IR spectra of the pure HKUST-1 MOF and the pure [BMIM][PF6] RTIL are shown for reference. Cu 2p3/2 (b), N 1s (c), C 1s (d), and F 1s (e) XPS spectra of the HKUST-1/[BMIM][PF6] hybrid. The green, black, and gray (dashed) curves represent the peak sum, raw intensity, and background of the spectra, respectively.

Fig. 2. HAADF-STEM images (a) and EDS elemental mapping (b-e) of the HKUST-1/[BMIM][PF6] catalyst. The fluorine and nitrogen peaks in the EDS spectra were very weak (as observed in Fig. S9(b)) due to their low atomic mass; hence, they were not included in the mapping images. (f) HAADF-STEM images of the HKUST-1/[BMIM][PF6] after 1 h electrolysis at -1.7 V vs. RHE (not iR-corrected).

Fig. 3. Faradaic efficiency (a) and geometric partial current density towards CH4 (b) of the pristine HKUST-1 sample and the HKUST-1/RTIL hybrids; Faradaic efficiency (c) and geometric partial current density towards H2 (d) of the pristine HKUST-1 sample and the HKUST-1/RTIL hybrids. Time-varying current density (e) and faradaic efficiency data (f) of the HKUST-1/[BMIM][PF6] hybrid for 10 h at -1.21 V vs. RHE (iR-corrected using the initial ohmic resistance of the system).

Fig. 4. (a) The lowest energy configuration of the Cu (110) surface with one molecule each of adsorbed [BMIM][PF6] and H2O (left image). The lowest energy configuration of the interface in the presence of the adsorbed *COOH intermediate (right image). (b) Projected density of states of the d-orbital of Cu with and without the adsorbed RTIL molecule; Free energy diagram for hydrogen evolution (c) and CO2-to-CH4 reduction (d) with and without the adsorbed RTIL molecule.

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金属有机框架-离子液体混合催化剂用于电化学还原二氧化碳生成甲烷

Metal organic framework-ionic liquid hybrid catalysts for the selective electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to CH₄

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金属有机框架-离子液体混合催化剂用于电化学还原二氧化碳生成甲烷

Metal organic framework-ionic liquid hybrid catalysts for the selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CH4

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Metal organic framework-ionic liquid hybrid catalysts for the selective electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to CH₄