水分子在均三嗪基g-C3N4上的吸附

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63598-7

催化学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (1): 115-122.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63598-7

水分子在均三嗪基g-C₃N₄上的吸附

朱必成^a, 张留洋^a, 程蓓^a, 于岩^b^,^#(), 余家国^a^,^c^,^*()

^a武汉理工大学材料复合新技术国家重点实验室, 湖北武汉430070
^b福州大学材料科学与工程学院, 生态环境材料先进技术重点实验室, 福建福州350116
^c郑州大学材料科学与工程学院, 河南郑州450001

收稿日期:2020-02-29 接受日期:2020-04-09 出版日期:2021-01-18 发布日期:2021-01-18
通讯作者: 于岩,余家国
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2018YFB1502001);国家自然科学基金(21905219);国家自然科学基金(51872220);国家自然科学基金(U1905215);国家自然科学基金(21871217);国家自然科学基金(U1705251);博士后创新人才支持计划(BX20180231);武汉理工大学自主创新研究基金(2017-ZD-4);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(WUT: 2019IVA110)

H₂O molecule adsorption on s-triazine-based g-C₃N₄

Bicheng Zhu^a, Liuyang Zhang^a, Bei Cheng^a, Yan Yu^b^,^#(), Jiaguo Yu^a^,^c^,^*()

^aState Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
^bKey Laboratory of Eco-materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
^cSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China

Received:2020-02-29 Accepted:2020-04-09 Online:2021-01-18 Published:2021-01-18
Contact: Yan Yu,Jiaguo Yu
About author:^#E-mail: yuyan@fzu.edu.cn
^*Tel: +86-27-87871029; Fax: +86-27-87879468; E-mail: yujiaguo93@whut.edu.cn;
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB1502001);National Natural Science Foundation of China(21905219);National Natural Science Foundation of China(51872220);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1905215);National Natural Science Foundation of China(21871217);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1705251);National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20180231);Innovative Research Funds of SKLWUT(2017-ZD-4);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WUT: 2019IVA110)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

气体分子与光催化剂之间的相互作用对于光催化反应的触发非常重要. 对于TiO₂, ZnO和WO₃等传统金属氧化物光催化剂上的水分解反应而言, 已有许多报道研究了水分子在它们表面的吸附行为. 结果表明, 水分子与催化剂表面的原子形成了O-H…O氢键. 石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)是一种具有可见光响应且化学性质稳定的光催化剂, 对其进行修饰以增强其分解水产氢性能的研究非常多. 本文通过密度泛函理论计算, 全面研究了水分子在均三嗪(s-triazine)基g-C₃N₄上的吸附情况. 首先构建了一系列初始吸附模型, 考察了各种吸附位和水分子的朝向. 通过比较分析计算得到的吸附能, 确定了一种最优的吸附构型, 即水分子以竖直的朝向吸附于褶皱的单层g-C₃N₄表面. 水分子中的一个极性O-H键与g-C₃N₄中一个二配位富电子的氮原子结合形成了分子间的O-H…N氢键. 其中, H原子与N原子的间距为1.92 Å, O-H键的键长由0.976 Å增至0.994 Å. 进一步通过计算Mulliken电荷, 态密度和静电势曲线分析了该吸附体系的电子性质. 结果发现在分子间氢键的桥接作用下, g-C₃N₄上的电子转移至水分子, 由此导致g-C₃N₄的费米能级降低, 功函数由4.21 eV增至5.30 eV. 在该吸附模型的基础上, 考查了不同的吸附距离. 当水分子与g-C₃N₄的间距设为1至4 Å时, 几何优化后总是能得到相同的吸附构型, 吸附能和氢键长度也十分相近.
随后, 通过改变吸附基底g-C₃N₄的大小和形状, 验证了这种吸附构型具有很强的重复性. 将2 × 2单层g-C₃N₄吸附基底替换为2 × 2多层g-C₃N₄ (2至5层), 3 × 3和4 × 4单层g-C₃N₄, 以及具有不同管径的单壁g-C₃N₄纳米管后, 水分子的吸附能随着体系原子数的增多而增大, 但吸附模型的几何结构和电子性质基本不变, 包括O-H…N氢键的形成和键长, 以及电子转移和增大的功函数. 另外还研究了非金属元素(P, O, S, Se, F, Cl和Br)掺杂对吸附能的影响. 构建模型时, 杂质原子以取代二配位氮原子的方式进行掺杂, 水分子放置于杂质原子上方. 结果显示, 引入杂质原子后水分子的吸附能增大, 在理论上从吸附的角度解释了元素掺杂增强g-C₃N₄分解水活性. 总之, 本文揭示了一种在分子间氢键的作用下, 具有高取向性的水分子吸附的g-C₃N₄构型, 这有助于g-C₃N₄基光催化剂上水分解过程的理解和优化设计.

关键词: g-C₃N₄, H₂O, 密度泛函理论, 氢键, 吸附能

Abstract:

The interaction between a gas molecule and photocatalyst is vital to trigger photocatalytic reaction. The surface state of photocatalyst affects much in this interaction. Herein, adsorption of H₂O molecules on s-triazine-based g-C₃N₄ was thoroughly studied by first-principle calculation. Although various initial adsorption models with multifarious locations of H₂O molecules were built, the optimized models with strong adsorption energy pointed to the same adsorption configuration, in which the H₂O molecule hold an upright orientation above the corrugated g-C₃N₄ monolayer. An intermolecular O-H…N hydrogen bond formed via the binding of a polar O-H bond in H₂O molecule and a two-coordinated electron-rich nitrogen atom in g-C₃N₄. Under the bridging effect of this intermolecular hydrogen bond, electrons would transfer from g-C₃N₄ to the H₂O molecule, thereby lowering the Fermi level and enlarging work function of g-C₃N₄. Interestingly, regardless of the substitute, i.e. g-C₃N₄ multilayer, large supercell and nanotube, this adsorption system was highly reproducible, as its geometry structure and electronic property remained unchanged. In addition, the effect of nonmetal element doping on adsorption energy was explored. This work not only disclosed a highly preferential H₂O adsorbed g-C₃N₄ architecture established by intermolecular hydrogen bond, but also contributed to the deep understanding and optimized design in water-splitting process on g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts.

Key words: g-C₃N₄, H₂O, Density functional theory, Hydrogen bond, Adsorption energy

朱必成, 张留洋, 程蓓, 于岩, 余家国. 水分子在均三嗪基g-C₃N₄上的吸附[J]. 催化学报, 2021, 42(1): 115-122.

Bicheng Zhu, Liuyang Zhang, Bei Cheng, Yan Yu, Jiaguo Yu. H₂O molecule adsorption on s-triazine-based g-C₃N₄[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2021, 42(1): 115-122.

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图/表 14

Fig. 1. Top view (upper) and side view (lower) of the constructed adsorption models with different adsorption manners (taking the adsorption at N2 site as an example): the H2O molecule plane being parallel to the g-C3N4 plane (a), the H2O molecule plane being perpendicular to the g-C3N4 plane with upward (b) and downward (c) orientation of the H-O-H angle.

Fig. 2. Top views of the constructed upward vertical adsorption models with various adsorption sites and directions.

Fig. 3. Top views of the constructed parallel adsorption models with various adsorption sites and directions. The dashed line displays the symmetry axis of a H2O molecule.

Table 1 Calculated adsorption energy (eV) for H2O adsorbed g-C3N4 models.

Adsorption configuration	Vertical		Parallel
Adsorption configuration	Upward	Downward	X-n	X-n’
N1-1	-1.344	-2.288	-2.525	—
N1-2	-1.345	-2.541	-2.553	-2.351
N2-1	-2.538	-2.549	-2.543	-2.544
N2-2	-2.557	-2.565	-2.548	-2.246
N2-3	-2.544	-2.554	-2.562	-2.538
N2-4	-2.229	-2.558	-2.567	—
C-1	-2.501	-2.543	-2.501	—
C-2	-2.501	-2.566	-2.519	-2.501
C-3	-2.180	-2.539	-2.543	-2.204
C-4	-2.539	-2.540	-2.540	-2.500
B1-1	-2.541	-2.538	-2.565	—
B1-2	—^a	-2.259	-2.542	-2.512
B2-1	-2.540	-2.540	-2.542	-2.549
B2-2	-2.549	-2.513	-2.551	-2.261
I1-1	-2.046	-2.560	-2.564	—
I1-2	-2.047	-2.561	-2.542	-2.554
I2-1	-2.291	—^a	-2.320	—
I2-2	-1.353	-2.549	-2.185	-2.330

Fig. 4. Top view (a) and side view (b) of the optimized adsorption model with the most negative adsorption energy. The dashed line represents the O-H…N hydrogen bond.

Table 2 Mulliken charge and geometric parameters of single and adsorbed H2O molecules.

H₂O molecule	Mulliken charge (e)			Bond length (Å)		Bond angle (°)
H₂O molecule	H1 ^a	O	H2	O-H1	O-H2	Bond angle (°)
Single H₂O molecule	0.52	-1.05	0.53	0.976	0.976	104.6
Adsorbed H₂O molecule	0.49	-1.04	0.52	0.994	0.975	105.3

Fig. 5. Electrostatic potential of pure g-C3N4 (a) and extracted g-C3N4 (b) from the H2O adsorbed g-C3N4 model; (c) PDOS of N and H atoms in the O-H…N hydrogen bond.

Fig. 6. Adsorption energy and final distance between the g-C3N4 substrate and H2O molecule of the adsorption models with initial distances of 1-5 ?.

Fig. 7. Adsorption energy and optimized structures of H2O molecule adsorbed 2 × 2 multilayer g-C3N4 models.

Fig. 8. Adsorption energy and optimized structures of H2O molecule adsorbed monolayer g-C3N4 supercells.

Table 3 Mulliken charge and geometric parameters of the adsorbed H2O molecule on monolayer g-C3N4 supercells.

Supercell	Mulliken charge (e)			Bond length (Å)		H…N distance (Å)
Supercell	H1	O	H2	O-H1	O-H2	H…N distance (Å)
2×2	0.49	-1.04	0.52	0.994	0.975	1.92
3×3	0.48	-1.04	0.52	0.994	0.975	1.91
4×4	0.48	-1.04	0.52	0.993	0.975	1.91

Fig. 9. Optimized structures of (6,6), (8,8), (10,10) g-C3N4 nanotubes (a-c), and H2O adsorption on (6,6), (8,8), (10,10) g-C3N4 nanotubes (d-f). Parts of C and N atoms in (d-f) are shown by yellow balls in order to clearly present the location of the H2O molecule.

Table 4 Mulliken charge and geometric parameters of the adsorbed H2O molecule on (n,n) g-C3N4 nanotubes.

(n,n)	Mulliken charge (e)			Bond length (Å)		H…N distance (Å)
(n,n)	H1	O	H2	O-H1	O-H2	H…N distance (Å)
(6,6)	0.49	-1.04	0.52	0.988	0.975	2.02
(8,8)	0.50	-1.04	0.52	0.988	0.975	2.09
(10,10)	0.49	-1.04	0.52	0.991	0.975	1.96

Fig. 10. Adsorption energy for H2O adsorption on pristine and nonmetal-doped g-C3N4.

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水分子在均三嗪基g-C₃N₄上的吸附

H₂O molecule adsorption on s-triazine-based g-C₃N₄

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