催化学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (11): 1876-1902.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63855-X
于文丽a, 高玉肖a, 陈智a, 赵莹a, 吴则星a,*(), 王磊a,b,#()
收稿日期:
2021-02-27
修回日期:
2021-02-27
接受日期:
2021-05-21
出版日期:
2021-11-18
发布日期:
2021-06-08
通讯作者:
吴则星,王磊
基金资助:
Wenli Yua, Yuxiao Gaoa, Zhi Chena, Ying Zhaoa, Zexing Wua,*(), Lei Wanga,b,#()
Received:
2021-02-27
Revised:
2021-02-27
Accepted:
2021-05-21
Online:
2021-11-18
Published:
2021-06-08
Contact:
Zexing Wu,Lei Wang
About author:
#Tel/Fax: +86-532-84022016; E-mail: inor-chemwl@126.comSupported by:
摘要:
日益严重的能源危机和环境污染问题使得探索清洁的可再生能源载体及减少对传统化石燃料的过度依赖成为人们面临的一项重要任务. 因此, 各种可持续能源如太阳能、风能、海洋能和生物质能等得到了广泛研究并取得了一定的进展. 然而, 这些能源因存在间歇性和不稳定性等缺点阻碍了其实际应用. 近年, 氢气作为一种能源载体, 以其高能量密度和无碳排放的优点引起了人们的广泛关注, 被认为是缓解日益严重的污染问题的最有前途的环保能源. 对比目前采用的天然气热解和煤炭气化等传统制氢策略, 电催化水裂解由于催化效率高, 制氢纯度高和不产生温室气体, 被认为是高效、环保、可持续的制氢策略. 电催化水裂解由两个独立的半反应组成, 分别是析氢反应和析氧反应. 析氢反应作为水裂解的一个半反应, 在降低制氢成本及提高产氢催化效率方面起着关键作用. 然而, 目前的核心问题之一是要开发高效的析氢电催化剂, 以加快反应速度. 目前, 铂和铂基纳米材料被认为是高效的析氢电催化剂, 但是其稀缺性和高成本阻碍了大规模实际应用. 金属磷化物由于具有较高的本征活性并且在不同的电解质中都具有良好的电催化析氢性能, 被证明是一种优良的析氢电催化剂. 此外, 与普通催化剂相比, 金属磷化电催化剂还具有合成简便、效率高、成本低、省时等优点.
本文详细介绍了近年人们在金属磷化物用于电催化析氢研究中取得的进展. 首先, 介绍了电催化析氢反应机理, 金属磷化物的结构及作用, 并对其优缺点进行了总结; 随后, 综述了金属磷化物的合成方法, 包括后处理、原位生成和电沉积策略, 并对不同方法进行了比较和讨论. 此外, 从元素掺杂、界面工程、空穴工程、修饰特定载体、构建特定纳米结构、设计双或多金属磷化物和其他发展的新方法等七个方面详细总结了促进金属磷化物电催化活性的多种策略, 并进行了对比和讨论. 最后, 归纳了金属磷化物在电催化析氢应用中存在的问题和面临的挑战, 并对未来的研究发展提出了展望.
于文丽, 高玉肖, 陈智, 赵莹, 吴则星, 王磊. 优化金属磷化物电催化析氢性能的策略[J]. 催化学报, 2021, 42(11): 1876-1902.
Wenli Yu, Yuxiao Gao, Zhi Chen, Ying Zhao, Zexing Wu, Lei Wang. Strategies on improving the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performances of metal phosphides[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2021, 42(11): 1876-1902.
Catalyst | P source | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/ mV | Tafel/ (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Post-treatment methods | |||||
NiCu-P | red P | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 226 250 175 | 37 96 53 | [ |
FLNPC@MoP-NC/MoP-C/CC | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 74 106 69 | 50 73 52 | [ |
FeP/NCNSs | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 114 205 409 | 64 70 92 | [ |
Ni2P/Ni@C | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 149 | 61 | [ |
FeP film | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 65 84 | 48.5 85 | [ |
CoP/NPC/TF | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 91 80 | 54 50 | [ |
MoP@PC-CNTs | (NH4)2HPO4 | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 220 | 55.9 | [ |
MoP@PC | (NH4)2HPO4 | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 258 | 59.3 | [ |
Co/CoP@NC | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 117 180 | 48.1 73.7 | [ |
CoMn-P@NG | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 140 164 | 110.69 64.85 | [ |
MoP@PC/rGO | (NH4)2HPO4 | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 62.3 | 53.6 | [ |
In situ generation methods | |||||
N@MoPCx-800 | phenylphosphonic acid | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 108 139 | 69.4 86.6 | [ |
MoP@NPCS | hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid | 1 M KOH | 107 | 51 | [ |
Ru-Ru2P@NPC | saccharomycetes | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 42 41 46 | 39.75 56.79 39.75 | [ |
Co-Co2P@NPC/ rGO | saccharomycetes | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 136 | 50.64 | [ |
NiCo-NiCoP@ PCT/CC | phytic acid | 1 M KOH | 135 | 77.79 | [ |
CoP-NB | phytic acid | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 107 | 53 | [ |
Electrodeposition methods | |||||
Co/CoP-NF | NaH2PO2 | 1 M NaOH | 35 | 71 | [ |
Co-P-S | NaH2PO2 | 1 M KOH | 58 | 68 | [ |
Ni-Mo-P/NF | NaH2PO2 | 1 M KOH | 63 | 87.3 | [ |
NixP/NF | NaH2PO2 | 1 M KOH | 63 | 55 | [ |
Ni-P/NF | NaH2PO2 | 0.2 M KPi 1 M KOH | 54 30 | — | [ |
Co-Ni-P-2 | NaH2PO2 | 1 M KOH | 103 | 33 | [ |
FeP nanocubes/CP | NaH2PO2 | 1 M KOH | 140 | 61.92 | [ |
Ni-Cu-P film | NaH2PO4· H2O | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 150 120 | — 69 | [ |
Table 1 Comparison of metal phosphide electrocatalysts prepared using different methods.
Catalyst | P source | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/ mV | Tafel/ (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Post-treatment methods | |||||
NiCu-P | red P | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 226 250 175 | 37 96 53 | [ |
FLNPC@MoP-NC/MoP-C/CC | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 74 106 69 | 50 73 52 | [ |
FeP/NCNSs | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 114 205 409 | 64 70 92 | [ |
Ni2P/Ni@C | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 149 | 61 | [ |
FeP film | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 65 84 | 48.5 85 | [ |
CoP/NPC/TF | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 91 80 | 54 50 | [ |
MoP@PC-CNTs | (NH4)2HPO4 | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 220 | 55.9 | [ |
MoP@PC | (NH4)2HPO4 | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 258 | 59.3 | [ |
Co/CoP@NC | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 117 180 | 48.1 73.7 | [ |
CoMn-P@NG | NaH2PO2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 140 164 | 110.69 64.85 | [ |
MoP@PC/rGO | (NH4)2HPO4 | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 62.3 | 53.6 | [ |
In situ generation methods | |||||
N@MoPCx-800 | phenylphosphonic acid | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 108 139 | 69.4 86.6 | [ |
MoP@NPCS | hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid | 1 M KOH | 107 | 51 | [ |
Ru-Ru2P@NPC | saccharomycetes | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 42 41 46 | 39.75 56.79 39.75 | [ |
Co-Co2P@NPC/ rGO | saccharomycetes | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 136 | 50.64 | [ |
NiCo-NiCoP@ PCT/CC | phytic acid | 1 M KOH | 135 | 77.79 | [ |
CoP-NB | phytic acid | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 107 | 53 | [ |
Electrodeposition methods | |||||
Co/CoP-NF | NaH2PO2 | 1 M NaOH | 35 | 71 | [ |
Co-P-S | NaH2PO2 | 1 M KOH | 58 | 68 | [ |
Ni-Mo-P/NF | NaH2PO2 | 1 M KOH | 63 | 87.3 | [ |
NixP/NF | NaH2PO2 | 1 M KOH | 63 | 55 | [ |
Ni-P/NF | NaH2PO2 | 0.2 M KPi 1 M KOH | 54 30 | — | [ |
Co-Ni-P-2 | NaH2PO2 | 1 M KOH | 103 | 33 | [ |
FeP nanocubes/CP | NaH2PO2 | 1 M KOH | 140 | 61.92 | [ |
Ni-Cu-P film | NaH2PO4· H2O | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 150 120 | — 69 | [ |
Fig. 4. (a) Calculated free energy diagram for the HER on NiCoP and S-NiCoP. Reproduced with permission [111]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Schematic fabrication of S-CoP. (c) Free energy diagram of HER on the (002) and (101) surfaces of CoP, CoP-S1, and S-CoP. (d) d-Orbital partial DOS of Co on the (002) surfaces of CoP, CoP-S1, and S-CoP. (e) Electron density map of the Co-H bonding region on the (002) surfaces of CoP, CoP-S1, and S-CoP. Red and blue denote the electron accumulation and depletion regions, respectively. (b?e) Reproduced with permission [113]. Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry. (f) Crystal structures of CoP2 and N-CoP2 with lattice constants and the corresponding mapping of orbital wave functions. Reproduced with permission [116]. Copyright 2020, American Association for the Advancement of Science. (g) HER polarization curves of Ni2P-based electrocatalysts in a neutral electrolyte. Reproduced with permission [118]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Fig. 5. (a) Schematic formation of Ni-doped FeP/C hollow nanorods. (b) ΔGH* as a function of θH for Pt, FeP, and Ni-doped FeP. (a) and (b) Reproduced with permission [132]. Copyright 2019, American Association for the Advancement of Science. (c) Schematic energy bands of the individual water HOMO and the Co 3d orbital on the non-doped CoP (111) surface. (d) Schematic energy bands of the individual water HOMO and the M’ d-orbital on the M’-substituted CoP (111) surface. εF represents the Fermi level. (e) Calculated proportion of unoccupied d-orbitals (Pun) for different transition metal dopants. The Co atoms in CoP (111) are also treated as a dopant. The inset is the equation used to calculate Pun. (f) Electrochemical overpotential (η)@10 mA cm-2 for different transition-metal-doped CoP catalysts. (g) Trends in η@10 mA cm-2 for the alkaline HER as a function of Pun. (c?g) Reproduced with permission [137]. Copyright 2020, Cell Press.
Catalyst | Dopant | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/ mV | Tafel (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B-CoP/CNT | B | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 39 79 56 | 50 80 69 | [ |
CoP-N/Co foam | N | 1 M KOH | 60 | 50.9 | [ |
N-Ni5P4 hollow spheres | N | 1 M KOH | 96 | 62.2 | [ |
N-MoP/CC | N | 1 M KOH | 70 | 55 | [ |
H-NiCoP NWAs/NF | O | 1 M KOH 1 M PBS | 44 51 | 38.6 79.2 | [ |
S-MoP NPL | S | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 86 142 104 | 34 98 56 | [ |
S-NiCoP NW/CFP | S | 1 M KOH | 102 | 63.3 | [ |
S-Ni5P4 NPA/CP | S | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 56 | 43.6 | [ |
S-CoP | S | 1 M KOH | 49 | 58.4 | [ |
N,B-Ni2P/G | N, B | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 79 124 92 | 48.3 60.4 57.7 | [ |
Al-Ni2P/TM | Al | 1 M KOH | 129 | 98 | [ |
Fe-Co2P BNRs | Fe | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 159 156 | 95 90 | [ |
Fe0.074NiP | Fe | 1 M KOH | 108 | 52.1 | [ |
Ni-FeP/TiN/CC | Ni | 1 M KOH | 75 | 73 | [ |
Ni-WP2 NSs/CC | Ni | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 110 | 65 | [ |
Mn-NiP2/CC | Mn | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 69 107 97 | 45 91 61 | [ |
0.05Mn-MoP | Mn | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 199 | 49 | [ |
V-Ni2P NSAs/CC | V | 1 M KOH | 85 | 95 | [ |
Co0.9W1.1P2/C | W | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 35 54 | 34 59 | [ |
3% Bi/CoP | Bi | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 150 122 | 64.5 60.2 | [ |
V,N-CoP | V, N | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 81 146 57 | 59 88 54 | [ |
Table 2 Comparison of metal phosphide electrocatalysts doped with different elements.
Catalyst | Dopant | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/ mV | Tafel (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B-CoP/CNT | B | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 39 79 56 | 50 80 69 | [ |
CoP-N/Co foam | N | 1 M KOH | 60 | 50.9 | [ |
N-Ni5P4 hollow spheres | N | 1 M KOH | 96 | 62.2 | [ |
N-MoP/CC | N | 1 M KOH | 70 | 55 | [ |
H-NiCoP NWAs/NF | O | 1 M KOH 1 M PBS | 44 51 | 38.6 79.2 | [ |
S-MoP NPL | S | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 86 142 104 | 34 98 56 | [ |
S-NiCoP NW/CFP | S | 1 M KOH | 102 | 63.3 | [ |
S-Ni5P4 NPA/CP | S | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 56 | 43.6 | [ |
S-CoP | S | 1 M KOH | 49 | 58.4 | [ |
N,B-Ni2P/G | N, B | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 79 124 92 | 48.3 60.4 57.7 | [ |
Al-Ni2P/TM | Al | 1 M KOH | 129 | 98 | [ |
Fe-Co2P BNRs | Fe | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 159 156 | 95 90 | [ |
Fe0.074NiP | Fe | 1 M KOH | 108 | 52.1 | [ |
Ni-FeP/TiN/CC | Ni | 1 M KOH | 75 | 73 | [ |
Ni-WP2 NSs/CC | Ni | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 110 | 65 | [ |
Mn-NiP2/CC | Mn | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 69 107 97 | 45 91 61 | [ |
0.05Mn-MoP | Mn | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 199 | 49 | [ |
V-Ni2P NSAs/CC | V | 1 M KOH | 85 | 95 | [ |
Co0.9W1.1P2/C | W | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 35 54 | 34 59 | [ |
3% Bi/CoP | Bi | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 150 122 | 64.5 60.2 | [ |
V,N-CoP | V, N | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 81 146 57 | 59 88 54 | [ |
Fig. 6. (a) Free energy diagram of H adsorption on the surfaces of NiSe2, Ni2P, and NiSe2-Ni2P. (b) H2O adsorption energies of Ni2P, NiSe2 and NiSe2-Ni2P. (a) and (b) Reproduced with permission [161]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (c) TEM image of P-MoP/Mo2N. Reproduced with permission [165]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. (d) Schematic synthesis of Ni-P/Ni/NF. Reproduced with permission [166]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.
Fig. 7. (a) Schematic synthesis of CoP/CoMoP. Reproduced with permission [174]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (b) Linear sweep voltammograms of CFP, Cuf, NiP2-FeP2/CFP, NiP2-FeP2/CuNW/Cuf, and 20 wt% Pt/C/Cuf. Reproduced with permission [177]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (c) TEM image of P-Ni2P/Ru-1. (d) Linear sweep voltammograms of P-Ni2P/Ru-1 and the reference samples. Reproduced with permission [178]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Catalyst | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/ mV | Tafel (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
MoP/MoS2-8 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 69 96 54 | 61 48 58 | [ |
Ni2P-NiSe2/CC | 1 M KOH | 66 | 72.6 | [ |
NiSe2-Ni2P/NF | 1 M KOH | 102 | 68 | [ |
NiP2/NiSe2 | 1 M KOH | 93 | 65.7 | [ |
Ni-P/Ni/NF | 0.5 M H2SO4 0.1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 83 112 129 | 68 179 70 | [ |
Ni2P/NiTe2/NF | 1 M KOH | 62 | 80 | [ |
Ni2P-Ni12P5/NF | 1 M KOH | 76 | 68 | [ |
Co2P/CoMoPx-0.4/NF | 1 M NaOH | 22 | 87.2 | [ |
Co2P/WC@NC | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 91 | 40 | [ |
CoMoP-5 | 0.5 M H2SO4 0.1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 95 89 110 | 61.1 96.5 64.1 | [ |
CC@MoS2/MoP/Ru-450 | 1 M KOH | 45 | 52.9 | [ |
CoP3/Ni2P | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 115 | 49 | [ |
CoP-MoO2/MF | 1 M KOH | 42 | 127 | [ |
CoP/NiCoP/NC | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 60 123 75 | 58 78 64 | [ |
CoP-CeO2/Ti | 1 M KOH | 43 | 54 | [ |
Table 3 Comparison of metal phosphide electrocatalysts with different interfaces.
Catalyst | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/ mV | Tafel (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
MoP/MoS2-8 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 69 96 54 | 61 48 58 | [ |
Ni2P-NiSe2/CC | 1 M KOH | 66 | 72.6 | [ |
NiSe2-Ni2P/NF | 1 M KOH | 102 | 68 | [ |
NiP2/NiSe2 | 1 M KOH | 93 | 65.7 | [ |
Ni-P/Ni/NF | 0.5 M H2SO4 0.1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 83 112 129 | 68 179 70 | [ |
Ni2P/NiTe2/NF | 1 M KOH | 62 | 80 | [ |
Ni2P-Ni12P5/NF | 1 M KOH | 76 | 68 | [ |
Co2P/CoMoPx-0.4/NF | 1 M NaOH | 22 | 87.2 | [ |
Co2P/WC@NC | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 91 | 40 | [ |
CoMoP-5 | 0.5 M H2SO4 0.1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 95 89 110 | 61.1 96.5 64.1 | [ |
CC@MoS2/MoP/Ru-450 | 1 M KOH | 45 | 52.9 | [ |
CoP3/Ni2P | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 115 | 49 | [ |
CoP-MoO2/MF | 1 M KOH | 42 | 127 | [ |
CoP/NiCoP/NC | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 60 123 75 | 58 78 64 | [ |
CoP-CeO2/Ti | 1 M KOH | 43 | 54 | [ |
Fig. 8. (a) Electron distribution map, with regions of electron accumulation and depletion indicated by yellow and cyan, respectively. (b) Two-dimensional charge difference isosurface, with regions of electron accumulation and depletion indicated by red and blue, respectively. (a) and (b) Reproduced with permission [194]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. (c) EPR spectra of NiCoP, Ar-NiCoP and Ar-NiCoP|V. Linear sweep voltammograms of the above catalysts for (d) HER and (e) OER tests. (c?e) Reproduced with permission [195]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. (f) Free energy diagram and (g) density of states of FeP, Mg-FeP and Vc-FeP (111) surfaces. (f) and (g) Reproduced with permission [202]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH.
Catalyst | Vacancy parameter | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/ mV | Tafel (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
v-Ni12P5 | P | 1 M KOH | 27.7 | 30.88 | [ |
F-CoP-Vp-2 | P | 1 M PBS | 108 | 88.9 | [ |
Ar-NiCoP|V | P | 1 M KOH | 58 | 51.7 | [ |
D-Ni5P4|Fe | P | 1 M KOH | 94.5 | 91 | [ |
A-Ni2P/Cu3P | P | 1 M KOH | 88 | 89 | [ |
Vc-FeP(NP)/Ti | Fe | 1 M KOH | 108 | 62 | [ |
LC-WP | W | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 170 | 52 | [ |
Table 4 Comparison of metal phosphide electrocatalysts with different vacancies.
Catalyst | Vacancy parameter | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/ mV | Tafel (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
v-Ni12P5 | P | 1 M KOH | 27.7 | 30.88 | [ |
F-CoP-Vp-2 | P | 1 M PBS | 108 | 88.9 | [ |
Ar-NiCoP|V | P | 1 M KOH | 58 | 51.7 | [ |
D-Ni5P4|Fe | P | 1 M KOH | 94.5 | 91 | [ |
A-Ni2P/Cu3P | P | 1 M KOH | 88 | 89 | [ |
Vc-FeP(NP)/Ti | Fe | 1 M KOH | 108 | 62 | [ |
LC-WP | W | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 170 | 52 | [ |
Fig. 9. (a) ΔGH* values of CoP@DrGO, CoP@rGO, CoP, graphene, and Pt (111). Calculated differential charge density between P and H from top and side views of (b) CoP@DrGO and (c) CoP@rGO. (a?c) Reproduced with permission [212]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (d) SEM and (e) TEM images of MoP@NC-250. (f) H2O* (ΔEH2O*) and OH* (ΔEOH*) adsorption energies of selected Mo-containing catalysts. (g) Computed adsorption free energy profile of H2 evolution for different substrate surfaces. (d?g) Reproduced with permission [213]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (h) Schematic synthesis of CFC-CNT-CoOx/CoP. Reproduced with permission [216]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.
Fig. 10. (a) Schematic synthesis of MCPS. Reproduced with permission [218]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. Linear sweep voltammograms of the designed electrocatalysts in (b) 1 M KOH, (c) 0.5 M H2SO4, and (d) 1 M PBS. (b?d) Reproduced with permission [219]. Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry. (e) Cyclic voltammograms of CoP/C and CoP/CN/Ni in 1 M KOH. (f) Linear sweep voltammograms of Pt/C, CN/Ni, CoP/C, CoP/CN/Ni, and bare GC. Reproduced with permission [225]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.
Catalyst | Support | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/ mV | Tafel/ (mV dec-1) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CFC-CNT-CoOx/CoP | CFC-CNT | 1 M KOH | 108 | 60 | [ | |
NiCoP-CNT@NiCo/ CP | CNT | 1 M KOH | 82 | 76 | [ | |
CoP-NC | NC | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 145 252 167 | 55 110 57 | [ | |
MoP@C | Mo,P co-doped carbon | 1 M KOH | 49 | 54 | [ | |
MoP@NC-250 | NC | 1 M KOH | 96 | 53 | [ | |
Ni1Co3-P@CSs | CS | 1 M KOH | 57 | 44 | [ | |
MoP/CDs | CDs | 1 M KOH | 70 | 77.49 | [ | |
MCPS | MoS2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 53 77 | 37 38 | [ | |
NiCoP/CoP-Ti4O7 | Ti4O7 | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 128 | 65.5 | [ | |
Ni2-xMoxP/NiMoO4-y | NiMoO4-y | 1 M KOH | 36 | 53 | [ | |
CoP/Ti3C2 MXene | Ti3C2 MXene | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 71 124 102 | 57.6 96.8 68.7 | [ | |
Ni2P/Ti3C2Tx/NF | Ti3C2Tx | 1 M KOH | 135 | 86.6 | [ | |
CoP/CN/Ni | CN/Ni | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 66 105 | 39.5 53.4 | [ |
Table 5 Comparison of metal phosphide electrocatalysts with different supports.
Catalyst | Support | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/ mV | Tafel/ (mV dec-1) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CFC-CNT-CoOx/CoP | CFC-CNT | 1 M KOH | 108 | 60 | [ | |
NiCoP-CNT@NiCo/ CP | CNT | 1 M KOH | 82 | 76 | [ | |
CoP-NC | NC | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 145 252 167 | 55 110 57 | [ | |
MoP@C | Mo,P co-doped carbon | 1 M KOH | 49 | 54 | [ | |
MoP@NC-250 | NC | 1 M KOH | 96 | 53 | [ | |
Ni1Co3-P@CSs | CS | 1 M KOH | 57 | 44 | [ | |
MoP/CDs | CDs | 1 M KOH | 70 | 77.49 | [ | |
MCPS | MoS2 | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 53 77 | 37 38 | [ | |
NiCoP/CoP-Ti4O7 | Ti4O7 | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 128 | 65.5 | [ | |
Ni2-xMoxP/NiMoO4-y | NiMoO4-y | 1 M KOH | 36 | 53 | [ | |
CoP/Ti3C2 MXene | Ti3C2 MXene | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M PBS 1 M KOH | 71 124 102 | 57.6 96.8 68.7 | [ | |
Ni2P/Ti3C2Tx/NF | Ti3C2Tx | 1 M KOH | 135 | 86.6 | [ | |
CoP/CN/Ni | CN/Ni | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 66 105 | 39.5 53.4 | [ |
Fig. 11. (a) Schematic preparation of Co-Fe-P nanotubes. Reproduced with permission [236]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (b) SEM and (c) TEM images of 2D Co2P. (b,c) Reproduced with permission [241]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) Schematic synthesis of hollow FeP/C nanosheets. Reproduced with permission [243]. SEM images of pristine Ni(OH)2 (e) and the products obtained after the reaction with potassium hexacyanoferrate at 90 °C for 0.5 h (f), 2 h (g), 4 h (h), 8 h (i), 16 h (j), and 24 h (k). (e?k) Reproduced with permission [244]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH.
Fig. 12. (a) Schematic synthesis of CoP@FeCoP/NC YSMPs. Reproduced with permission [253]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. TEM images of (b) NiCoG-N, (c) NiCoG-80, (d) NiCoG-150, (e) NiCoG-220, and (f) schematic illustrations of the corresponding samples. (b?f) Reproduced with permission [261]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (g) Schematic synthesis of mesoporous metal phosphide microspheres. Reproduced with permission [262]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Catalyst | Morphology | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/mV | Tafel (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NixP-400 | tripod | 1 M KOH | 71 | 79 | [ |
HiHo-NiCoP | hollow-on-hollow | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 103 | 52 | [ |
CoP2/CC | rhombic | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 56 72 | 67 88 | [ |
3DN-Ni2P-Ni | 3D nanopatterning | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 101 | 60 | [ |
CoP-based microspheres | microsphere | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 125 121 | — — | [ |
HWS-NiCoP/NF-A30 | whisker-on-sheet | 1 M KOH | 42 | 66 | [ |
np-CoP3/TM | nanowire | 1 M KOH | 76 | 45 | [ |
Ni1.8Cu0.2-P/NF | holey nanosheets | 1 M KOH | 78 | 70 | [ |
CoNiP microspheres | multi-shelled hollow microsphere | 1 M KOH | 145.8 | 52 | [ |
Ni2P-NW | nanowire | 0.5 M H2SO4 0.5 M PBS 0.11 M KOH | 89 108 139 | 59 — — | [ |
Ni2P/CF-30 | array | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 63 | 67 | [ |
CoNiP-4 | nanobox | 1 M KOH | 138 | 65 | [ |
Co-P@IC/(Co-Fe)P@CC | nanocube | 1 M KOH | 53 | 88 | [ |
Ni2P@NSG | 0D nanocrystal | 1 M KOH | 110 | 43 | [ |
Table 6 Comparison of metal phosphide electrocatalysts with different morphologies.
Catalyst | Morphology | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/mV | Tafel (mV dec-1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NixP-400 | tripod | 1 M KOH | 71 | 79 | [ |
HiHo-NiCoP | hollow-on-hollow | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 103 | 52 | [ |
CoP2/CC | rhombic | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 56 72 | 67 88 | [ |
3DN-Ni2P-Ni | 3D nanopatterning | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 101 | 60 | [ |
CoP-based microspheres | microsphere | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 125 121 | — — | [ |
HWS-NiCoP/NF-A30 | whisker-on-sheet | 1 M KOH | 42 | 66 | [ |
np-CoP3/TM | nanowire | 1 M KOH | 76 | 45 | [ |
Ni1.8Cu0.2-P/NF | holey nanosheets | 1 M KOH | 78 | 70 | [ |
CoNiP microspheres | multi-shelled hollow microsphere | 1 M KOH | 145.8 | 52 | [ |
Ni2P-NW | nanowire | 0.5 M H2SO4 0.5 M PBS 0.11 M KOH | 89 108 139 | 59 — — | [ |
Ni2P/CF-30 | array | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 63 | 67 | [ |
CoNiP-4 | nanobox | 1 M KOH | 138 | 65 | [ |
Co-P@IC/(Co-Fe)P@CC | nanocube | 1 M KOH | 53 | 88 | [ |
Ni2P@NSG | 0D nanocrystal | 1 M KOH | 110 | 43 | [ |
Fig. 13. (a) Linear sweep voltammograms of NCPs in 1 M KOH. Reproduced with permission [278]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (b) Linear sweep voltammograms of Ni2P, FexNi2-xP, and FeP in 0.5 M H2SO4. (c) Exchange current densities and the overpotentials@50 mA cm-2 of Ni2P (wine red), Fe0.5Ni1.5P (red), Fe1.0Ni1.0P (orange), Fe1.5Ni0.5P (green), and Fe2P (blue). Reproduced with permission [280]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (d) Calculated ΔGH* of CNF-supported Ru/Fe phosphide electrocatalysts. Reproduced with permission [204]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (e) Calculated ΔGH* of MoxCo1-xP catalysts. Reproduced with permission [282]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. (f) Linear sweep voltammograms of FeCoCuP@NC, FeCuP@NC, FeCoP@NC, FeP@NC, CoCuP@NC, CoP@NC, and CuP@NC. Reproduced with permission [283]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Catalyst | Element | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/ mV | Tafel/ mV dec-1 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MoNiP | Mo,Ni | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 134 | 66 | [ |
NiCoP hollow polyhedron | Ni, Co | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 82 | 72 | [ |
CoNiP/CoxP | Co,Ni | 1 M PBS 1 M KOH Natural seawater | 117 36 290 | — 70 — | [ |
FeCoP2@NPPC | Fe, Co | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 114 150 | 79 79 | [ |
Ni1-Co1-P | Ni,Co | 1 M KOH | 90 | 60.2 | [ |
CoNiP-1:1 NWs | Co,Ni | 1 M KOH | 252 | 128 | [ |
Ni12P5-Ni4Nb5P4/ PCC | Ni,Nb | 1 M KOH | 81 | 64 | [ |
NiCoxPy-P/CC | Ni,Co | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 70 42 | 61 66 | [ |
Fe1-NiCoP | Fe,Co, | 1 M KOH | 60 | 51.1 | [ |
CC-NC-NiFeP | Ni,Fe | 1 M KOH | 94 | 70 | [ |
Ni2P / MoP-CC | Ni, Mo | 1 M KOH | 64 | 78 | [ |
FeCoCuP@NC | Fe,Co,Cu | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 80 169 | 47.6 48.8 | [ |
FeCoNiP@NC | Fe,Co,Ni | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 93 187 | 51.7 52.2 | [ |
np-NiFeMoP | Ni,Fe,Mo | 1 M KOH | 223 | 180.3 | [ |
Table 7 Comparison of bi- and polymetallic phosphides as HER catalysts.
Catalyst | Element | Electrolyte | η10 mA cm-2/ mV | Tafel/ mV dec-1 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MoNiP | Mo,Ni | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 134 | 66 | [ |
NiCoP hollow polyhedron | Ni, Co | 0.5 M H2SO4 | 82 | 72 | [ |
CoNiP/CoxP | Co,Ni | 1 M PBS 1 M KOH Natural seawater | 117 36 290 | — 70 — | [ |
FeCoP2@NPPC | Fe, Co | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 114 150 | 79 79 | [ |
Ni1-Co1-P | Ni,Co | 1 M KOH | 90 | 60.2 | [ |
CoNiP-1:1 NWs | Co,Ni | 1 M KOH | 252 | 128 | [ |
Ni12P5-Ni4Nb5P4/ PCC | Ni,Nb | 1 M KOH | 81 | 64 | [ |
NiCoxPy-P/CC | Ni,Co | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 70 42 | 61 66 | [ |
Fe1-NiCoP | Fe,Co, | 1 M KOH | 60 | 51.1 | [ |
CC-NC-NiFeP | Ni,Fe | 1 M KOH | 94 | 70 | [ |
Ni2P / MoP-CC | Ni, Mo | 1 M KOH | 64 | 78 | [ |
FeCoCuP@NC | Fe,Co,Cu | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 80 169 | 47.6 48.8 | [ |
FeCoNiP@NC | Fe,Co,Ni | 0.5 M H2SO4 1 M KOH | 93 187 | 51.7 52.2 | [ |
np-NiFeMoP | Ni,Fe,Mo | 1 M KOH | 223 | 180.3 | [ |
Fig. 14. (a) HER activities of MoP700, MoP2, MoP, Mo3P, and Pt/C in acidic, neutral, and basic solutions. (b) Schematic illustration of MoP700-promoted HER at neutral pH. (a) and (b) Reproduced with permission [306]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (c) Images of H2 bubbles on blank NF and Ni2P/NF together with a schematic illustration of the adhesion behavior of these bubbles on the above materials. Reproduced with permission [307]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (d) Schematic synthesis of CoP/Co-MOF/CF. Reproduced with permission [308]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. (e) Linear sweep voltammograms of CoP2 NCs, CoP NCs, Co2P NCs, and Pt/C in 0.5 M H2SO4. Reproduced with permission [310]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH.
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