光电化学氮还原: 一种可持续的氨合成方法

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(21)64001-9

催化学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (7): 1761-1773.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(21)64001-9

光电化学氮还原: 一种可持续的氨合成方法

王立群^a^,^†, 闫啸^b^,^†, 司文平^c^,^†, 刘道兰^d, 侯兴刚^a, 李德军^a^,^#(), 侯峰^c^,^$(), 窦世学^d, 梁骥^c^,^*()

^a天津师范大学物理与材料科学学院, 天津300387, 中国
^b深圳信息职业技术学院, 信息技术研究所, 广东深圳518172, 中国
^c天津大学材料科学与工程学院, 先进陶瓷与加工技术教育部重点实验室, 天津300350, 中国
^d卧龙岗大学澳大利亚创新材料研究所, 超导和电子材料研究所, 北卧龙岗, 澳大利亚

收稿日期:2021-10-18 接受日期:2021-12-06 出版日期:2022-07-18 发布日期:2022-05-20
通讯作者: 李德军,侯峰,梁骥
作者简介:第一联系人：
^†共同第一作者.
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22179093);国家自然科学基金(21905202);国家自然科学基金(22002107);天津市高等学校创新团队计划(TD13-5077);天津师范大学应用开发基金(135202XK1702);龙岗区第三代半导体材料和器件项目(PT2020D003);广东省第三代半导体工程技术发展中心项目(2020GCZX007);深圳职业信息技术学院项目(SZIIT2021KJ020);深圳职业信息技术学院项目(SZIIT2020KJ006);澳大利亚研究理事会探索项目(DP200100365);澳大利亚研究理事会探索项目(DP210102215)

Photoelectrochemical nitrogen reduction: A step toward achieving sustainable ammonia synthesis

Liqun Wang^a^,^†, Xiao Yan^b^,^†, Wenping Si^c^,^†, Daolan Liu^d, Xinggang Hou^a, Dejun Li^a^,^#(), Feng Hou^c^,^$(), Shi Xue Dou^d, Ji Liang^c^,^*()

^aCollege of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
^bInstitute of Information Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
^cKey Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
^dInstitute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia

Received:2021-10-18 Accepted:2021-12-06 Online:2022-07-18 Published:2022-05-20
Contact: Dejun Li, Feng Hou, Ji Liang
About author:First author contact:
^†Contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
Natural Science Foundation of China(22179093);Natural Science Foundation of China(21905202);Natural Science Foundation of China(22002107);Program for Innovative Research in the University of Tianjin(TD13-5077);Developed and Applied Funding of Tianjin Normal University(135202XK1702);Key Laboratory of Third Generation Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Longgang District(PT2020D003);Guangdong Third Generation Semiconductor Engineering Technology Development Center(2020GCZX007);Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology Grant(SZIIT2021KJ020);Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology Grant(SZIIT2020KJ006);Australian Research Council under the Discovery Project(DP200100365);Australian Research Council under the Discovery Project(DP210102215)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氨是一种重要的化工产品和非碳基能源载体, 全球年产量已达2亿吨. 目前, 氨的工业化生产主要依赖Haber-Bosch工艺, 其能耗高且污染严重. 因此亟需开发一种低碳环保的替代工艺以实现氨合成工业的可持续发展. 现阶段主要有三种比较有发展潜力的新型氨合成工艺, 即电催化、光催化和光电化学氮还原产氨技术. 这些氮还原技术都可在温和环境条件下合成氨, 具有能耗低、零排放等优势, 被认为是替代Haber-Bosch工艺的有效途径, 受到广泛关注. 其中, 与前两者相比, 光电化学氮还原具有明显优势: 与电催化氮还原相比, 光电化学氮还原能够实现从太阳能到化学能的直接转化, 具有较高的能量转化效率; 而与光催化氮还原相比, 光电化学氮还原系统中的外加偏压能够加速激子分离, 有效提高太阳能到化学能的转化效率. 在光电化学氮还原过程中, 其核心组件光电阴极材料的性能决定了反应的氨产量、选择性和稳定性.

本文总结了近年来光电化学氮还原领域的最新进展, 特别是其中涉及的光阴极材料. 首先, 详细介绍了光电化学氮还原所涉及的基本原理和面临的主要瓶颈. 其次, 逐一总结了已报道的用于光电化学氮还原的光电阴极材料, 包括氧化物(氧化铜、氧化亚铜、碘氧化铋、溴化氧铋和矾酸铋)、硫化物(硫化铜、硫化铟和硫化钼)、硒化物(硒化钼)、黑硅和黑磷等, 并特别对其中所涉及的催化机理问题作了重点分析. 最后, 对该领域面临的未来发展方向和可能的解决方案提出了建议. 其中, 开发具有合适的能带结构、快速的激子分离、高的催化活性和选择性以及优异的稳定性的光阴极材料是光电化学氮还原技术走向实际应用的关键. 此外, 为了实现上述目标, 本文还提出了八点切实可行的技术方案: 高效的共催化剂、单原子和多原子团簇催化剂、异质结工程、三维有序结构、保护层、无偏压的光电化学系统、可靠的氨检测技术, 以及硝酸盐还原等, 以期在一定程度上推动光电化学氮还原领域的进一步发展.

关键词: 氮还原, 光电化学, 光阴极, 可持续性, 碳中和

Abstract:

Industrial NH₃ production mainly employs the well-known Haber-Bosch (H-B) process, which is associated with significant energy consumption and carbon emissions. Photoelectrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (PEC-NRR) under ambient conditions is considered a promising alternative to the H-B process and has been attracting increasing attention owing to its associated energy efficiency and environmentally friendly characteristics. The performance of a PEC-NRR system, such as the NH₃ yield, selectivity, and stability, is essentially determined by its key component, the photocathode. In this review, the latest progress in the development of photocathode materials employed in PEC-NRR is evaluated. The fundamental mechanisms and essential features required for the PEC-NRR are introduced, followed by a discussion of various types of photocathode materials, such as oxides, sulfides, selenides, black silicon, and black phosphorus. In particular, the PEC-NRR reaction mechanisms associated with these photocathode materials are reviewed in detail. Finally, the present challenges and future opportunities related to the further development of PEC-NRR are also discussed. This review aims to improve the understanding of PEC-NRR photocathode materials while also shedding light on the new concepts and significant innovations in this field.

Key words: Nitrogen reduction, Photoelectrochemistry, Photocathode, Sustainability, Carbon neutrality

王立群, 闫啸, 司文平, 刘道兰, 侯兴刚, 李德军, 侯峰, 窦世学, 梁骥. 光电化学氮还原: 一种可持续的氨合成方法[J]. 催化学报, 2022, 43(7): 1761-1773.

Liqun Wang, Xiao Yan, Wenping Si, Daolan Liu, Xinggang Hou, Dejun Li, Feng Hou, Shi Xue Dou, Ji Liang. Photoelectrochemical nitrogen reduction: A step toward achieving sustainable ammonia synthesis[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(7): 1761-1773.

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图/表 9

Fig. 1. Schematic overview of the PEC-NRR topics covered in this review.

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of (a) the configuration of the PEC-NRR cell using the photocathode as working electrode. (b) Possible reaction routes for PEC-NRR on the photocathode surface.

Table 1 Summary of PEC-NRR performance for various photocathodes.

Photocathode material	NH₃ yield rate (μg cm^-2 h^-1)	FE (%)	Potential (V_RHE)	Light source	Ref.
Fe-doped and Au-doped W₁₈O₄₉ nanorods	9.82	N/A	-0.65 V vs. Ag/AgCl	1 sun with AM 1.5 G filter	[27]
CuO nanofibers	5.3	17	0.6	1 sun with AM 1.5 G filter	[28]
Cu₂O film	7.2	20	0.4	1 sun with AM 1.5 G filter	[28]
Cu-MOF/Cu₂O	~12.2	N/A	0.5	A full spectrum xenon lamp (100 mw cm^-2)	[56]
Ag/Ni-MOF/Cu₂O	4.64	24.3	0.5	1 sun with AM 1.5 G filter	[61]
OV-rich BiOI	2.38	N/A	0.4	A xenon lamp (100 mw cm^-2)	[62]
NV-g-C₃N₅/BiOBr	29.4 (μg mg_cat.^-1 h^-1)	11	-0.2	A solar simulator with a cutoff filter (λ ≥ 420 nm)	[63]
p-BiVO₄	~1.9	16.2	-0.1	A 300 W xenon lamp (100 mw cm^-2)	[64]
Cu₂S/In₂S₃	17.7	29.4	-0.6	1 sun with AM 1.5 G filter	[29]
MoS₂/TiO₂	24.1	65.52	-0.2	A 300 W xenon lamp with AM 1.5 G filter	[30]
MoSe₂/g-C₃N₄	131.2	28.91	-0.3	A 300 W xenon lamp with AM 1.5 G filter	[68]
Au NPs/BSi/Cr	~1.3	N/A	N/A	A 300 W xenon lamp with 2 sun	[73]
Ag NPs/BSi	~47.3	~55.05	-0.2	A 300 W xenon lamp with AM 1.5 G filter	[74]
Au NPs/PCN/n⁺np⁺-Si	13.8	61.8	-0.1	1 sun with AM 1.5 G filter	[31]
black phosphorus	102.4 (μg mg_cat.^-1 h^-1)	23.3	-0.4	A 300 W xenon lamp with AM 1.5 G filter	[77]

Fig. 3. (a) Schematic illustration of EC-NRR (left) and PEC-NRR (right). Ecell, ηc, and ηa represent the voltage required to operate the cell, the cathodic overpotential, and the anodic overpotential, respectively. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [28]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. Synthesis process (b) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) image (c) of the Cu-metal-organic framework (MOF)/Cu2O heterojunction. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [56]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V. (d) Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy map of Ag/Ni-MOF/Cu2O. (e) Gibbs free energy diagrams of the PEC-NRR over Ag/Ni-MOF/Cu2O at 0.5 VRHE. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [61]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V.

Fig. 4. Proposed process (a) and electron transfer route (b) of PEC-NRR at the R-BiOI photocathode. (a,b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [62]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. (c) Schematic illustration of PEC-NRR mechanism (left) and energy band structure (right) of NV-g-C3N5/BiOBr. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [63]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (d) Schematic diagram of the PEC-NRR mechanism and electron transfer path. (e) NH3 yield rates (left) and FEs (right) of the p-BiVO4 photocathode at different potentials under illumination. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [64]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V.

Fig. 5. The synthesis procedure (a) and HRTEM image (b) of Cu2S/In2S3 heterostructure nanocrystals. (a,b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2021, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Schematic illustration for the PEC-NRR performance of MoS2/TiO2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [30]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (d) Schematic representation of MoSe2/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocathode for PEC-NRR; (e) NH3 yield rates and FEs of a MoSe2/g-C3N4 photocathode at different potentials. (d,e) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [68]. Copyright 2021, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 6. (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of the Au NPs/BSi/Cr photoelectrode. (b) Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of Au NP-coated Si nanowires. (c) Schematic diagram of the PEC-NRR mechanism of the Au NPs/BSi/Cr photoelectrode. (a-c) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [73]. Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group. (d) Schematic illustration of the fabrication route of the Ag/BSi photoelectrode. (e) TEM image of the Ag/BSi nanostructure. (f) Schematic illustration of the PEC-NRR mechanism of the Ag/BSi photocathode. (d-f) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 7. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of BP NSs and BP electrodes. (b) PEC-NRR activity of the BP electrode where the electrolyte was replenished every 2 h. (c) The synergy between illumination and applied bias for the PEC-NRR over the BP photoelectrode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [77]. Copyright 2020, WILEY-VCH.

Fig. 8. Scheme illustrating the designing of photocathode materials for efficient and stable PEC-NRR toward the development of sustainable NH3 synthesis.

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光电化学氮还原: 一种可持续的氨合成方法

Photoelectrochemical nitrogen reduction: A step toward achieving sustainable ammonia synthesis

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