双助催化剂负载CdS的能量捕集和电荷分离增强产H2

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(21)64009-3

催化学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (7): 1818-1829.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(21)64009-3

双助催化剂负载CdS的能量捕集和电荷分离增强产H₂

张美玉^a^,^†, 秦朝朝^c^,^†, 孙万军^a, 董聪朝^a, 钟俊^d, 吴凯丰^b, 丁勇^a^,^e^,^*()

^a兰州大学化学化工学院应用有机化学国家重点实验室, 甘肃省先进催化重点实验室, 甘肃兰州730000
^b中国科学院大连化学物理研究所, 分子反应动力学国家重点实验室, 能源与环境材料动力学研究中心, 辽宁大连116023
^c河南师范大学物理学院河南省红外材料光谱测量与应用重点实验室, 河南新乡453007
^d苏州大学功能纳米与软材料研究所, 江苏省碳基功能材料与器件重点实验室, 江苏苏州215123
^e中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所, 羰基合成与选择氧化国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州730000

收稿日期:2021-11-23 接受日期:2021-12-24 出版日期:2022-07-18 发布日期:2022-05-20
通讯作者: 丁勇
作者简介:第一联系人：
^†共同第一作者.
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22075119);国家自然科学基金(21773096);国家自然科学基金(12074104);国家自然科学基金(11804084);甘肃省自然科学基金(21JR7RA440)

Energy funneling and charge separation in CdS modified with dual cocatalysts for enhanced H₂ generation

Meiyu Zhang^a^,^†, Chaochao Qin^c^,^†, Wanjun Sun^a, Congzhao Dong^a, Jun Zhong^d, Kaifeng Wu^b, Yong Ding^a^,^e^,^*()

^aState Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
^bState Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
^cHenan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
^dJiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
^eState Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China

Received:2021-11-23 Accepted:2021-12-24 Online:2022-07-18 Published:2022-05-20
Contact: Yong Ding
About author:First author contact:
^†Contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22075119);National Natural Science Foundation of China(21773096);National Natural Science Foundation of China(12074104);National Natural Science Foundation of China(11804084);Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(21JR7RA440)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用半导体光催化分解水产氢是将太阳能转换为化学能的有效策略之一. 然而, 现有催化剂体系的太阳能-氢能转化率较低, 制约了人工光合作用的长远发展. 因此, 急需开发一种新的捕光策略通过储存和释放化学能来提高能源利用效率. 由于无机半导体具有低的激子结合能, 光生电子-空穴对在室温下可以迅速解离. 因此, 只要相邻的半导体畴是电子耦合的, 并提供驱动力, 能量迁移就可以通过独立的电子和空穴传输过程有效进行. 然而, 在半导体光催化剂中利用能量捕集(即定向能量迁移)的系统很少被涉及. 尽管分子助催化剂常被负载在半导体光催化剂上来提高电荷分离和催化效率, 但分子助催化剂对半导体光催化剂内部能量捕集的影响尚未被阐明.

本文制备了粗细不同的CdS纳米棒, 并将共轭分子2-巯基苯并咪唑(MBI)和钴分子催化剂(MCoA)依次锚定在纳米棒表面. CdS和CdS/MBI的透射电子显微镜照片表明, CdS纳米棒的直径不是完全均一的, 主要集中在20-50 nm. 由HRTEM照片观察到修饰MBI分子后CdS表面出现一层无定形膜, 进一步修饰MCoA分子后CdS表面的膜厚变化不明显. XPS谱结果表明, 修饰了MBI的CdS, 其Cd 3d和S 2p均呈现向高结合能迁移的趋势, 证实了CdS和MBI间存在一定的相互作用. 此外, CdS/MBI/MCoA的Co 2p峰相比于钴天冬氨酸呈现向低结合能迁移的趋势, 揭示了其电子密度的增加. CoA, CdS/CoA和CdS/MBI/MCoA的XANES和EXAFS谱可以证实CoA分子与MBI分子存在相互作用, 而不是直接键合在CdS纳米棒的表面.

在瞬态吸收谱中, 修饰了MBI的CdS在490 nm处的漂白峰变弱, 而位于500 nm处的漂白峰变强. 同时, B2相比于B1的形成动力学曲线有一个轻微的延迟. 由此证实, MBI分子在CdS上的修饰加速了电荷由细棒向粗棒的迁移, 这增强了反应位点的电荷产生效率. 此外, 修饰了MBI的CdS其动力学曲线呈现一个加速的衰减, 与加入(NH₄)₂SO₃的衰减趋势一致, 从而证实了MBI的空穴捕获作用. 与单纯的CdS相比, CdS/MBI/MCoA催化剂动力学曲线呈现明显的衰减, 且与加入电子捕获剂BQ的整体效果一致, 说明MCoA分子的电子捕获作用. 瞬态吸收谱揭示了MBI分子借助粗细纳米棒之间的电子耦合加速了从细棒到粗棒的能量捕集, 这本质上是一种提高反应中心(此处为粗纳米棒)电荷产生效率的光捕集天线方法. MBI和MCoA分子选择性地快速捕获CdS纳米棒的光生成空穴和电子, 从而实现了高效的电荷分离. 活性测试结果表明, CdS/MBI/MCoA光照3 h后的光催化产H₂活性(1.65 mL)比纯CdS (0.11 mL)高15倍. 光照48 h后, H₂的生成量达到60 mL, 并且转化数为26294. 在420 nm处的表观量子效率达到71%. 综上, 本研究为未来光催化剂的发展提供了一种新颖的设计思路.

关键词: 能量捕集, 电荷分离, CdS纳米棒, 分子助催化剂, 光催化制氢

Abstract:

Anchoring molecular cocatalysts on semiconductors has been recognized as a general strategy to boost the charge separation efficiency required for efficient photocatalysis. However, the effect of molecular cocatalysts on energy funneling (i.e., directional energy transfer) inside semiconductor photocatalysts has not been demonstrated yet. Here we prepared CdS nanorods with both thin and thick rods and anchored the conjugated molecules 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) and cobalt molecular catalysts (MCoA) sequentially onto the surface of nanorods. Transient absorption measurements revealed that MBI molecules facilitated energy funneling from thin to thick rods by the electronic coupling between thin and thick nanorods, which is essentially a light-harvesting antenna approach to enhance the charge generation efficiency in the reaction center (here the thick rods). Moreover, MBI and MCoA molecules selectively extracted photogenerated holes and electrons of CdS nanorods rapidly, leading to efficient charge separation. Consequently, CdS/MBI/MCoA displayed 15 times enhanced photocatalytic H₂ evolution (1.65 mL) than pure CdS (0.11 mL) over 3 h of illumination. The amount of H₂ evolution reached 60 mL over 48 h of illumination with a high turnover number of 26294 and an apparent quantum efficiency of 71% at 420 nm. This study demonstrates a novel design principle for next-generation photocatalysts.

Key words: Energy funneling, Charge separation, CdS nanorods, Molecular cocatalyst, Photocatalytic H₂ generation

张美玉, 秦朝朝, 孙万军, 董聪朝, 钟俊, 吴凯丰, 丁勇. 双助催化剂负载CdS的能量捕集和电荷分离增强产H₂[J]. 催化学报, 2022, 43(7): 1818-1829.

Meiyu Zhang, Chaochao Qin, Wanjun Sun, Congzhao Dong, Jun Zhong, Kaifeng Wu, Yong Ding. Energy funneling and charge separation in CdS modified with dual cocatalysts for enhanced H₂ generation[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(7): 1818-1829.

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链接本文: https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)64009-3

https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/Y2022/V43/I7/1818

图/表 9

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the synthesis of CdS/MBI/MCoA.

Fig. 2. (a) XRD patterns of CdS, CdS/MBI and CdS/MBI/MCoA. (b) Raman spectra of CdS, CdS/MBI and CdS/MBI/MCoA. (c) UV-vis absorption spectra of CdS, CdS/MBI and CdS/MBI/MCoA. TEM images of CdS (d) and CdS/MBI (e,f). HRTEM images of CdS (g), CdS/MBI (h) and CdS/MBI/MCoA (i).

Fig. 3. High-resolution XPS spectra of the Cd 3d (a) and S 2p (b) for CdS and CdS/MBI. (c) High-resolution XPS spectra of Co 2p for CdS/MBI/MCoA and CoA. (d) Co K-edge XANES spectroscopy of the reference samples (CoO, CoA), CdS/CoA and CdS/MBI/MCoA. (e) The k3-weighted EXAFS in k-space for the reference samples (CoA), CdS/CoA and CdS/MBI/MCoA, respectively. (f) The Fourier transforms in R space for the reference samples (CoO, CoA), CdS/CoA and CdS/MBI/MCoA, respectively.

Fig. 4. (a) Transient absorption spectra of CdS at indicated delay times measured with 365?nm excitation. (b) Time-wavelength dependent TA color maps for CdS. (c) Transient absorption traces for CdS normalized to the B1 (490 nm) and B2 (500 nm) exciton bands. (d) Transient absorption spectra of CdS/MBI at indicated delay times measured with 365?nm excitation. (e) Time-wavelength dependent TA color maps for CdS/MBI. (f) Transient absorption traces for CdS/MBI normalized to the B1 (490 nm) and B2 (500 nm) exciton bands.

Fig. 5. (a) Transient absorption traces for CdS, CdS/MBI and CdS+(NH4)2SO3 probed at 575 nm. (b) Comparison of decay of normalized traces of CdS transient absorption at 490 nm (1s exciton bleach) and 575 nm (photoinduced absorption by the trapped hole). (c) Transient absorption spectra of CdS/MBI/MCoA at indicated delay times measured with 365?nm excitation. (d) Time-wavelength dependent TA color maps for CdS/MBI/MCoA. (e) Transient absorption traces for CdS, CdS/MBI/MCoA and CdS+BQ normalized to the 1s exciton bleach. (f) Schematic of charge transfer processes in CdS decorated with both MBI and MCoA.

Fig. 6. (a) Time courses of photocatalytic H2 evolution for CdS, CdS/MBI and CdS/MBI/MCoA over 3 h of illumination (0.1 mol/L (NH4)2SO3). (b) Time courses of photocatalytic H2 evolution in CdS/MBI/MCoA system under different concentrations of (NH4)2SO3 (0.3-0.7 mol/L) over 48 h of illumination. (c) The photocatalytic H2 evolution for CdS, Co/CdS, CdS+Co(NO3)2, CdS+CoA, CdS/MBI/MCoA and Pt/CdS after 3 h of illumination (0.1 mol/L (NH4)2SO3). (d) Cycling runs for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity under visible light (λ = 420 nm) over CdS/MBI/MCoA. Light source: LED lamp (λ = 420 nm); reaction solution: 30 mL of 0.1 mol/L (NH4)2SO3 solution, 5 mg catalyst.

Fig. 7. Photocurrent (a) and EIS (b) of CdS, CdS/MBI and CdS/MBI/MCoA. (c) Mott-Schottky plots of pure CdS at different frequencies. (d) LSV curves of CdS, CdS/MBI and CdS/MBI/MCoA.

Fig. 8. (a) Cyclic voltammogram of CdS/MBI/MCoA in VCH3CH2OH:VH2O = 1:1 solution. Scan rate: 100 mV/s; glass carbon electrode. (b) UV-vis diffuse reflection spectra of CdS (the inset is the band gap of CdS). (c) Calculated HOMO and LUMO of the MBI molecule. The molecule frontier orbitals are performed by Gaussian 16 under the level of B3LYP/6-31G* *. (d) Estimated band position of CdS, HOMO energy level of MBI and redox potential of Co2+/Co+ in CdS/MBI/MCoA.

Fig. 9. Schematic of charge transfer processes in CdS decorated with MBI and MCoA.

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双助催化剂负载CdS的能量捕集和电荷分离增强产H₂

Energy funneling and charge separation in CdS modified with dual cocatalysts for enhanced H₂ generation

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