高分散MoOx-Ru/C双金属催化剂催化酯类化合物高效氢解制备烷烃

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60254-8

催化学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 71: 256-266.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60254-8

高分散MoO_x-Ru/C双金属催化剂催化酯类化合物高效氢解制备烷烃

曹新诚^a, 赵佳平^a, 龙锋^a, 刘朋^a, 董煜国^a, 陈祖鹏^b^,^*(), 徐俊明^a^,^*(), 蒋剑春^a^,^*()

^a中国林业科学研究院林产化学工业研究所, 江苏省生物质能源与材料重点实验室, 国家林业和草原局林产化学工程重点实验室, 林木生物质低碳高效利用国家工程研究中心, 江苏南京 210042
^b南京林业大学化学工程学院, 林业资源高效加工利用协同创新中心, 林产化学与材料国际创新高地, 江苏南京 210037

收稿日期:2024-11-22 接受日期:2024-12-29 出版日期:2025-04-18 发布日期:2025-04-13
通讯作者: * 电子信箱: czp@njfu.edu.cn (陈祖鹏), xujunming@icifp.cn (徐俊明), bio-energy@163.com (蒋剑春).
基金资助:
国家重点研发项目(2019YFB1504005);国家重点研发项目(2019YFB1504000);国家自然科学基金(32301548);国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20230878)

Highly dispersed MoO_x-Ru/C bimetallic catalyst for efficient hydrogenolysis of esters to alkanes

Xincheng Cao^a, Jiaping Zhao^a, Feng Long^a, Peng Liu^a, Yuguo Dong^a, Zupeng Chen^b^,^*(), Junming Xu^a^,^*(), Jianchun Jiang^a^,^*()

^aInstitute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization; Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
^bJiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China

Received:2024-11-22 Accepted:2024-12-29 Online:2025-04-18 Published:2025-04-13
Contact: * E-mail: czp@njfu.edu.cn (Z. Chen), xujunming@icifp.cn (J. Xu),bio-energy@163.com (J. Jiang).
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFB1504005);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFB1504000);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301548);Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20230878)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

催化酯类化合物加氢脱氧转化为烷烃是利用生物油脂生产先进液体生物燃料的关键一步. 然而, 由于酯类化合物中羰基官能团反应性较低, 导致反应温度通常较高(>250 °C). 高的反应温度不仅易造成油脂分子发生C-C键断裂副反应, 而且会导致催化剂烧结和团聚, 降低催化剂活性. 因此, 研制高效稳定的油脂加氢脱氧催化剂非常必要. 将可还原金属氧化物(如WO_x, MoO_x和ReO_x等)锚定到贵金属(例如Pt, Ir和Rh)表面, 可以有效地促进生物质含氧化合物加氢脱氧. 然而, 由于金属氧化物分散性较差, 导致催化剂加氢活性降低.
本文合成了一系列高分散MO_x-Ru/C (M = Fe, Sn, Mo和W等)双金属催化剂, 用于催化酯类化合物在低温下(150 °C)加氢脱氧转化为长链烷烃. 催化剂性能测试结果表明, MoO_x-Ru/C催化剂呈现出最优的催化活性, 在150 °C和3.0 MPa H₂的温和条件下, 反应5.0 h后, 硬脂酸甲酯可以定量转化为长链烷烃, 催化活性是Ru/C催化剂的5倍. X-射线衍射、高分辨透射电镜、球差扫描透射电镜和CO-脉冲吸附结果表明, 负载的Mo物种主要以高分散的形式分散在金属Ru表面. 同步辐射X射线吸收光谱和吡啶红外测试结果表明, 高分散的Mo主要以三配位的形式存在于Ru/C表面上; MoO_x的加入极大地增加了Ru/C催化剂的Brönsted和Lewis酸位点浓度. 金属Ru, Brönsted和Lewis酸位点三者之间的协同催化作用有效地促进了脂肪酯在低温下加氢脱氧. 除了在催化长链脂肪酸酯外, MoO_x-Ru/C也可以高效地催化环状酯(如丙位十二内脂和丁位十一内酯)、脂肪酸甘油酯和真实油脂如地沟油加氢脱氧转化为相应的烃类产物. 另一方面, 通过探究脂肪酯在催化剂表面上的加氢反应动力学, 发现Ru/C催化剂易造成脂肪酯发生脱羰和裂解反应, 而MoO_x-Ru/C催化剂主要促进酯类化合物发生加氢脱氧反应, 产物多数为无碳原子损失的C_n烷烃(选择性约为77%). 催化剂结构-性能构效关系表明, MoO_x-Ru/C催化剂的高活性和高选择性主要源于高分散MoO_x的引入, 不仅为酯类化合物氢解提供了丰富的Mo-Ru界面活性位点, 而且在一定程度上抑制了金属Ru高的C-C键氢解活性.
综上所述, 本文构筑了高分散MoO_x-Ru/C双金属催化剂, 通过最大化Mo-Ru界面活性位点数量, 实现了脂肪酯在低温下(150 °C)加氢脱氧转化为长链烷烃, 同时也为合理设计和研制高效稳定的油脂加氢脱氧催化剂提供了新思路.

关键词: 双金属催化剂, 界面构筑, 加氢脱氧, 脂肪酯, 长链烷烃

Abstract:

The efficient hydrogenolysis of esters to alkanes is the key protocol for producing advanced biofuels from renewable plant oils or fats. Due to the low reactivity of the carbonyl group in esters, a high reaction temperature (>250 °C) is the prerequisite to ensure high conversion of esters. Here, we report a highly dispersed MoO_x-Ru/C bimetallic catalyst for the efficient hydrogenolysis of esters to alkanes under 150 °C. The optimal catalyst exhibits >99% conversion of methyl stearate and 99% selectivity to diesel-range alkanes, reaching a high rate of up to 2.0 mmol g_cat^-1 h^-1, 5 times higher than that of Ru/C catalyst (MoO_x/C is inert). Integrated experimental and theoretical investigations attribute the high performance to the abundant MoO_x-Ru interfacial sites on the catalyst surface, which offers high activity for the C-O cleavage of esters. Furthermore, the dispersed MoO_x species significantly weaken the hydrocracking activity of the metallic Ru for C-C bonds, thus yielding alkane products without carbon loss. This study provides a facile and novel strategy for the design of high-performance heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived esters to alkane products.

Key words: Bimetallic catalyst, Interface engineering, Hydrodeoxygenation, Fatty esters, Diesel-range alkanes

曹新诚, 赵佳平, 龙锋, 刘朋, 董煜国, 陈祖鹏, 徐俊明, 蒋剑春. 高分散MoO_x-Ru/C双金属催化剂催化酯类化合物高效氢解制备烷烃[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 71: 256-266.

Xincheng Cao, Jiaping Zhao, Feng Long, Peng Liu, Yuguo Dong, Zupeng Chen, Junming Xu, Jianchun Jiang. Highly dispersed MoO_x-Ru/C bimetallic catalyst for efficient hydrogenolysis of esters to alkanes[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 71: 256-266.

×
扫码分享

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60254-8

https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/Y2025/V71/I4/256

图/表 9

Fig. 1. (a) XRD patterns of the prepared catalysts. TEM (b), HRTEM (c), AC-HAADF-STEM (d) images, and the corresponding 2D pseudo-color surface plot (e) of 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C. (f) CO pulse adsorption profiles of the prepared catalysts. (g-i) STEM-associated EDX elemental mapping images of 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C.

Fig. 2. (a) Mo K-edge XANES spectra of 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C and reference samples. (b) Mo 3d XPS spectra of 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C and MoO3. (c) Mo K-edge FT-EXAFS spectra of 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C and reference samples. (d) R-space fitting results of the EXAFES spectra of 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C catalyst. Wavelet transform of Mo K-edge data: 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C (e), Mo foil (f), MoO2 (g), and MoO3 (h). (i) Schematic diagrams of the MoOx-Ru. Ru, yellow; O, red; Mo, blue.

Fig. 3. (a) FTIR spectra of pyridine adsorption at 150 °C. (b) FTIR spectra of acetonitrile-d on Ru/C, 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C and 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C (N2). XPS spectra of Mo 3d (c) and O 1s (d) for 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C and 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C (N2) catalysts.

Fig. 4. (a) Catalyst screening. (b) Effect of MoOx loadings upon the HDO of methyl stearate. (c) Reaction rate and formation rate of alkanes over Ru/C and 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C. (d) Comparison of the catalytic performance of 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C with the state-of-the-art catalysts for the HDO of fatty esters (details in Table S3). Reaction conditions: 0.1g reactant, 0.03 g catalyst, 150 °C, 3.0 MPa H2, 6.0 h, and 10 mL n-hexane.

Fig. 5. (a) Conversion and product distribution along with reaction time over 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C at 150 °C. Effect of reaction temperature (b) and product distributions versus time (c) at 205 °C over Ru/C and 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C. (d) Reaction network for the HDO of fatty acid esters over the Ru/C and MoOx-Ru/C. Reaction conditions: 0.1 g reactant, 0.03 g catalyst, 150 °C, 3.0 MPa H2, 6.0 h, 10 mL n-hexane.

Table 1 The substrate scope of various esters over 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C catalyst.

Entry	T (°C), t (h)	Con. (%)	Selectivity (%)
1	150, 6.0	>99.0	n-C₉H₁₉-CH₃ 74.8 n-C₉H₂₀ 24.6
2	150, 6.0	96.3	n-C₁₁H₂₃-CH₃ 72.1 n-C₁₁H₂₄ 27.5
3	150, 6.0	>99.0	n-C₁₅H₃₁-CH₃ 76.7 n-C₁₅H₃₂ 22.1
4	150, 6.0	>99.0	n-C₁₇H₃₅-CH₃ 76.8 n-C₁₇H₃₆ 23.2
5	150, 6.0	>99.0	n-C₁₈H₃₇-CH₃ 71.1 n-C₁₈H₃₈ 23.0
6	150, 6.0	>99.0	n-C₁₅H₃₁-CH₃ 68.9 n-C₁₅H₃₂ 31.1
7	150, 6.0	>99.0	n-C₁₇H₃₃-CH₃ 67.1 n-C₁₇H₃₄ 31.5
8	150, 6.0	>99.0	n-C₁₇H₃₃-CH₃ 67.6 n-C₁₇H₃₄ 31.7
9	150, 6.0	>99.0	C₁₁H₂₃-CH₃ 67.5 C₁₁H₂₄ 30.7
10	140, 6.0	>99.0	C₁₀H₁₉-CH₃ 60.4 C₁₀H₂₂ 23.9

Fig. 6. (a) TPD analysis of methyl octanoate over Ru/C and 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C catalysts. DRIFTS spectra of methyl octanoate adsorption over Ru/C (b) and 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C (c) catalysts. (d) The adsorption energy of methyl propionate over the Ru (001) and Ru-Mo3O7. The kinetic barriers of methyl propionate conversion over Ru-Mo3O7 (e) and Ru (001) (f). Ru: purple; Mo: light green; O: red; H: white; C: dark gray.

Fig. 7. The HDO reaction mechanism of fatty esters over the MoOx-Ru/C.

Fig. 8. TPD of heptane (a), and the associated decomposition product of H2 (b), CH4 (c), and C3H8 (d) over Ru/C, 0.2 MoOx-Ru/C, and 0.5 MoOx-Ru/C. (e) The diagram of the reduced hydrocracking of alkanes over MoOx-Ru/C compared to Ru/C catalyst.

参考文献

[1]	B. S. Chen, Y. Y. Zeng, L. Liu, L. Chen, P. Duan, R. Luque, R. Ge, W. Zhang, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 2022, 158, 112178.
[2]	Z. Huang, Z. Zhao, C. Zhang, J. Lu, H. Liu, N. Luo, J. Zhang, F. Wang, Nat. Catal., 2020, 3, 170-178.
[3]	S. Shylesh, A. A. Gokhale, C. R. Ho, A. T. Bell, Acc. Chem. Res., 2017, 50, 2589-2597.
[4]	Z. Chen, H. Zhou, F. Kong, Z. Dou, M. Wang, ACS Catal., 2024, 14, 1699-1705.
[5]	F. Long, W. Liu, X. Jiang, Q. L. Zhai, X. C. Cao, J. C. Jiang, J. M. Xu, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 2021, 148, 111269.
[6]	A. Munyentwali, H. Li, Q. Yang, Appl. Catal. A, 2022, 633, 118525.
[7]	K. Yuan, Y. Yamazaki, X. Jin, K. Nozaki, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, 145, 3454-3461.
[8]	J. Li, J. Zhang, S. Wang, G. Xu, H. Wang, D. G. Vlachos, ACS Catal., 2019, 9, 1564-1577.
[9]	A. Aghaei, M. A. Sobati, Fuel, 2022, 310, 122279.
[10]	Y. Zhou, L. Liu, G. Li, C. Hu, ACS Catal., 2021, 11, 7099-7113.
[11]	M. Žula, M. Grilc, B. Likozar, Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 444, 136564.
[12]	R. Qu, K. Junge, M. Beller, Chem. Rev., 2023, 123, 1103-1165.
[13]	L. T. Lohr, Z. Li, R. S. Assary, L. A. Curtiss, T. J. Marks, Energy Environ. Sci., 2016, 9, 550-564.
[14]	Y. Zhou, J. Remón, Z. Jiang, A. S. Matharu, C. Hu, Green Energy Environ., 2023, 8, 722-743.
[15]	X. Qi, S. Wu, J. P. Zhao, F. Long, S. Y. Jia, X. L. Zhang, J. M. Xu, J. C. Jiang, Appl. Catal. B, 2024, 343, 123506.
[16]	A. Srifa, K. Faungnawakij, V. Itthibenchapong, S. Assabumrungrat, Chem. Eng. J., 2015, 278, 249-258.
[17]	N. Chen, Y. Ren, E. W. Qian, J. Catal., 2016, 334, 79-88.
[18]	E. kordouli, B. Pawelec, K. Bourikas, C. Koudulis, J. L. G. Fierro, A. Lygourghiotis, Appl. Catal. B, 2018, 229, 139-154.
[19]	L. Yan, X. Liu, J. Deng, Y. Fu, Green Chem., 2017, 19, 4600-4609.
[20]	G. Wu, N. Zhang, W. Dai, N. Guan, L. Li, ChemSusChem., 2018, 11, 2179-2188.
[21]	B. Peng, Y. Yao, C. Zhao, J. A Lercher, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2012, 51, 2072-2075.
[22]	B. Peng, C. Zhao, S. Kasakov, S. Foraita, J. A Lercher, Chem. Eur. J., 2013, 19, 4732-4741.
[23]	Q. Xia, X. Zhuang, M. M. J. Li, Y. K. Peng, G. Liu, T. S. Wu, Y. L. Soo, X. Q. Gong, Y. Wang, S. C. E. Tsang, Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 5160-5163.
[24]	K. Tomishige, Y. Nakagawa, M. Yamura, Green Chem., 2017, 19, 2876-2924.
[25]	C. Wang, A. V. Mironenko, A. Raizada, T. Chen, X. Mao, A. Padmanabhan, D. G. Vlachos, R. J. Gorte, J. M. Vohs, ACS Catal., 2018, 8, 7749-7759.
[26]	J. Fu, S. Liu, W. Zheng, R. Huang, C. Wang, A Lawal, K. Alexopoulos, S. Liu, Y. Wang, K. Yu, J. Boscoboinik, Y. Liu, A. Frenkel, O. Abdelrahman, R. Gorte, S. Carazoulas, K. Yu,, Nat. Catal., 2022, 5, 144-153.
[27]	L. Chen, Y. Zhu, H. Zheng, C. Zhang, Y. Li, Appl. Catal. A, 2012, 411- 412, 95-104.
[28]	Y. Takeda, T. Shoji, H. Watanabe, M. Tamura, Y. Nakagawa, K. Okumura, K. Tomishige, ChemSusChem, 2015, 8, 1170-1178.
[29]	J. Wu, J. Fan, X. Zhao, Y. Wang, D. Wang, H. Liu, L. Gu, Q. Zhang, L. Zheng, D. J. Singh, W. Zheng, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, 61, e202207512.
[30]	S. Liu, T. Simonetti, W. Zheng, B. Saha, ChemSusChem, 2018, 11, 1446-1454.
[31]	K. Kong, W. Onodera, S. takakusagi, K. I. Shimizu, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2014, 4, 3705-3712.
[32]	X. C. Cao, F. Long, Q. L. Zhai, P. Liu, J. M. Xu, J. C. Jiang, Renewable Energy, 2020, 162, 2113-2125.
[33]	M. Yang, H. Qi, F. Liu, Y. Ren, X. Pan, L. Zhang, X. Liu, H. Wang, J. Pang, M. Zheng, A. Wang, T. Zhang, Joule, 2019, 3, 1937-1948.
[34]	S. Liu, S. Dutta, W. Zheng, N. S. Gould, Z. Cheng, B. Xu, B. Saha, D. G. Vlachos, ChemSusChem, 2017, 10, 3225-3234.
[35]	Y. Qi, X. Xiao, Y. Mei, L. Xiong, L. Chen, X. Lin, Z. Lin, S. Sun, B. Han, D. Yang, Y, Qin, X. Qiu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2022, 32, 2111615.
[36]	L. Wang, Y. Yang, Y. Shi, W. Liu, Z. Tian, X. Zhang, L. Zheng, S. Hong, M. Wei, Chem Catal., 2023, 3, 100483.
[37]	S. Rojas-Buzo, B. Bohigues, C. W. Lopes, D. M. Meira, M. Boronat, M. Moliner, A. Corma, Chem. Sci., 2021, 12, 10106-10115.
[38]	Y. Cai, B. Zhang, H. Yu, X. Ji, J. Sun, X. Wang, Q. Qian, L. Li, A. Liu, W. Tan, Appl. Catal. B, 2024, 342, 123424.
[39]	J. Liu, C. Liu, G. Zhou, S. Shen, L. Rong, Green Chem., 2012, 14, 2499.
[40]	A. Ali, B. Li, Y, Lu, C. Zhao, Green Chem., 2019, 21, 3059-3064.

高分散MoO_x-Ru/C双金属催化剂催化酯类化合物高效氢解制备烷烃

Highly dispersed MoO_x-Ru/C bimetallic catalyst for efficient hydrogenolysis of esters to alkanes

RichHTML

PDF

Supporting Information

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

扫码分享

图/表 9

参考文献

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

[1]	吴君, 刘立乾, 严鑫悦, 潘刚, 白家豪, 王成兵, 李福伟, 李永. 用于生物质基香草醛水相高选择性加氢脱氧的氮掺杂中空碳球负载Pd催化剂的微环境设计和构筑[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 71(4): 267-284.
[2]	董琳, 方志强, 袁乾博, 樊勇, 杨勇, 王平, 盛时雄, 王艳芹, 陈祖鹏. 利用甲醛稳定剂和木质素中甲氧基从木质素选择性制备高碳数芳烃[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 68(1): 356-365.
[3]	刘露杰, 刘奔, 中川善直, 刘斯宝, 王亮, 藪下瑞帆, 冨重圭一. 生物质和塑料加氢脱氧制备燃料和化学品的双金属催化剂研究进展[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 62(7): 1-31.
[4]	杨艳玲, 韩沛杰, 张元宝, 林敬东, 万绍隆, 王勇, 刘海超, 王帅. 用于间甲酚高效加氢脱氧制芳烃的负载型W₂C纳米催化剂的活性位研究[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 67(12): 91-101.
[5]	刘奔, 中川善直, 藪下瑞帆, 冨重圭一. Ir-Fe/BN催化剂上Ru物种在1,2-二醇氢解制仲醇反应中的促进作用[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 65(10): 89-102.
[6]	曾严, 王慧, 杨惠茹, 隽超, 李丹, 温晓东, 张帆, 邹吉军, 彭冲, 胡常伟. 镍纳米粒子耦合氧空位高效催化转化棕榈酸制备烷烃[J]. 催化学报, 2023, 47(4): 229-242.
[7]	汪东东, 龚万兵, 张继方, 韩苗苗, 陈春, 张云霞, 汪国忠, 张海民, 赵惠军. 限域NiCo合金纳米颗粒高效催化生物质衍生物水相加氢脱氧[J]. 催化学报, 2021, 42(11): 2027-2037.
[8]	林凯, 赵晨. 亲水性介孔碳负载Ru纳米粒子催化海藻油低温水相加氢脱氧制烷烃[J]. 催化学报, 2020, 41(8): 1174-1185.
[9]	Nhung N. Duong, Darius Aruho, Bin Wang, Daniel E. Resasco. 不同Rh表面上苯甲醚加氢脱氧[J]. 催化学报, 2019, 40(11): 1721-1730.
[10]	杨俊, 常煜鹏, 戴卫理, 武光军, 关乃佳, 李兰冬. 双金属Cr-In/H-SSZ-13催化剂上CH₄选择催化还原NO[J]. 催化学报, 2018, 39(5): 1004-1011.
[11]	丁豆豆, 徐兴妍, 田鹏飞, 刘向林, 徐晶, 韩一帆. Sb对Pd基催化剂用于常压直接合成H₂O₂的促进效应[J]. 催化学报, 2018, 39(4): 673-681.
[12]	王豪杰, 陈春, 张海民, 汪国忠, 赵惠军. 乙酰丙酸选择性加氢合成γ-戊内酯中高效和可循环使用的Ni₃Fe NPs@C双金属催化剂[J]. 催化学报, 2018, 39(10): 1599-1607.
[13]	柴梦倩, 刘晓艳, 李林, 裴广贤, 任煜京, 苏杨, 程鸿魁, 王爱琴, 张涛. SiO₂负载的Au-Ni双金属催化剂在乙炔选择加氢反应中的应用[J]. 催化学报, 2017, 38(8): 1338-1346.
[14]	黄俊杰, 宋艳英, 马冬冬, 郑燕萍, 陈明树, 万惠霖. 准原位XPS和HS-LEIS研究载体对PtCu合金纳米催化剂表面组成的影响[J]. 催化学报, 2017, 38(7): 1229-1236.
[15]	王晓菲, 陈吉祥. In对Ni/SiO₂催化剂苯甲醚加氢脱氧性能的影响:苯环加氢及C-C键氢解的抑制作用[J]. 催化学报, 2017, 38(11): 1818-1830.

高分散MoOx-Ru/C双金属催化剂催化酯类化合物高效氢解制备烷烃

Highly dispersed MoOx-Ru/C bimetallic catalyst for efficient hydrogenolysis of esters to alkanes

RichHTML

PDF

Supporting Information

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

扫码分享

图/表 9

参考文献

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

高分散MoO_x-Ru/C双金属催化剂催化酯类化合物高效氢解制备烷烃

Highly dispersed MoO_x-Ru/C bimetallic catalyst for efficient hydrogenolysis of esters to alkanes