通过调节钛氧化物界面水结构驱动光电催化海水选择性氧化产氧

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60282-2

催化学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 72: 154-163.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60282-2

通过调节钛氧化物界面水结构驱动光电催化海水选择性氧化产氧

贾萁森^a, 王雅楠^a, 赵艳^a, 田圳铭^a, 任璐瑶^a, 崔学晶^a, 刘光波^a^,^*(), 陈鑫^b^,^c^,^*(), 李文震^d, 姜鲁华^a^,^*()

^a青岛科技大学材料科学与工程学院, 纳米材料与电催化实验室, 山东青岛 266042, 中国
^b西南石油大学, 油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室, 四川成都 610500, 中国
^c西南石油大学化学化工学院, 计算化学与分子模拟研究中心, 四川成都 610500, 中国
^d爱荷华州立大学化学与生物工程系, 艾姆斯, 美国

收稿日期:2024-10-24 接受日期:2024-12-30 出版日期:2025-05-18 发布日期:2025-05-20
通讯作者: *电子信箱: liugb@qust.edu.cn (刘光波),chenxin830107@pku.edu.cn (陈鑫),luhuajiang@qust.edu.cn (姜鲁华).
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22478211);国家自然科学基金(22179067);山东省自然科学基金重大基础研究(ZR2022ZD10)

Driving selective photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of seawater to oxygen via regulating interfacial water structures on titanium oxides

Qisen Jia^a, Yanan Wang^a, Yan Zhao^a, Zhenming Tian^a, Luyao Ren^a, Xuejing Cui^a, Guangbo Liu^a^,^*(), Xin Chen^b^,^c^,^*(), Wenzhen Li^d, Luhua Jiang^a^,^*()

^aNanomaterials & Electrocatalysis Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, China
^bState Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
^cCenter for Computational Chemistry and Molecular Simulation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
^dDepartment of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1098, United States

Received:2024-10-24 Accepted:2024-12-30 Online:2025-05-18 Published:2025-05-20
Contact: *E-mail: liugb@qust.edu.cn (G. Liu), chenxin830107@pku.edu.cn (X. Chen), luhuajiang@qust.edu.cn (L. Jiang).
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22478211);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22179067);Major Fundamental Research Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022ZD10)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

光电催化海水分解制氢是一种绿色可持续的制氢方式, 但受限于光阳极较低的催化活性和较高的腐蚀性氯产物选择性, 不利于催化剂和装置的稳定运行. 当前研究主要集中在提高光电催化活性, 但在复杂海水体系中调控析氧反应和氯氧化反应选择性的关键因素尚不清晰, 从而制约高效光电催化海水制氢的发展. 本工作以氧化钛为例, 通过氮掺杂调控其能带和表面结构, 旨在揭示影响光电催化海水氧化过程的关键因素, 并探究界面水结构在光电催化海水氧化选择性中的作用.

本文以钛片阳极氧化法制备的管状二氧化钛阵列和氮掺杂的二氧化钛为研究对象, 通过氮掺杂调控二氧化钛半导体的表面电子态和界面水结构, 利用光电化学原位红外光谱研究了氮掺杂对光电催化海水氧化反应活性和选择性的影响. X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱结果表明, 氮元素部分取代氧元素掺入二氧化钛晶格中. 将氮掺杂二氧化钛(N-TiO₂)作为光阳极用于光电催化海水氧化, 在没有任何助催化剂的情况下, N-TiO₂光电催化海水氧化的光电流在1.23 V vs. RHE达到2.8 mA cm^-2, 是TiO₂光电催化海水氧化的1.2倍. 更重要的是, 海水氧化的产物选择性发生转变, 掺杂前二氧化钛表面以氯氧化反应为主(法拉第效率为61.6%), 而氮掺杂后N-TiO₂表面主要发生析氧反应(法拉第效率为62.9%). 进一步探究了光电催化活性和选择性提高的原因, 紫外可见光谱表明氮掺杂降低了二氧化钛带隙进而增强了光吸收能力; 光致发光谱、开路电位和电荷注入效率实验表明, 氮掺杂降低了光生载流子复合、提高了光生载流子的分离效率和注入效率; 利用等效电路拟合不同电位下的光电化学阻抗谱结果表明, 相比于掺杂前, 氮掺杂后二氧化钛体相光生载流子的复合明显降低, 并且界面传荷阻力明显降低, 有利于表面析氧反应速率的提高. 光电化学原位红外光谱和理论计算结果表明, 在光场下氮掺杂后N-TiO₂光电极/电解液界面上的不对称氢键水明显增加, 形成的链式氢键网络有利于界面质子转移, 并使析氧反应中间体的吸附能垒降低, 从而加快了析氧反应速率. 此外, 掺杂后二氧化钛表面氯氧化反应中间体的吸附能垒增加, 有效抑制了氯氧化反应, 实现高选择性析氧.

综上所述, 本工作通过氮掺杂调控二氧化钛的能带和表面结构, 揭示了影响光电催化海水氧化的基本机制, 并首次利用光电化学原位红外光谱研究了界面水结构在光电催化海水氧化活性和选择性的关键作用, 为后续探究光电催化活性和选择性提供了新思路.

关键词: 光电催化, 海水分解, 选择性, 界面水结构, 能带结构

Abstract:

Photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) seawater splitting as a green and sustainable route to harvest hydrogen is attractive yet hampered by low activity of photoanodes and unexpected high selectivity to the corrosive and toxic chlorine. Especially, it is full of challenges to unveil the key factors influencing the selectivity of such complex PEC processes. Herein, by regulating the energy band and surface structure of the anatase TiO₂ nanotube array photoanode via nitrogen-doping, the seawater PEC oxidation shifts from Cl^- oxidation reaction (ClOR) dominant on the TiO₂ photoanode (61.6%) to oxygen evolution reaction (OER) dominant on the N-TiO₂ photoanode (62.9%). Comprehensive investigations including operando photoelectrochemical FTIR and DFT calculations unveil that the asymmetric hydrogen-bonding water at the N-TiO₂ electrode/electrolyte interface enriches under illumination, facilitating proton transfer and moderate adsorption strength of oxygen-intermediates, which lowers the energy barrier for the OER yet elevates the energy barrier for the ClOR, resulting to a promoted selectivity towards the OER. The work sheds light on the underlying mechanism of the PEC water oxidation processes, and highlights the crucial role of interfacial water on the PEC selectivity, which could be regulated by controlling the energy band and the surface structure of semiconductors.

Key words: Photoelectrocatalysis, Seawater splitting, Selectivity, Interfacial water structure, Energy band structure

贾萁森, 王雅楠, 赵艳, 田圳铭, 任璐瑶, 崔学晶, 刘光波, 陈鑫, 李文震, 姜鲁华. 通过调节钛氧化物界面水结构驱动光电催化海水选择性氧化产氧[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 72: 154-163.

Qisen Jia, Yanan Wang, Yan Zhao, Zhenming Tian, Luyao Ren, Xuejing Cui, Guangbo Liu, Xin Chen, Wenzhen Li, Luhua Jiang. Driving selective photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of seawater to oxygen via regulating interfacial water structures on titanium oxides[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 72: 154-163.

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链接本文: https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60282-2

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图/表 7

Fig. 1. (a) SEM and EDS mapping images of N-TiO2. XRD patterns (b) and the enlarged XRD patterns (c) of TiO2 and N-TiO2. The high-resolution XPS spectra of Ti 2p (d), O 1s (e) and N 1s (f) of TiO2 and N-TiO2 respectively.

Fig. 2. (a) LSVs in 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl or Na2SO4 electrolyte under light condition with a sweeping rate of 20 mV s-1. (b) Faradaic efficiency for ClOR to Cl2. (c) Chronoamperometry measurement at 1.23 V vs. RHE in 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl electrolyte under illumination. UV-vis spectra (d), Tauc plots (e), Mott-Schottky plots (f), photoluminescence spectra (g), photovoltage-time curves (h), and charge injection efficiencies (i) of TiO2 and N-TiO2.

Fig. 3. (a) Photoelectrochemical impedance spectra of TiO2 and N-TiO2 in 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl electrolyte under illumination. Inset shows the enlarged PEIS. (b-d) Bode spectra of TiO2 and N-TiO2 in 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl electrolyte under illumination.

Fig. 4. (a,b) Operando photoelectrochemical FTIR spectra of the potential-dependent behavior of interfacial water in 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl electrolyte under illumination on TiO2 and N-TiO2. Reference spectrum is taken at OCP. FTIR spectra (c,d) and contour plots (e,f) in the region of 2800-3600 cm-1 on TiO2 and N-TiO2 to show differences in O-H stretching vibrations. Reference spectrum is taken at 0.4 V vs. RHE.

Fig. 5. Operando photoelectrochemical FTIR spectra of the potential-dependent behavior of interfacial water in 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl electrolyte under illumination. (a,b) Gaussian deconvolution of the FTIR peaks for the O-H stretching at TiO2 and N-TiO2 surfaces. (c,d) Proportion of the three H-bonding states of water by integrating the peak area on TiO2 and N-TiO2 surfaces. Strongly bound water, symmetric water, and asymmetric water are shown in green, blue, and red, respectively.

Fig. 6. The reaction Free energy diagrams of water oxidation and Cl- oxidation plotted at U = 0 V vs. RHE (a,b) and at theoretical potential of water oxidation and Cl- oxidation (c,d) on the Ti sites at TiO2 (101) and N-TiO2 (101) surfaces. Insets: corresponding computational models for each water oxidation and Cl- oxidation step.

Fig. 7. (a) Schematic of the kinetics of photogenerated charge transfer at the TiO2 and N-TiO2 photoanodes under illumination. (b) The H-bonding network of water molecules near and beyond TiO2 and N-TiO2 surfaces.

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通过调节钛氧化物界面水结构驱动光电催化海水选择性氧化产氧

Driving selective photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of seawater to oxygen via regulating interfacial water structures on titanium oxides

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