电催化木质素升级转化成高附加值化学品和燃料的研究进展

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63839-1

催化学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (11): 1831-1842.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63839-1

• 综述 • 下一篇

电催化木质素升级转化成高附加值化学品和燃料的研究进展

杨辰昕^a,†, 陈鹤南^a,†, 彭焘^a,†^,^b, 梁柏耀^a, 张云^a(), 赵伟^a^,^#()

^a深圳大学高等研究院, 广东深圳518060
^b深圳大学物理与光电工程学院, 广东深圳518060

收稿日期:2021-02-03 修回日期:2021-02-03 出版日期:2021-11-18 发布日期:2021-05-18
通讯作者: 张云,赵伟
作者简介:第一联系人：^†共同第一作者.
基金资助:
深圳市科技创新委员会基础研究项目(JCYJ20190808150615285);四川省科技计划(2020YJ0162)

Lignin valorization toward value-added chemicals and fuels via electrocatalysis: A perspective

Chenxin Yang^a,†, Henan Chen^a,†, Tao Peng^a,†,^b, Baiyao Liang^a, Yun Zhang^a(), Wei Zhao^a^,^#()

^aInstitute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
^bCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China

Received:2021-02-03 Revised:2021-02-03 Online:2021-11-18 Published:2021-05-18
Contact: Yun Zhang,Wei Zhao
About author:^#E-mail: weizhao@szu.edu.cn
E-mail: zhangyun@sicnu.edu.cn;
First author contact:^†These authors contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20190808150615285);Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2020YJ0162)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为节能减排和能源结构调整以快速实现“碳中和”, 发展可再生、清洁与绿色的能源以替代传统化石能源已成为当今世界高质量发展的重要共识. 生物质能作为一种典型的可再生能源, 具有储量丰富、分布广泛、可有效转化成各种化工原料和燃料等特点逐步受到广泛关注并成为科研热点. 木质素是生物质的重要组成部分, 其含氧量低、热值高, 可转化成高热值燃料; 同时, 木质素富含芳香结构单元, 可以转化成各类高附加值化工原料及医药中间体. 木质素解聚及其对应单体升级转化是木质素高效转化利用的关键技术. 当前, 传统热催化是其主要应用技术手段. 然而, 该类方法常在高温高压下进行, 需消耗大量能源及众多繁琐操作步骤, 不易规模化生产. 相对而言, 电催化技术能实现常温常压的木质素解聚及对应单体的升级转化, 采用由可再生能源(例如风能、太阳能等)获得的清洁电力, 则能实现完全绿色可持续生产, 对未来经济社会的发展及”碳中和”的目标具有重大意义.
本文综述了近年来电催化技术在木质素升级转化成高附加值燃料和化学品方面的应用, 尤其是在木质素解聚及其对应单体于水溶液相关电解质中升级转化方面的应用. (1)针对总体研究背景进行了概述, 总结了木质素研究的重要意义并概括了当前木质素研究的主要思路, 并简单介绍了木质素结构单元及连接键等基本性质; (2)针对电催化技术在木质素应用方面进行了总结, 包括反应类型和反应路径等; (3)总结了木质素常用的几种典型表征技术手段, 如GC-MS、NMR、IR等; (4)总结了电催化木质素解聚及其单体升级转化研究现状, 对电催化木质素解聚应用中木质素前体类型、电解质种类和电还原/氧化催化剂进行了详细介绍及客观评价, 并对几种代表性单体的电催化加氢反应及氧化反应做了详细评述. 在此基础上展望了电催化技术在木质素升级转化中的应用前景, 指出了当前电催化技术在木质素升级转化应用中存在的实际问题, 提出了电催化技术在木质素升级转化中的发展方向.

关键词: 电化学, 电催化, 木质素, 升级转化, 木质素单体

Abstract:

Developing efficient approaches for lignin upgrading is of interest for the industrial production of chemicals and fuels from renewable biomass. Electrocatalytic lignin upgrading powered by renewable electricity operating under gentle conditions (at or near ambient pressures and temperatures) enables a decentralized production of chemicals and fuels. Herein, we will cover the structures of lignin and review the recent advances in the electrocatalytic lignin upgrade, the electrocatalytic depolymerization of lignin, and the electrocatalytic upgrading of lignin monomers to value-added chemicals and fuels. Finally, we provide insights into the main challenges and future perspectives of this field.

Key words: Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, Lignin, Valorization, Lignin monomer

杨辰昕, 陈鹤南, 彭焘, 梁柏耀, 张云, 赵伟. 电催化木质素升级转化成高附加值化学品和燃料的研究进展[J]. 催化学报, 2021, 42(11): 1831-1842.

Chenxin Yang, Henan Chen, Tao Peng, Baiyao Liang, Yun Zhang, Wei Zhao. Lignin valorization toward value-added chemicals and fuels via electrocatalysis: A perspective[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2021, 42(11): 1831-1842.

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图/表 13

Fig. 1. Illustration of lignin to chemicals and fuels.

Fig. 2. Typical lignin structure and linkage.

Table 1 Content of lignin units in the typical natural plants [20,21].

Monolignol	H/%	G/%	S/%
Softwood (Conifer wood)	0-5	90-100	0-1
Hardwood (Broadleaf wood)	Trace	25-50	46-75
Grass	5-33	25-80	20-54

Table 2 Possible reaction mechanisms of electro-hydrogenation and electro-oxidation [36,41-47].

Typical reaction	Process	Acid aqueous electrolyte	Basic aqueous electrolyte
Electro-hydrogenation	*H formation	H⁺+ e^- + * → *H	H₂O + e^- + * → *H + OH^-
	lignin-based substrate reaction	R + * → R R + H → RH RH → + RH
	H₂ generation	H⁺+ e^- + H → + H₂ H + H → * + H₂	H₂O + e^- + H → + H₂ + OH^- H + H → * + H₂
Electro-oxidation	*O formation	H₂O + * → OH + e^- + H⁺ OH → *O + e^- + H⁺	OH^- + * → OH + e^- OH + OH^- → *O + e^- + H₂O
	lignin-based substrate reaction	R + * → R R + O → RO RO → + RO
	O₂ generation	O + H₂O → OOH + e^- + H⁺ OOH → + O₂ + e^- + H⁺	O + HO^- → OOH + e^- OOH + OH^-→ + O₂ + e^- + H₂O

Fig. 3. (a,b) Two typical electrochemical reaction cells for electrocatalytic lignin valorization.

Fig. 4. Mass spectra of various lignin monomers from lignin (a) phenol of 94 g·mol-1, (b) guaiacol of 124 g·mol-1, (c) 4-propyl-guaiacol of 166 g·mol-1, and (d) 4-propylsyringol of 196 g·mol-1, showing their molecular mass and fragments.

Fig. 5. 1H NMR spectrum of phenol and cyclohexene (in CDCl3). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [57]. Copyright (2015) The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 6. Main types of reaction precursors (a) and several typical electrolytes (b) for electrochemical lignin depolymerization.

Fig. 7. Potential reaction mechanism of lignin downgrading in a thio-assisted electrolytic system. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [67]. Copyright (2021) The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 8. (a) Vanillin production rates (produced from electro-oxidation lignin depolymerization) versus cell voltages. (b) Lignin depolymerization to vanillin via electro-oxidation at the NiOOH interface. (c) Proposed mechanism for electro-oxidation lignin depolymerization in a t-BuOOH-assisted electrolytic system. (a) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [83]. Copyright (2020) The Electrochemical Society; (b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [82]. Copyright (2018) John Wiley & Sons; (c) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright (2021) American Chemical Society.

Fig. 9. Possible reaction pathways of electro-hydrogenation of phenol (a), guaiacol (b), and benzaldehyde (c). (a) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [96]. Copyright (2015) Elsevier; (b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [94]. Copyright (2019) John Wiley&Sons; (c) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [97]. Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society.

Fig. 10. (a) Electro-hydrogenation for phenol during “suspension” operation; Electro-hydrogenation of guaiacol in a separated cell via (b) Raney-Nickel and (c) PtNiB/CMK-3 catalyst; (d) Reaction rate of electro-hydrogenation of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol versus the computed binding energies of benzaldehyde. (a) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [96]. Copyright (2015) Elsevier. (b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [53]. Copyright (2015) Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [33]. Copyright (2019) John Wiley & Sons. (d) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [97]. Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society.

Fig. 11. Electro-oxidation of lignin derivatives to carboxylates in a separated cell. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright (2021) John Wiley&Sons.

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电催化木质素升级转化成高附加值化学品和燃料的研究进展

Lignin valorization toward value-added chemicals and fuels via electrocatalysis: A perspective

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