铜掺杂的NASICON双功能催化剂上甲醇和乙酸高效合成丙烯酸及其酯

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65014-0

催化学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 85: 356-370.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65014-0

铜掺杂的NASICON双功能催化剂上甲醇和乙酸高效合成丙烯酸及其酯

王佳豪^a^,^b, 高启梁^a^,^b, 李超^a^,^b, 高秀娟^a, 弓建^a^,^b, 宋法恩^a, 张俊峰^a(), 韩怡卓^a, 张清德^a()

^a 中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所, 煤炭高效低碳利用全国重点实验室, 山西太原 030001
^b 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

收稿日期:2025-09-18 接受日期:2025-11-19 出版日期:2026-06-18 发布日期:2026-05-18
通讯作者: *电子信箱: zhangjf@sxicc.ac.cn (张俊峰),
qdzhang@sxicc.ac.cn (张清德).
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22472190);ICC-CAS创新基金(SCJC-DT-2023-05);山西省自然科学基金(20210302123010);中国科学院青年创新促进会(2014155)

A Cu-incorporated NASICON catalyst executing one-step conversion of methanol and acetic acid to acrylic acid and its esters

Jiahao Wang^a^,^b, Qiliang Gao^a^,^b, Chao Li^a^,^b, Xiujuan Gao^a, Jian Gong^a^,^b, Faen Song^a, Junfeng Zhang^a(), Yizhuo Han^a, Qingde Zhang^a()

^a State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
^b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2025-09-18 Accepted:2025-11-19 Online:2026-06-18 Published:2026-05-18
Contact: *E-mail: zhangjf@sxicc.ac.cn (J. Zhang),
qdzhang@sxicc.ac.cn (Q. Zhang).
About author:First author contact:Author contributions
The manuscript was written through the contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22472190);Innovation Foundation of ICC-CAS(SCJC-DT-2023-05);Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(20210302123010);Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2014155)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

丙烯酸(AA)及其酯类作为合成树脂、涂料、胶粘剂等领域的关键单体, 是现代化工体系中不可或缺的高价值化学品. 目前, 丙烯酸的工业生产绝大多数采用丙烯两步氧化法. 该路线中, 丙烯高度依赖石油基原料, 在全球石油能源枯竭与环保要求升级的双重背景下,面临严峻挑战. 立足于中国“富煤、少油、贫气”的资源禀赋, 探索煤基丙烯酸的合成路线具有重要的战略意义. 其中以煤基甲醇和乙酸为原料合成丙烯酸的路径, 因其具有反应流程短、成本低、反应安全、稳定等优势, 极具应用潜力.

甲醇、乙酸直接合成丙烯酸包含两个主反应, 甲醇脱氢为甲醛以及甲醛乙酸羟醛缩合为丙烯酸. 这两个反应所需的活性中心不同, 反应温度相差较大, 实现目标产物的高效合成面临挑战. 难点在于兼具脱氢和羟醛缩合活性位且协同匹配的双功能催化剂体系的构建. 钠超离子导体(NASICON)光电材料凭其独特的磷酸盐晶体结构, 在小分子醇类脱氢、酸碱催化方面显示出应用潜力. 鉴于此, 本研究在前期认识的基础上, 采用Cu浸渍NASICON(H_1-_xTi₂(PO₄)_3-_x(SO₄)_x, NSC)材料的方法, 构建了兼具氧化还原性和酸碱性的双功能催化剂(CuO-NSC), 并用于甲醇、乙酸一步合成AA及其甲酯(MA). 评价结果表明, NASICON材料在引入Cu组分后, 目标产物AA+MA的选择性得到大幅提升, 在2.5 wt%CuO-NSC催化剂上, AA+MA的选择性达56.3%, 明显高于此前报道的33%, 且丙烯酸、丙烯酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯三者的总选择性高达96.0%. 通过对催化剂的深度表征(X-射线衍射、X-射线光电子能谱、X-射线吸收精细结构、NH₃/CO₂-程序升温脱附及原位漫反射红外光谱等)和实验设计, 发现NASICON基底材料促进了更多Cu⁺物种的形成, 而这些物种是甲醇氧化脱氢为甲醛的关键活性位; 适当引入Cu一定程度上调节了NASICON材料表面原有的酸碱位, 特别是增加了中等强度酸性和碱性位点的密度, 这些位点对于后续乙酸和甲醛羟醛缩合反应至关重要. 催化剂的优异活性归因于氧化位点和酸碱位点之间良好的协同效应.

综上, NASICON材料上引入金属(或其氧化物)构建双功能催化剂的策略可以实现甲醇、醋酸直接合成丙烯酸及其甲酯. 本研究对NASICON催化材料催化合成丙烯酸的深入认识将为其它类似反应体系的研究提供新思路.

关键词: 丙烯酸, 醋酸, 甲醇, 钠超离子导体, 一步转化

Abstract:

Direct synthesis of acrylic acid (AA) from methanol and acetic acid is promising for the high-value utilization of coal-based chemicals. However, this direct synthesis faces challenges due to limited catalyst functionality or insufficient synergistic effects among multiple active sites. Herein, we constructed a series of bifunctional catalysts (CuO-NSCs) by incorporating Cu into NASICON material for direct synthesis of AA. A total selectivity of 96.0% to AA, methyl acrylate (MA), and methyl acetate was achieved over a 2.5 wt% CuO-NSC catalyst, with the 56.3% selectivity of AA+MA, approximately 23% higher than the one ever reported (33%). Our research revealed that NASICON substrate promoted the formation of more Cu⁺ species, which are crucial redox active sites for methanol dehydrogenation into formaldehyde; furthermore, the appropriate introduction of Cu somewhat regulated surficial acid-base properties, specifically increasing the density of medium-strength acidic and basic sites that are essential for the aldolization of acetic acid and formaldehyde. Apparently, the superior activity of the catalyst was attributed to good synergistic effects between the redox sites and acid-base sites.

Key words: Acrylic acid, Acetic acid, Methanol, Sodium superionic conductor, One-step conversion

王佳豪, 高启梁, 李超, 高秀娟, 弓建, 宋法恩, 张俊峰, 韩怡卓, 张清德. 铜掺杂的NASICON双功能催化剂上甲醇和乙酸高效合成丙烯酸及其酯[J]. 催化学报, 2026, 85: 356-370.

Jiahao Wang, Qiliang Gao, Chao Li, Xiujuan Gao, Jian Gong, Faen Song, Junfeng Zhang, Yizhuo Han, Qingde Zhang. A Cu-incorporated NASICON catalyst executing one-step conversion of methanol and acetic acid to acrylic acid and its esters[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 85: 356-370.

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链接本文: https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65014-0

https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/Y2026/V85/I6/356

图/表 14

Scheme 1. Present synthesis pathways for the production of acrylic acid.

Fig. 1. (a) Catalytic performance for direct AA synthesis over catalysts with different CuO loadings. Reaction conditions: 380 °C, feed ratio = 2:1, LHSV =1.5 mL·g-1·h-1, and the fed air rate =26 mL·min-1. (b) Evaluation results using formaldehyde and HAc as raw material.

Fig. 2. Effects of reaction conditions on the 2.5 wt%CuO-NSC catalyst. (a) Effect of reaction temperature. Reaction conditions: LHSV = 1.5 mL·g-1·h-1, methanol/HAc feed ratio = 2:1, air feed rate = 26 mL·min-1. (b) Effect of LHSV. Reaction conditions: 380 °C, methanol/HAc feed ratio = 2:1, air feed rate = 26 mL·min-1. (c) Effect of feed ratio. Reaction conditions: 380 °C, LHSV = 1 mL·g-1·h-1, air feed rate = 26 mL·min-1. (d) Effect of air feed rate. Reaction conditions: 380 °C, LHSV = 1 mL·g-1·h-1, methanol/HAc feed ratio = 3:1.

Fig. 3. XRD spectra (a) and Raman spectra (b) of the synthesized catalysts. (A) 0 wt%CuO-NSC; (B) 1.0wt %CuO-NSC; (C) 2.5 wt%CuO-NSC; (D) 5.0 wt%CuO-NSC; (E) 7.5 wt%CuO-NSC.

Fig. 4. The 31P (I = ½) MAS-NMR spectrum of the prepared catalysts.

Table 1 The textural properties of the synthesized catalysts.

Catalyst	Surface area (m²⋅g⁻¹)	Pore volume (cm³⋅g⁻¹)	Average pore diameter (nm)
0wt%CuO/NSC	43.5	0.25	16.0
1.0wt%CuO/NSC	39.5	0.28	28.5
2.5wt%CuO/NSC	76.2	0.41	21.2
5.0wt%CuO/NSC	61.2	0.27	17.6
7.5wt%CuO/NSC	43.8	0.29	26.4

Fig. 5. Ti 2p (a) and Cu 2p (c) XPS spectra of the catalysts. (A) 0 wt%CuO-NSC; (B) 1.0 wt%CuO-NSC; (C) 2.5 wt%CuO-NSC; (D) 5.0 wt%CuO-NSC; (E) 7.5 wt%CuO-NSC. Ti 2p (b) and Cu 2p (d) XPS fitting spectra of the catalysts. Normalized Cu K-edge XANES (e), and FT k3 -weighted Cu K-edge EXAFS spectra in R-space (f) of the 2.5 wt%CuO-NSC, 7.5 wt%CuO-NSC, Cu-foil, Cu2O, CuO. WT-EXAFS of Cu K-edge signal of the CuO (g), Cu2O (h), 2.5 wt%CuO-NSC (i), and 7.5 wt%CuO-NSC (j).

Table 2 The distribution of Ti species on the representative catalysts based on Ti 2p XPS spectra.

Catalyst	Ti³⁺ (%)	Ti⁴⁺ (%)	Ti³⁺/Ti⁴⁺
0 wt%CuO/NSC	53.4	46.6	1.14
1.0 wt%CuO/NSC	54.6	45.4	1.20
2.5 wt%CuO/NSC	55.9	44.1	1.26
5.0 wt%CuO/NSC	60.2	39.8	1.51
7.5 wt%CuO/NSC	65.2	34.8	1.87

Fig. 6. XPS spectra of O 1s of representative catalysts. (A) 0 wt% CuO-NSC; (B) 1.0 wt% CuO-NSC; (C) 2.5 wt% CuO-NSC; (D) 5.0 wt% CuO-NSC; (E) 7.5 wt% CuO-NSC. The shaded regions in the figure: α denotes lattice oxygen species, β represents chemically adsorbed oxygen species, and γ corresponds to hydroxyl oxygen species.

Table 3 Calculation of acid-base sites of the presentative catalysts based on NH3/CO2-TPD profiles.

Catalyst	Total acidic sites (μmol⋅g_cat^-1)	Acidic sites density (μmol⋅g_cat^-1)			Total basic sites (μmol⋅g_cat^-1)	Basic sites density (μmol⋅g_cat^-1)		B/L
Catalyst	Total acidic sites (μmol⋅g_cat^-1)	Weak	Medium	Strong	Total basic sites (μmol⋅g_cat^-1)	Weak	Medium	B/L
0 wt%CuO-NSC	143	29	98	16	45	16	29	1.68
1.0 wt%CuO-NSC	148	30	70	48	50	21	29	0.91
2.5 wt%CuO-NSC	149	38	57	54	54	22	32	0.66
5.0 wt%CuO-NSC	121	38	56	27	76	27	49	0.56
7.5 wt%CuO-NSC	115	49	30	36	69	29	40	0.26

Fig. 7. (a) NH3-TPD profiles of selected catalysts. (b) Py-IR adsorption spectra for various catalysts. (c) CO2-TPD profiles of representative catalysts. (A) 0 wt%CuO-NSC; (B) 1.0 wt%CuO-NSC; (C) 2.5 wt%CuO-NSC; (D) 5.0 wt%CuO-NSC; (E) 7.5 wt%CuO-NSC.

Fig. 8. In-situ DRIFTS spectra of HAc (a) and methanol (b,c) over the catalysts as-prepared. (A) 0 wt%CuO-NSC; (B) 1.0 wt%CuO-NSC; (C) 2.5 wt% CuO-NSC; (D) 5.0 wt%CuO-NSC; (E) 7.5 wt%CuO-NSC.

Scheme 2. Reaction routes on bifunctional NASICON catalysts.

Fig. 9. The durability of 2.5 wt%CuO-NSC catalyst in a period of 50 h. Reaction conditions: 380 °C, feed ratio = 3:1, LHSV = 1 mL·g-1·h-1 and the fed air rate = 26 mL·min-1.

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铜掺杂的NASICON双功能催化剂上甲醇和乙酸高效合成丙烯酸及其酯

A Cu-incorporated NASICON catalyst executing one-step conversion of methanol and acetic acid to acrylic acid and its esters

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